The effectiveness of partial ozonation of return activated sludge for enhancing denitrification and waste sludge minimization were examined. A pair of nitrifying sequencing batch reactors was operated in either aerobic or alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions, with one control and one ozonated reactor in each set. The amount of solids decreased with the ozone dose. Biomass in the anoxic/aerobic reactor was easier to destroy than in the aerobic one, generating approximately twice as much soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) by cell lysis. Increased COD favoured production of extracellular polymers in ozonated reactors, enhancing flocculation and improving settling. Floc stability was also strengthened in prolonged operation in alternating treatment, resulting in declined solids destruction. Dewaterability was better in alternating reactors than in aerobic ones indicating that incorporation of an anoxic zone for biological nutrient removal leads to improvement in sludge dewatering. The negative impact of ozonation on dewaterability was minimal in terms of the long-term operation. Ozone successively destroyed indicator estrogenic compounds, contributing to total estrogen removal from wastewater. Denitrification rate improved up to 60% due to additional carbon released by ozonation. Nitrification rates deteriorated much more in the aerobic than in the alternating reactor, possibly as a result of competition created by growth of heterotrophs receiving the additional COD. Overall, ozonation provided the expected benefits and had less negative impacts on processes in the alternating treatment, although after prolonged operation, benefits could become less significant. The alternating anoxic/aerobic reactor achieved twice the nitrification rates of its aerobic counterpart. Higher removal rates of estrogens were associated with higher nitrification rates, supporting the contention that the nitrifying biomass was responsible for their removal. The alternating treatment offered the better estrogen biodegradation. Microbial populations in both reactors were examined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. Dominance of rapid nitrifiers like Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter (79.5%) in the alternating reactor, compared to a dominance of slower nitrifiers like Nitrosospira and Nitrospira (78.2%) in the aerobic reactor were found. The findings are important to design engineers, as reactors are typically designed based on nitrifiers’ growth rate determined in strictly aerobic conditions.

The effectiveness of partial ozonation of return activated sludge for enhancing denitrification and waste sludge minimization were examined. A pair of nitrifying sequencing batch reactors was operated in either aerobic or alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions, with one control and one ozonated reactor in each set. The amount of solids decreased with the ozone dose. Biomass in the anoxic/aerobic reactor was easier to destroy than in the aerobic one, generating approximately twice as much soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) by cell lysis. Increased COD favoured production of extracellular polymers in ozonated reactors, enhancing flocculation and improving settling. Floc stability was also strengthened in prolonged operation in alternating treatment, resulting in declined solids destruction. Dewaterability was better in alternating reactors than in aerobic ones indicating that incorporation of an anoxic zone for biological nutrient removal leads to improvement in sludge dewatering. The negative impact of ozonation on dewaterability was minimal in terms of the long-term operation. Ozone successively destroyed indicator estrogenic compounds, contributing to total estrogen removal from wastewater. Denitrification rate improved up to 60% due to additional carbon released by ozonation. Nitrification rates deteriorated much more in the aerobic than in the alternating reactor, possibly as a result of competition created by growth of heterotrophs receiving the additional COD. Overall, ozonation provided the expected benefits and had less negative impacts on processes in the alternating treatment, although after prolonged operation, benefits could become less significant. The alternating anoxic/aerobic reactor achieved twice the nitrification rates of its aerobic counterpart. Higher removal rates of estrogens were associated with higher nitrification rates, supporting the contention that the nitrifying biomass was responsible for their removal. The alternating treatment offered the better estrogen biodegradation. Microbial populations in both reactors were examined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. Dominance of rapid nitrifiers like Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter (79.5%) in the alternating reactor, compared to a dominance of slower nitrifiers like Nitrosospira and Nitrospira (78.2%) in the aerobic reactor were found. The findings are important to design engineers, as reactors are typically designed based on nitrifiers’ growth rate determined in strictly aerobic conditions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 256-275).

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 135-147).

