Orientador: Ronaldo Stefanutti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T08:25:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franca_JosueTadeuLeite_M.pdf: 8680034 bytes, checksum: 1ab8ef0109f94daf34a018122905eed9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Estudou-se o sistema de remoção de lodo de lagoa de estabilização, o desaguamento e acondicionamento do lodo pelo uso de BAG, bem como a redução da viabilidade de ovos de helmintos, coliformes, Salmonellas e teor de sólidos em função do tempo de acondicionamento. Entre várias opções para a retirada, adensamento e desaguamento do lodo de lagoa, a utilização de centrifuga no processo de deságue foi considerada inviável devido a necessidade de pré-condicionamento do lodo, em virtude da presença de materiais estranhos como pedrinhas, pedaços de pau, de metais, plásticos, e outros materiais, que danificam os elementos do equipamento. Optou-se por avaliar a remoção do lodo com a combinação de dragagem seguida da aplicação de polímero e deságüe em BAG de polipropileno de alta resistência. Definiu-se por esta combinação para remoção do lodo da lagoa de estabilização de Coronel Macedo-SP, Sabesp, devido às dificuldades operacionais e em virtude de longas distâncias para disposição do resíduo em aterros licenciados, o que representa elevados custos, uma vez que os aterros da região não são autorizados para receberem este tipo de resíduo.Como opção para redução de custos no desaguamento, transporte e disposição do lodo e com um importante viés ambiental, propôs-se nesta pesquisa estudar um modelo para desaguamento, acondicionamento e redução da carga patogênica, procurando adequar o lodo aos padrões para aplicação em solo agrícola. Seis meses após a operação de desaguamento do lodo acondicionado em BAG, constatou-se ausência de ovos de helmintos viáveis, salmonellas, protozoários e coliformes termotolerantes <103 NMP.g-1.MS. Estes resultados indicaram que o processo removeu a patogenicidade do lodo adequando-o para a disposição no solo, quanto aos parâmetros avaliados. O acúmulo de lodo foi de 2,2 cm.ano-1 e a contribuição média per capta foi de 0,042 m3 de lodo.hab-1.ano-1. A eficiência da ETE com relação a remoção da DBO, aumentou de 63% para em torno de 82%, após a limpeza. O lodo no BAG atingiu teor de sólidos totais de 34,10% após 374 dias e foi classificado como Classe II A - Não perigoso e não inerte. O custo da remoção de 2000 m3 lodo com teor médio de sólidos totais 12%, por meio do sistema de dragagem e acondicionamento em BAG foi de USD 4,67.hab-1.ano-1 / Abstract: This study was about a removal system of stabilization pond sludge, its dewatering and conditioning using BAG. Another point of this work was study the viability reduction of helminthes eggs, coliforms, salmonellas and quantities of solids by the time of conditioning. Among a many options for the removal, concentration and dewatering of the sludge pond, the centrifuge use was considerate unfeasible because the need of preconditioning of the sludge due the presence of foreign material as small stones , wood, metals, plastics and other materials which can damage the equipment system. Hence we decided to assess the removal of sludge with a combination of dredging followed by the application of polymer and drainage bag in the high resistance polypropylene. Was defined for this combination to remove the stabilization pond sludge of Coronel Macedo -SP, Sabesp, due the operational difficulties and due the long distances for disposal of waste in landfills, which is costly, since the landfills in the region are not authorized to receive this type of waste. As an option for cost reduction in drainage, transportation and disposal of sludge and an important environmental bias, it was proposed in this research study a model for dewatering, conditioning and reduction of the pathogen, adapting the standards for sludge application on agricultural land . Six months after the operation of sludge dewatering packed in bag, it was detected an absence of viable helminth eggs, salmonella, protozoa and coliforms. These results indicated that the process removed the pathogenicity of the sludge tailoring