The study adopts a theory of Descriptive Translation Studies to undertake a comparative analysis of stylistic devices in Shakespeare’s two plays, Julius Caesar and Macbeth and their Xitsonga translations. It contextualises its research aim and objectives after outlining a sequential account of theory development in the discipline of translation; and arrives at the desired and suitable tools for data collection and analysis.Through textual observation and notes of reading, the current study argues that researchers and scholars in the discipline converge when it comes to a dire need for translation strategies, but diverge in their classification and particular application for convenience in translating and translation. This study maintains that the translation strategies should be grouped into explicitation, normalisation and simplification, where each is assigned specific translation procedures. The study demonstrates that explicitation and normalisation translation strategies are best suited in dealing with translation constraints at a microtextual level. The sampled excerpts from both plays were examined on the preference for the analytical framework based on subjective sameness within a Skopos theory. The current study acknowledges that there is no single way of translating a play from one culture to the other. It also acknowledges that there appears to be no way the translator can refrain from the influence of the source text, as an inherent cultural feature that makes it unique. With no sure way of managing stylistic devices as translation constraints, translation as a problem-solving process requires creativity, a demonstration of mastery of language and style of the author of the source text, as well as a power drive characterised by the aspects of interlingual psychological balance of power and knowledge power. These aspects will help the translator to manage whatever translation brief(s) better, and arrive at a product that is accessible, accurate and acceptable to the target readership. They will also ensure that the translator maintains a balance between the two languages in contact, in order to guard against domination of one language over the other. The current study concludes that the Skopos theory has a larger influence in dealing with anticipating the context of the target readership as a factor that can introduce high risk when assessing the communicability conditions for the translated message. Contrariwise, when dealing with stylistic devices and employ literal translation as a translation procedure to simplification, the translator only aims at simplifying the language and making it accessible for the sake of ‘accessibility’ as it remains a product with communicative inadequacies. The study also concludes by maintaining that translation is not only transcoding, but the activity that calls for the translator’s creativity in order to identify and analyse the constraints encountered and decide on the corresponding translation strategies. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Tato práce pojednává o technikách behaviorálního modelování pro speciální úlohy v elektromagnetismu, které je možno formulovat jako problém aproximace, klasifikace, odhadu hustoty pravděpodobnosti nebo kombinatorické optimalizace. Zkoumané methody se dotýkají dvou základních problémů ze strojového učení a combinatorické optimalizace: ”bias vs. variance dilema” a NP výpočetní komplexity. Boltzmanův stroj je v práci navržen ke zjednodušování komplexních impedančních sítí. Bayesovský přístup ke strojovému učení je upraven pro regularizaci Parzenova okna se snahou o vytvoření obecného kritéria pro regularizaci pravděpodobnostní a regresní neuronové sítě.

This thesis introduces a representation of graphical data, progressive meshes, and its fields of usage. The main part of this work is mathematical representation of progressive meshes and the simplification algorithm, which leads to this representation. Examples of changes in progressive mesh representation are also part of this thesis, along with few examples. The result is an application that implements the calculation of the Progressive Meshes model representation

Der Vortrag zeigt, wie aus einem mathematisch-technischen Sachverhalt ein didaktisch begründetes Unterrichtsbeispiel abgeleitet werden kann und stellt die unterrichtlichen Nutzungsmöglichkeiten vor. Für die digitale Bildbearbeitung spielt die Interpolation eine wichtige Rolle und dient hierbei als Berechnungsverfahren für die Bildgrößenänderung. Interpolation ist ein Approximationsverfahren, bei dem z.B. zu Punkten mit bekannten Koordinaten eine Funktion berechnet wird, die alle diese Punkte erfüllt. Mit dieser Funktion können dann beliebige Zwischenwerte berechnet werden. Dabei bestimmt die Zahl der Datenpunkte die Zahl der notwendigen Polynomterme. Wegen ihrer mathematischen Eigenschaften werden häufig Polynome benutzt. Die Lösung der Aufgabe führt über ein lineares Gleichungssystem zur Bestimmung der Koeffizienten des Polynoms. Der erste Teil des Vortrages befasst sich mit der beispielhaften Darstellung der bikubischen Interpolation und deren Realisierung mittels MathCAD. Es wird gezeigt, wie aus den konkreten Schwärzungswerten eines Digitalbildes für eine Bildvergrößerung ein zu interpolierender Zwischenwert für einen neuen Bildpunkt berechnet wird. Der MathCAD-Wortschatz wird angegeben und notwendige didaktische Vereinfachungen werden beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil werden die Nutzung des Themas als Unterrichtsgegenstand in der Sekundarstufe II in seiner Wechselwirkung zwischen digitaler Bildbearbeitung, Mathematik und Informatik (Nutzung von MathCAD) erläutert, die thematischen Verflechtungsmöglichkeiten aufgezeigt und das didaktische Potential beleuchtet.