Thesis (M.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2005. / Document formatted into pages; contains x, 89 p. : ill., maps. Includes bibliographical references.

abstract: To address sustainability issues in wastewater treatment (WWT), Siemens Water Technologies (SWT) has designed a "hybrid" process that couples common activated sludge (AS) and anaerobic digestion (AD) technologies with the novel concepts of AD sludge recycle and biosorption. At least 85% of the hybrid's AD sludge is recycled to the AS process, providing additional sorbent for influent particulate chemical oxygen demand (PCOD) biosorption in contact tanks. Biosorbed PCOD is transported to the AD, where it is converted to methane. The aim of this study is to provide mass balance and microbial community analysis (MCA) of SWT's two hybrid and one conventional pilot plant trains and mathematical modeling of the hybrid process including a novel model of biosorption. A detailed mass balance was performed on each tank and the overall system. The mass balance data supports the hybrid process is more sustainable: It produces 1.5 to 5.5x more methane and 50 to 83% less sludge than the conventional train. The hybrid's superior performance is driven by 4 to 8 times longer solid retention times (SRTs) as compared to conventional trains. However, the conversion of influent COD to methane was low at 15 to 22%, and neither train exhibited significant nitrification or denitrification. Data were inconclusive as to the role of biosorption in the processes. MCA indicated the presence of Archaea and nitrifiers throughout both systems. However, it is inconclusive as to how active Archaea and nitrifiers are under anoxic, aerobic, and anaerobic conditions. Mathematical modeling confirms the hybrid process produces 4 to 20 times more methane and 20 to 83% less sludge than the conventional train under various operating conditions. Neither process removes more than 25% of the influent nitrogen or converts more that 13% to nitrogen gas due to biomass washout in the contact tank and short SRTs in the stabilization tank. In addition, a mathematical relationship was developed to describe PCOD biosorption through adsorption to biomass and floc entrapment. Ultimately, process performance is more heavily influenced by the higher AD SRTs attained when sludge is recycled through the system and less influenced by the inclusion of biosorption kinetics. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2011

abstract: The production and applications of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has increased rapidly in the last decade, with release of ENM to the environment through the sewer system and municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) being of concern. Currently, the literature on ENM release from WWTPs and removal of ENM by WWTPs is insufficient and disorganized. There is little quantitative data on the removal of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene oxide (GO), or few-layer graphene (FLG), from wastewater onto biomass. The removal of pristine and oxidized MWCNTs (O-MWCNTs), graphene oxide (GO), few-layer graphene (FLG) and Tween™ 20-coated Ag ENM by the interaction with biomass were determined by programmable thermal analysis (PTA) and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The removal of pristine and O-MWCNTs was 96% from the water phase via aggregation and 30-min settling in presence or absence of biomass with an initial MWCNT concentration of 25 mg/L. The removal of 25 mg/L GO was 65% with biomass concentration at or above 1,000 mg TSS/L. The removal of 1 mg/L FLG was 16% with 50 mg TSS/L. The removal of Tween™ 20 Ag ENM with concentration from 0.97 mg/L to 2.6 mg/L was from 11% to 92% with biomass concentration of 500 mg TSS/L to 3,000 mg TSS/L, respectively. A database of ENM removal by biomass was established by analyzing data from published papers, and non-linear solid-liquid distribution functions were built into the database. A conventional activated sludge (CAS) model was built based on a membrane bioreactor (MBR) model from a previous paper. An iterative numeric approach was adapted to the CAS model to calculate the result of non-linear adsorption of ENM by biomass in the CAS process. Kinetic studies of the CAS model showed the model performance changed mostly in the first 10 days after changing influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration, and reached a steady state after 11 days. Over 60% of ENMs which have distribution coefficients in the database reached higher than 50% removal by the CAS model under general operational conditions. This result suggests that traditional WWTP which include the CAS process can remove many known types of ENMs in certain degree. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-16T11:52:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Ricardo de Sousa Carneiro.pdf: 3249963 bytes, checksum: 5a05cf20b4818f8fee9d578fe63e013a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-11-07T13:25:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Ricardo de Sousa Carneiro.pdf: 3249963 bytes, checksum: 5a05cf20b4818f8fee9d578fe63e013a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-07T13:25:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Ricardo de Sousa Carneiro.pdf: 3249963 bytes, checksum: 5a05cf20b4818f8fee9d578fe63e013a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22 / Indústrias frigoríficas estão inseridas como o mais frequente empreendimento industrial em Mato Grosso justificado, principalmente, pela agropecuária ser a principal atividade econômica no Estado, tornando os abatedouros uma opção para agregar valor ao que aqui é criado, principalmente na produção de bovinos e aves. Intrínseco a indústria frigorífica está a geração de efluente, que precisa ser tratado antes da sua disposição no solo ou em corpos d’água. Lagoas de estabilização constitui o principal tipo de tratamento de efluente presente em frigoríficos no Estado. Este tipo de tratamento gera um resíduo semissólido denominado lodo. Este subproduto pode ser rico em nutrientes tornando-o um material que é denominado biossólido. Entretanto, para receber tal denominação o lodo de lagoas de estabilização deve apresentar características químicas e biológicas compatíveis com sua utilização. Estas características são também relevantes quanto à patogenicidade. No Brasil, a Resolução CONAMA 375/2006 estabelece parâmetros de concentração de microrganismos para utilização de lodo gerado em sistemas de tratamento de efluentes como fonte de nutrientes para o solo. Em Várzea Grande – MT um complexo de Indústrias Frigoríficas, instalado desde o fim dos anos 70, destinou seus efluentes gerados a um sistema de tratamento de efluentes composto por lagoas de estabilização contendo duas lagoas anaeróbias, uma lagoa facultativa e uma lagoa de maturação. Em janeiro de 2012 este tratamento de efluentes foi desativado e substituído por outro em outra área, o lodo presente no sistema foi reunido nas duas lagoas aeróbias objetivando sua estabilização, desidratação e inertização de patógenos. Diante deste contexto, este trabalho avaliou quali-quantitativamente o lodo acumulado das lagoas de estabilização do complexo de indústrias com vistas à disposição final no solo. Para tal, foram realizados dois estudos de batimetria, um em outubro de 2012 e outro em janeiro de 2014, a determinação das variáveis físico-químicas de SST, pH, DBO, Nitrogênio e Fósforo e a determinação das concentrações de Ovos de Helmintos, Coliformes Termotolerantes e Salmonellas junto ao segundo teste de batimetria. Por fim, conclui-se que o lodo reunido nas lagoas anaeróbias reduziu em aproximadamente 30% seu volume, possui concentração satisfatória de nitrogênio se comparado a outros materiais utilizados como biossólidos, porém pobre em fósforo realizando a mesma comparação. Está ausente de Salmonellas e possui alto teor de umidade, próximo de 98% e concentrações dos microrganismos coliformes termotolerantes e ovos de helmintos acima do permitido pela Resolução CONAMA 375/2006 o que inviabiliza, por hora, a sua utilização no solo. Também foi determinado, em função de formulações apresentadas na metodologia e das condições locais, que até fevereiro de 2015 o lodo possuirá umidade próxima de 70%. Sugestões para aceleração do desaguamento e inertização também estão presentes neste trabalho. / Slaughterhouses are inserted as the most frequent industrial enterprise in Mato Grosso justified mainly by agriculture is the main economic activity in the state, making slaughterhouses an option to add value to what is created here, especially in the production of cattle and poultry. Intrinsic to the slaughter industry is the generation of wastewater that must be treated prior to disposal in soil or water bodies. Stabilization ponds are the main type of treatment of this effluent in refrigerators in the state. This type of treatment generates a semisolid residue called sludge. This by-product can be rich in nutrients making it a material that is called biosolids. However, to receive this designation sludge stabilization ponds shall provide chemical and biological characteristics consistent with its use. These characteristics are also