it to the wastewater disposal, as to the parameters evaluated. The accumulation of sludge was 2.2 cm.year-1 and the average contribution per capita was 0.042 m3 of sludge inhab-1 year-1. The effectiveness of treatment station for BOD removal increased from 63% to 82% after cleaning of the stabilization pond. The sludge in the bag reached total solids of 34.10% after 374 days and was classified as Class II A - Not dangerous, not inert. The cost of the removal of 2000 m3 sludge with an average of 12% solids, by means of the dredging and placing in bag was US$ 4.67 inha-1 year-1 / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientadores: Marta Sivieiro Guilherme Pires, Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:30:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zanatta_MaralineConservaniKlingohr_M.pdf: 1233776 bytes, checksum: b4d3936f23a26aa833c38089378c8457 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O lodo gerado em estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETE) é um resíduo que possui grande quantidade de nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) e matéria orgânica, podendo ser reaproveitado na agricultura. No entanto, pode conter substâncias tóxicas que inviabilizem esse uso, sendo assim, é necessário caracterizá-lo quanto a diversos parâmetros antes da sua utilização. Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a toxicidade do lodo de esgoto, proveniente de diferentes tipos de estações de tratamento, para avaliar a viabilidade do seu uso na agricultura. Foram coletadas amostras de 6 ETEs diferentes, que tratam efluentes predominantemente domésticos, e realizadas análises de Nitrogênio total, amoniacal e nitrato/nitrito, Fósforo, Carbono Orgânico, Enxofre, Potássio, Magnésio e Cálcio para caracterizar seu potencial agronômico, análises físico-químicas como pH, condutividade, sólidos e umidade, e metais previstos na Resolução CONAMA 375/2006. Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos foram feitos em amostras de lodo in natura utilizando organismos representativos do solo (Lactuca sativa) e aquáticos (Daphnia similis e Vibrio fischeri). Os resultados dos testes foram aplicados ao Índice de Perigo de Lodo de Esgoto (IPLE) proposto por Da Matta (2011). Nesse trabalho pode-se concluir que os lodos apresentam potencial agronômico relevante. O lodo mais estável apresentou menor toxicidade e, consequentemente, menor valor de IPLE. Os resultados de metais de 5 estações foram menores que os valores preconizados na Resolução CONAMA nº 375/2006, mas, mesmo assim, as amostras apresentaram alta toxicidade. O índice, baseado em testes ecotoxicológicos, demonstrou ser uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar na tomada de decisão mais segura quanto à disposição do lodo ao solo / Abstract: The sludge generated at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is a residue that has lots of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and organic matter, which can be reused in agriculture. However, it may contain toxic substances that can not use it, so it is necessary to characterize the various parameters as before use. This work aims to characterize the toxicity of sewage sludge from different treatment plants, to assess the viability of their use in agriculture. Samples of 6 different WWTP, dealing predominantly domestic sewage, and performed analyzes of the total nitrogen, ammonia and nitrate / nitrite, Phosphorus, Organic Carbon, Sulfur, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium to characterize the agronomic potential, physical and chemical analyzes were collected as pH, conductivity, solids and moisture, and heavy metals contained in CONAMA Resolution 375/2006. Ecotoxicological tests were made on samples of sludge in natura using representative soil organisms (Lactuca sativa) and aquatic (Daphnia similis and Vibrio fischeri). The results of the tests to Sewage Sludge Hazard Index (SSHI) proposed by Da Matta (2011) were applied. In this study it can be concluded that the sludge had relevant agronomic potential. The most stable sludge showed less toxicity, and hence smaller value of iple. The results of