Electronic health records (EHRs) are used in Sweden's healthcare systems to store patients' medical information. Patients in Sweden have the right to access and read their health records. Unfortunately, the language used in EHRs is very complex and presents a challenge for readers who lack medical knowledge. Simplifying the language used in EHRs could facilitate the transfer of information between medical staff and patients. This project investigates the possibility of generating Swedish medical synonyms automatically. These synonyms are intended to be used in future systems for lexical simplification that can enhance the readability of Swedish EHRs and simplify medical terminology. Current publicly available Swedish corpora that provide synonyms for medical terminology are insufficient in size to be utilized in a system for lexical simplification. To overcome the obstacle of insufficient corpora, machine learning models are trained to generate synonyms and terms that convey medical concepts in a more understandable way. With the purpose of establishing a foundation for analyzing complex medical terms, a simple mechanism for Complex Word Identification (CWI) is implemented. The mechanism relies on matching strings and substrings from a pre-existing corpus containing hand-curated medical terms in Swedish. To find a suitable strategy for generating medical synonyms automatically, seven different machine learning models are queried for synonym suggestions for 50 complex sample terms. To explore the effect of different input data, we trained our models on different datasets with varying sizes. Three of the seven models are based on BERT and four of them are based on Word2Vec. For each model, results for the 50 complex sample terms are generated and raters with medical knowledge are asked to assess whether the automatically generated suggestions could be considered synonyms. The results vary between the different models and seem to be connected to the amount and quality of the data they have been trained on. Furthermore, the raters involved in judging the synonyms exhibit great disagreement, revealing the complexity and subjectivity of the task to find suitable and widely accepted medical synonyms. The method and models applied in this project do not succeed in creating a stable source of suitable synonyms. The chosen BERT approach based on Masked Language Modelling cannot reliably generate suitable synonyms due to the limitation of generating one term per synonym suggestion only. The Word2Vec models demonstrate some weaknesses due to the lack of context consideration. Despite the fact that the current performance of our models in generating automatic synonym suggestions is not entirely satisfactory, we have observed a promising number of accurate suggestions. This gives us reason to believe that with enhanced training and a larger amount of input data consisting of Swedish medical text, the models could be improved and eventually effectively applied.

<p>  </p> <p>In the field of Engineering Analysis and Simulation, part simplification is often used to reduce the computational time and requirements of finite element solvers. Reducing the complexity of the model through simplification introduces error into the analysis, the amount of which depends on the engineering scenario, CAD model, and method of simplification. Expert Analysts utilize their experience and understanding to mitigate the error in analysis through intelligent simplification method selection, however, there is no formalized system of selection. Artificial Intelligence, specifically through the use of Machine Learning algorithms, has been explored as a method of capturing and automating upon this informal knowledge. One existing method which found success only explored Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations without validating the method on other kinds of engineering analysis cases. This study attempts to validate this a priori method on a new situation and directly compare the results between studies. To accomplish this, a new CAD Assembly model database was generated of over 300 simplified and non-simplified examples. Afterwards, the models were subjected to a Structural Analysis simulation, where analysis data could be generated and stored. Finally, a Regression Neural Network was utilized to create Machine Learning models to predict analysis result errors. This study examines the question of how minimal a neural network architecture will be able to make predictions with a comparable accuracy to that of the previous studies.   </p>

The aim of the study is to find out to what extent Swedish learners of English, in the first year of upper secondary school, make prepositional errors in their written production, and to what extent these errors can be attributed to negative transfer, overgeneralization and simplification by conducting an Error Analysis. A comparison between gender and type of program, academic and vocational, is made to find out in which type of program most errors appear and if there is any difference in terms of gender.  The data is annotated from the Swedish Learner English Corpus (SLEC), which consists of argumentative essays written by Swedish learners of English, and it consists of 24 randomly selected texts based on the variables binary gender, type of program, Swedish as their L1, school year, and English course. All the texts selected are written by students in the first year of upper secondary school studying the course English 5. The results of the study reveal that Swedish learners of English struggle with prepositional usage. In total, 649 prepositions were identified in the 24 texts. Out of these, 72 (11.09%) were used incorrectly. The most frequently used prepositions involved in these errors are of, for, in, to, and with. Most errors appear when prepositional phrases function as post-modifiers in noun phrases. Substitution is, by far, the most common type of error found, meaning that the students replace the correct preposition with an incorrect one. The results thus show that the students seem to be aware that a preposition should be used although they fail to choose the correct one. Female students make more prepositional errors than male students; similarly, students attending vocational programs make more prepositional errors than students attending academic programs. Most errors are cases of overgeneralizations, followed by negative transfer from Swedish, and simplification. However, many of the errors can still be attributed to negative transfer which suggests that, even though Swedish and English are similar languages which could lead to positive transfer, this does not seem to fully apply to prepositions.