relevant as to pathogenicity. In Brazil, the CONAMA Resolution 375/2006 establishes parameters for concentration of microorganisms for use of sludge generated in wastewater treatment systems as a source of nutrients to the soil. In Várzea Grande – MT a complex of industries slaughter, installed since the late '70s, their effluents destined to a wastewater treatment system consisting of stabilization ponds containing two anaerobic ponds, a facultative pond and maturation pond. In January 2012 this treatment effluent was deactivated and replaced by another in another area, the sludge present in the system was assembled in both aerobic lagoons aiming its stabilization, dewatering and blanketing of pathogens. Given this context, this study evaluated qualitative and quantitatively the accumulated sludge from the waste stabilization ponds of complex industries with a view to disposal in soil. To this end, two studies bathymetry, one in October 2012 and another in January 2014, the determination of physico-chemical parameters of TSS, pH, BOD, COD, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and the determination of helminth eggs were performed , thermotolerant coliforms and Salmonella with the second test bathymetry. Finally, it is concluded that the sludge collected in anaerobic pounds reduced by approximately 30% in volume, has satisfactory nitrogen concentration compared to other materials used as biosolids, but poor in phosphorus performing the same comparison. Salmonella is absent and has high moisture content, around 98%, and concentrations of thermotolerant coliform microorganisms and helminth eggs above those permitted by CONAMA Resolution 375/2006 which prevents, for now, their use in soil. Was also determined according to the methodology presented formulations and local conditions, that until February 2015 the sludge possess humidity close to 70%. Suggestions for accelerated dewatering and blanketing are also present in this work.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lombardi_r_me_jabo.pdf: 915586 bytes, checksum: 30a4ef39c259d9c6fdbfdf4057c6086d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Nas estações de tratamento de água (ETA), as impurezas retiradas da água juntamente com os produtos hidrolisados dos coagulantes dão origem aos resíduos dos decantadores e das águas de lavagem dos filtros, denominados lodo de ETA. Neste experimento, foi avaliado a disposição de lodo de ETA em reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), com volume de 18 L e 38 L, visando o tratamento para destinação adequada do efluente e do lodo excedente dos reatores. Tal experimento foi dividido em quatro ensaios, com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 24 h nos reatores UASB, previamente inoculados com lodo granulado e floculento. Foram observadas condições em que foram aplicadas ao reator UASB, lodo de ETA, com DQOtotal de 161 mg/L e ST de 1.948 mg/L, e misturas de lodo de ETA com esgoto sanitário nas seguintes proporções, em volume, de 1:1 (lodo de ETA : esgoto sanitário) com DQOtotal de 458 mg/L e ST de 3.039 mg/L; 1:3, com DQOtotal de 519 mg/L e ST de 1.562 mg/L e 1:7, com DQOtotal de 1.174 mg/L e ST de 3.502 mg/L. Os valores médios de eficiência de remoção da DQOtotal foram de 75 a 83% e de ST de 73 a 87%. A maior remoção de P foi de 90% e de N de 41%. As eficiências de remoção de Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr e Zn foram superiores a 70%, confirmando a alta capacidade de bioadsorção de metais do lodo anaeróbio. As concentrações de N-am, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr e Zn atenderam aos padrões de lançamento de efluentes da legislação federal. Ocorreram remoções de E. coli acima de 90%, resultando contagens do efluente de 1,5x10 UFC/100 mL, apresentando qualidade microbiológica correspondente à água doce de classe 1, conforme os padrões estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 . O lodo do reator UASB apresentou valores de relação SV/ST e E. coli que permitiram o seu uso na agricultura. / In water treatment plants (WTP), impurities removed from water mixed with coagulative hydrolytic product create waste of decanters and launderings water filters residues called WTP sludge. In this experiment the WTP sludge disposal in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) were evaluated, with a volume of 18 L and 38 L, aiming treatment for appropriate disposal of effluent and excess sludge reactors. Such experiment was divided into four assays, with hydraulic detention time of 24 h in UASB reactors by being inoculated previously with flocculent and granular sludge. It