metals from 5 stations were lower than the values recommended by CONAMA Resolution 375/2006, but even so, the samples showed high toxicity. The index, based on ecotoxicological tests, proved to be a tool that can assist in making the safest decision regarding the disposal of sludge to soil / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:18:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_NoelyBochi_M.pdf: 1793399 bytes, checksum: 575715dc26fcd661637861e2b2d4a262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A destinação final de lodo de esgoto gerado nas estações de tratamento para a agricultura destaca-se por ser uma alternativa promissora e sustentável. Contudo, para se evitar efeitos adversos ao ecossistema e a saúde humana, este resíduo deve passar por uma rígida caracterização e monitoramento antes da sua aplicação. A Resolução CONAMA 375/2006 normatiza essa prática no Brasil, mas se restringe a alguns critérios químicos e biológicos que precisam ser monitorados. Recentemente, foi proposto um Índice de Perigo de Lodo de Esgoto (IPLE) baseado em ensaios ecotoxicológicos com organismos representativos, que expressa a periculosidade de lodos de esgoto quanto aos efeitos causados ao ecossistema. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação física, química, biológica e também ecotoxicológica em diferentes amostras de lodo de esgoto, para validar o IPLE e verificar a possibilidade do uso agrícola. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as amostras de lodo de esgoto das ETEs dos municípios de Bernardino de Campos, Coronel Macedo, Fartura, Franca e Itaberá atendem aos limites preconizados por Brasil (2006) referentes aos metais potencialmente tóxicos e à concentração de patógenos, mas, segundo o IPLE, apenas as amostras de lodo de esgoto das estações de tratamento de esgoto dos munícipios de Franca, após 5 meses de acondicionamento em recipientes de polietileno, e de Sarutaiá estão aptas ao uso agrícola. Portanto, espera-se que a utilização do índice baseado em testes ecotoxicológicos se constitua em ferramenta auxiliar na caracterização inicial do lodo de esgoto para sua liberação e disposição na agricultura, na tentativa de proporcionar maior segurança aos integrantes da cadeia alimentar que deverão utilizar os recursos originados do ambiente agrícola onde foi utilizado o biossólido / Abstract: The disposal of sewage sludge generated at treatment plant for agriculture stands out as a promising and sustainable alternative. However, to avoid adverse effects to the ecosystem and human health, this residue must undergo into a strict characterization and monitoring prior to implementation the Resolution 375/2006, regulates the practice in Brazil, but it is restricted to some chemical and biological criteria that need to be monitored. Recently, it has been proposed a Hazard Index of Sewage Sludge (IPLE), based on ecotoxicological tests with representative organisms, which expresses the danger of sewage sludge on the effects caused to the ecosystem. The aim of this study was the physical, chemical, biological and ecotoxicological evaluation on different samples of sewage sludge, in order to validate the IPLE and verify the possibility of its agricultural use. According to the obtained results, the sewage sludge samples from treatment plant for municipal sewage of Bernardino de Campos, Coronel Macedo, Fartura, Franca and Itaberá comply with the limits recommended by Brazil (2006) concerning potentially toxic metals and pathogens concentration. Nevertheless, according to IPLE, only samples of sewage sludge from treatment plant for municipal sewage of Franca, after 5 months packaged in polyethylene containers, and Sarutaiá, are suitable for agricultural use. Therefore, it is expected that the use of the index based on ecotoxicological tests should constitute an auxiliary tool on initial sludge characterization for its agricultural release and arrangement in an attempt to provide improved safely to food chain members that should use resources from agricultural environment where sludges have been used / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

No description available.