[ES] Debido a la escasez del recurso hídrico que azota a muchos países del mundo, los gobiernos están implementando políticas públicas para que las entidades gestoras del servicio de agua potable, juntamente con las instituciones públicas y la empresa privada, implementen tecnologías digitales para monitorizar y tener un mejor control de la gestión de las redes hidráulicas. Sin embargo, es posible que las entidades gestoras no posean un modelo matemático que les permita analizar el comportamiento hidráulico de la red ante distintos escenarios como el aumento de la demanda en ciertas zonas, la avería en una tubería principal, la ampliación de la red hidráulica; o tomar decisiones como la ubicación de nuevas fuentes de agua, la ubicación de sensores o elementos que permitan delimitar sectores hidráulicos (caudalímetros y válvulas de corte), entre otras. El objetivo principal de este trabajo de investigación es desarrollar nuevos métodos basados en el modelo matemático y la topología de la red que ayuden a resolver los retos anteriores. Estos métodos, implementados en aplicaciones informáticas, pretenden ser de gran utilidad a las empresas de agua potable para comprobar la conectividad de la red e identificar las subredes con problemas de suministro o sin demandas de caudal asignadas; analizar la fiabilidad de la red bajo diversas circunstancias; ayudar a ubicar válvulas reductoras de presión, sensores y otros elementos de control, validar el proceso de asignación de las demandas, identificar derivaciones que causen un suministro deficiente en determinadas zonas; delimitar sectores de demanda sin afectar la red arterial de transporte y sectorizar una red hidráulica según el aporte de cada fuente al consumo de cada nodo; simplificar modelos de detalle que permitan minimizar los tiempos de cálculo para optimizar los procesos de toma de decisiones como el diseño de ampliaciones, la mejora energética o para dar una respuesta rápida en la operación en tiempo real; y por último, proporcionar métodos basados en la simulación hidráulica y en unas ecuaciones de tipo potencial-logarítmicas para convertir rugosidades absolutas de Darcy-Weisbach y coeficientes de rugosidad de Chezy-Manning en coeficientes de rugosidad de Hazen-Williams para calibrar el modelo, en otras aplicaciones. Todos los métodos han sido implementados en aplicaciones informáticas para automatizar el proceso de cálculo. Para ello, se ha utilizado el entorno de programación de Visual Studio 2019 Community (.NET), la librería de EPANET (v2.2) para ejecutar los cálculos hidráulicos, y la librería shapelib para visualizar los resultados de manera gráfica desde cualquier software de Sistema de Información Geográfica. Los resultados obtenidos han sido verificados con profusión, primero porque cada método se ha desarrollado considerando el modelo de una red real y después se ha validado con otros cinco modelos de redes reales de configuraciones diferentes, tamaños, elementos de regulación y leyes de control. Asimismo, dado que todas las herramientas están publicadas en el portal de investigadores de ResearchGate para su libre acceso, han podido ser testeadas por otros muchos usuarios interesados en su uso para analizar y dar solución a los problemas diversos en la gestión de las redes de abastecimiento de agua. Por último, todos estos algoritmos pueden ser implementados en otras plataformas digitales o entornos SIG desde los cuales se puede mejorar la interacción del usuario con la red, permitiendo al modelador u operador de la red tomar las mejores decisiones. / [CAT] A causa de l'escassetat del recurs hídric que assota a molts països del món, els governs estan implementant polítiques públiques perquè les entitats gestores del servei d'aigua potable, juntament amb les institucions públiques i l'empresa privada, implementen tecnologies digitals per a monitorar i tindre un millor control de la gestió de les xarxes hidràuliques. No obstant això, és possible que les entitats gestores no posseïsquen un model matemàtic que els permeta analitzar el comportament hidràulic de la xarxa davant diferents escenaris com l'augment de la demanda en unes certes zones, l'avaria en una canonada principal, l'ampliació de la xarxa hidràulica; o prendre decisions com la ubicació de noves fonts d'aigua, la ubicació de sensors o elements que permeten delimitar sectors hidràulics (cabalímetres i vàlvules de tall), entre altres. L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball de recerca és desenvolupar nous mètodes basats en el model matemàtic i la topologia de la xarxa que ajuden a resoldre els reptes anteriors. Aquests mètodes, implementats en aplicacions informàtiques, pretenen ser de gran utilitat a les empreses d'aigua potable per a