was observed conditions in wich it was added to the UASB reactor WTP sludge with CODtotal of 161 mg/L and TS of 1,948 mg/L, and mixtures of WTP sludge and wastewater in the following amounts, in volume, 1:1 (WTP sludge : wastewater) with CODtotal of 458 mg/L and TS of 3,039 mg/L; 1:3 with CODtotal of 519 mg/L and TS of 3,382 mg/L and 1:7 with CODtotal of 1,174 mg/L and TS 3,501 mg/L. The average values of removal efficiency of CODtotal were 75 the 83% and TS 73 the 87%. The highest P removal was 90% and the highest one of N was 41%. Removal efficiencies of Ca, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr and Zn were higher than 70% wich confirmed the high capacity of biosorption and bioaccumulation of metals from anaerobic sludge. Concentrations of Nam, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn fit the quality standards of effluent discharge required by federal legislation. There were removals of E. coli higher than 90% which resulted in counts for effluent of 1.5x10 CFU/100 mL and it showed microbiological quality corresponding to freshwater class 1, according to the standards established in CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. Sludge from the reactor showed ratios of VS /TS and E. coli which allows agricultural use.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:38:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peixoto_gj_me_ilha.pdf: 3639925 bytes, checksum: e19f2ebbc3c46fda991b86aa7db634e8 (MD5) / No Brasil, existe um problema comum à maioria das comunidades onde o abastecimento público de água é realizado com água superficial e há a necessidade de tratamento. No processo de tratamento ocorre a formação de resíduos na forma de lodo, o qual periodicamente necessita ser descartado do processo. Exceção feita a algumas Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETA), em nível nacional, todas despejam esses resíduos, de forma bruta, sem nenhum tratamento, em corpos de água. O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de encontrar solução adequada para destinar, de forma correta, o lodo produzido pela ETA da cidade de Presidente Prudente, operada pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP). O estudo baseou-se na premissa em aplicar o lodo da ETA na Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETE), no adensador por gravidade existente. E, para tanto, foi montada uma ETE Piloto, com a qual foram realizadas as simulações de aplicação de cargas de 2000 mg/L e 4000 mg/L de lodo de ETA A avaliação do desempenho da unidade piloto foi conseguida por meio de monitoramento analítico de parâmetros como: pH, temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, alcalinidade, DBO, DQO, Fósforo, Nitrogênio, sólidos dissolvidos, totais, fixos e voláteis, turbidez, Índice Volumétrico de Lodo (IVL) e Teor de Lodo (TL). Os resultados mostraram que a carga de 2000 mg/L de lodo de ETA no adensador por gravidade, pode ser realizada sem causar problemas. No entanto, com carga de 4000 mg/L, constatou que as aplicações progressivas de lodo devem ser melhor pesquisadas / In Brazil, very common problem to the biggest part of the communities, where the public water supply is realized using the surface water, and needs to pass by the water treatment plant (WTP). In the treatment process, a residue formation in the form of sludge occurs, which periodically needs to be discarded out the process. Except some WTP, on a nation level all they discarded these residues, in brutal way and without treatment, in watercourses. In this work was realized with the objective to finding an adequate solution to properly allocate the sludge produced in the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) from Presidente Prudente, which is operated by SABESP. This study was based in premise to apply the WTP sludge in the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), in the thickener by an existing gravity. And however, it was built a WWTP Pilot plant where were realized the simulations of applying dosages of 2000 mg/L and 4000 mg/L of WTP sludge. The evaluation of the performance of the pilot unit was gotten by analytical monitoring of many parameters as: pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, BOD, COD, phosphorus, nitrogen, dissolved solids, fixed and volatile ones, turbidity, Sludge Volumetric Index (IVL) and sludge concentration (TL). The results showed that the application of 2000 mg/l of WTP sludge in the WWTP gravity thickener can be realized without problems. On the other hand the application of 4000 mg/l showed that progressive applications of sludge have to be better researched