comprovar la connectivitat de la xarxa i identificar les subxarxes amb problemes de subministrament o sense demandes de cabal assignades; analitzar la fiabilitat de la xarxa sota diverses circumstàncies; ajudar a situar vàlvules reductores de pressió, sensors i altres elements de control, validar el procés d'assignació de les demandes, identificar derivacions que causen un subministrament deficient en determinades zones; delimitar sectors de demanda sense afectar la xarxa arterial de transport i sectoritzar una xarxa hidràulica segons l'aportació de cada font al consum de cada node; simplificar models de detall que permeten minimitzar els temps de càlcul per a optimitzar els processos de presa de decisions com el disseny d'ampliacions, la millora energètica o per a donar una resposta ràpida en l'operació en temps real; i finalment, proporcionar mètodes basats en la simulació hidràulica i en unes equacions de tipus potencial-logarítmiques per a convertir rugositats absolutes de Darcy-Weisbach i coeficients de rugositat de Chezy-Manning en coeficients de rugositat de Hazen-Williams per a calibrar el model, en altres aplicacions. Tots els mètodes han sigut implementats en aplicacions informàtiques per a automatitzar el procés de càlcul. Per a això, s'ha utilitzat l'entorn de programació de Visual Studio 2019 Community (.NET), la llibreria de EPANET (v2.2) per a executar els càlculs hidràulics, i la llibreria shapelib per a visualitzar els resultats de manera gràfica des de qualsevol programari de Sistema d'Informació Geogràfica. Els resultats obtinguts han sigut verificats amb profusió, primer perquè cada mètode s'ha desenvolupat considerant el model d'una xarxa real i després s'ha validat amb altres cinc models de xarxes reals de configuracions diferents, grandàries, elements de regulació i lleis de control. Així mateix, atés que totes les eines estan publicades en el portal d'investigadors de ResearchGate per al seu lliure accés, han pogut ser testades per molts altres usuaris interessats en el seu ús per a analitzar i donar solució als problemes diversos en la gestió de les xarxes de proveïment d'aigua. Finalment, tots aquests algorismes poden ser implementats en altres plataformes digitals o entorns SIG des dels quals es pot millorar la interacció de l'usuari amb la xarxa, permetent al modelador o operador de la xarxa prendre les millors decisions. / [EN] Due to the scarcity of water resources that plagues many countries in the world, governments are implementing public policies so that water management entities, together with public institutions and private companies, implement digital technologies to monitor and have a better control of the management of water networks. However, it is possible that the managing entities do not have a mathematical model that allows them to analyze the hydraulic behavior of the network in different scenarios such as increased demand in certain areas, the failure of a main pipe, the expansion of the hydraulic network; or to make decisions such as the location of new water sources, the location of sensors or elements that allow delimiting hydraulic sectors (flow meters and shut-off valves), among others. The main objective of this research work is to develop new methods based on the mathematical model and network topology that help to solve the above challenges. These methods, implemented in computer applications, are intended to be of great use to drinking water utilities to check network connectivity and identify subnetworks with supply problems or without assigned flow demands; analyze network reliability under various circumstances; help locate pressure reducing valves, sensors and other control elements; validate the demand allocation process; identify bypasses that cause poor supply in certain areas; delimit demand sectors without affecting the arterial transport network; and sectorize a water network according to the contribution of each source to the consumption of each node; simplify detailed models to minimize calculation times to optimize decision-making processes such as the design of extensions, energy improvement or to provide a quick response in real time operation; and finally, provide methods based on hydraulic simulation and potential-logarithmic equations to convert absolute Darcy-Weisbach roughness and Chezy-Manning roughness coefficients into Hazen-Williams roughness coefficients to calibrate the model in other applications. All methods have been implemented in software applications to automate the calculation process. For this purpose, the Visual Studio 2019 Community (.NET) programming environment has been used, the EPANET library (v2.2) to execute the hydraulic calculations, and the shapelib library to visualize the results graphically from any Geographic Information System software. The results obtained have been extensively verified, first because each method has been developed considering the model of a real network and then validated with five other real network models of different configurations, sizes, regulation elements and control laws. Also, since all the tools are published in the ResearchGate researcher portal for free access, they have been tested by many other users interested in their use to analyze and provide solutions to various problems in the management of water supply networks. Finally, all these algorithms can be implemented in other digital platforms or GIS environments from which the user's interaction with the network can be improved, allowing the modeler or network operator to make the best decisions. / Vegas Niño, ÓT. (2023). Nuevas herramientas para la gestión técnica de redes de distribución de agua basadas en el modelo matemático y la topología de la red [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192474

This study investigates the possibilities and implications for the teaching of the solving of polynomial equations. It is historically directed and also focusses on the working procedures in algebra which target the cognitive and affective domains. The teaching implications of the development of representational styles of equations and their solving procedures are noted. Since concepts in algebra can be conceived as processes or objects this leads to cognitive obstacles, for example: a limited view of the equal sign, which result in learning and reasoning problems. The roles of sense-making, visual imagery, mental schemata and networks in promoting meaningful understanding are scrutinised. Questions and problems to solve are formulated to promote the processes associated with the solving of polynomial equations, and the solving procedures used by a group of college students are analysed. A teaching model/method, which targets the cognitive and affective domains, is presented. / Mathematics Education / M.A. (Mathematics Education)

Spin selective MQ-SQ correlation has been demonstrated by either selective pulses in homo-nuclear spin systems in isotropic and weakly orienting chiral media or by nonselective pulses in hetero-nuclear spin systems in strongly aligned media. As a consequence of the spin selective correlation, the coherence transfer pathway from MQ to SQ is spin state selective. This two dimensional approach enables the utilization of the passive couplings (remote couplings) to break a complex one dimensional spectrum into many sub spectra. Each sub spectrum contains fewer transitions and hence fewer couplings (active couplings). The role of the passive couplings is to displace the sub spectra and measurement of the displacements taking into account their relative tilt provides the magnitude of the passive couplings along with relative signs. Further possibility of a spin state selective MQ-SQ resolved experiment to determine very small remote couplings otherwise buried within linewidth in one dimensional spectrum has been demonstrated. The resolution of the multiple quantum spectrum in indirect dimension has also been exploited to separate the sub spectra. The technique renders the analysis of complex spectrum in isotropic system much simpler. The potentialities of the technique have also been demonstrated for discrimination of optical enantiomers and derivation of the residual dipolar couplings from very complicated spectrum. The second order spectrum in strongly aligned media restrict selective excitation, however in hetero-nuclear spin system the nonselective pulses on protons do not interact with the hetero-nuclear spins. Thus the weakly coupled part of a strongly coupled spectrum has been exploited for simplifying the second order spectrum and thereby its analysis. Thus several methodologies derived from spin selective correlation has been demonstrated. Enantiopure spectrum has been recorded from a mixture of R and S enantiomers by a novel pulse scheme called Double Quantum Selective Refocusing Experiment. The dipolar coupled methyl protons in weakly orienting media are utilized. The selective excitation of double quantum coherence reduces the three spin system into a two spin system and remote couplings are refocused which otherwise leads to broadening. The sum of passive couplings being different for the enantiomers resolution in the DQ dimension is enhanced and thereby their discrimination. Finally several decoupling schemes has been compared in the indirect dimension of HSQC experiment to resolve 13C satellite spectra otherwise buried within line width for increased confidence in determining hetero-nuclear framework information.