Endoglucanases play an important function in cellulose hydrolysis and catalyse the initial attack on the polymer by randomly hydrolysing the β-1,4 glucosidic bonds within the amorphous regions of cellulose chains. Cellulolytic bacteria have been isolated and characterised from the sewage sludge and the activation of several hydrolytic enzymes under biosulphidogenic conditions of sewage hydrolysis has been reported. The aims of this study were to: identify, induce production, locate and isolate, characterise (physicochemical and kinetic) and purify endoglucanases from anaerobic biosulphidogenic sludge. The endoglucanase activities were shown to be associated with the pellet particulate matter and exhibited a pH optimum of 6 and temperature optimum of 50 °C. The enzymes were thermally more stable when immobilised to the floc matrix of the sludge than when they were released into the aqueous solution via sonication. For both immobilised and released enzymes, sulphate was slightly inhibitory; activity was reduced to 84 % and 77.5 % of the initial activity at sulphate concentrations between 200 and 1000 mg/l, respectively. Sulphite was stimulatory to the immobilised enzymes between 200 and 1000 mg/l. Sulphide stimulated the activities of the immobilised endoglucanases, but inhibited activities of the soluble enzymes above 200 mg/l. The enzyme fraction did not hydrolyse avicel (a crystalline substrate), indicating the absence of any exocellulase activity. For CMC (carboxymethylcellulose) and HEC (hydroxylethylcellulose) the enzyme had K_m,app_ values of 4 and 5.1 mg/ml respectively and V_max,app_ values of 0.297 and 0.185 μmol/min/ml respectively. Divalent ions (Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺) proved to be inhibitory while Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ stimulated the enzyme at concentrations between 200 and 1000 mg/l. All the volatile fatty acids studied (acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid and valeric acid) inhibited the enzymes, with acetic acid eliciting the highest degree of inhibition. Sonication released ~74.9 % of the total enzyme activities into solution and this was partially purified by PEG 20 000 concentration followed by DEAE-Cellulose ion exchange chromatography, which resulted in an appreciable purity as measured by the purification factor, 25.4 fold.

In recent years there has been pressure exerted on the feed industry in Southern Africa to produce enough animal feed to meet the region’s nutritional requirements. The increase in the cost of animal feed eventually affects the affordability and availability of high quality food to low income communities. However, the overall national production of protein feed can easily be surpassed by the amount of protein that could be extracted from sludge. For example, the amount of protein wasted through sludge in one province alone (Gauteng, South Africa) amounts to 106,763 metric tonnes/yr, and slightly lower than the national protein requirement of approximately 145,000 tonnes/yr. Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) from wastewater treatment plants treating domestic wastewater is shown to contain protein in a ratio of 2:1 against fishmeal. However, some of this protein content could be lost during processing. In this study, the protein content in sludge and fishmeal was evaluated in laboratory analyses conducted as a preliminary step towards designing a protein supplement substitute. A pilot test was conducted with 5 batches (10 chicken per batch), with fishmeal to sludge substitutions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Metal content in the sludge was lowered by a rudimentary leaching process and its impact on the protein content was also evaluated. The initial mass gain rate, mortality rate, initial and operational costs analyses showed that protein from Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) could successfully replace the commercial feed supplements with a significant cost saving without adversely affecting the health of the animals. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

Diversity of micro-organism communities in activated sludge have been analyzed by culture -dependent methods, which exclude the majority of endogenous microbes due to the selective nature of the media. Molecular and biochemical techniques have been evaluated, but they are time - consuming, complex and the results are difficult to interpret. Methods such as community level carbon source utilization patterns (i.e. Biolog) are easy to use and detect different patterns, which could be related to diversity and function, in this and other studies. Our aim was not to try and detect each and every metabolic reaction of all the individuals in the community, but the collective pattern for a specific community. Since, 1) a high species diversity should lead to a higher relative number of substrates utilized, because there are more possibilities and 2) upon dilution, some organisms will be lost (causing a decrease in species diversity) from the community, depending on their abundance and the relative contribution (perhaps only one metabolic reaction in the system), reducing the number of possibilities. The extent of the reduction of the possibilities upon dilution, should theoretically reflect something about the community structure. The key, therefore, lies in the interpretation of the results. The Biolog system unlike traditional culture - dependent methods, which are generally selective for the component of the community that has to be cultured, can reflect the activities of a broad range of bacteria. In this study the Biolog system was not considered as a culture - dependent method, but rather as a collection of metabolic tests (database) used for the purpose of generating a recognizable pattern for a specific community. Our hypothesis was that microbial community level carbon source utilization could be used to determine diversity and evenness in activated sludge systems. In our study we used activated sludge systems representative of an environment with a high species diversity and uneven distribution of species, indicated that upon dilution some of the substrates where no longer utilized due to the loss of some of the species. / Dissertation (MSc Agric (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

HT biomass sonicated at ES inputs < 56KJ/gTS decreased floc size by 41% and enhanced its metabolic activity by 50-250% compared to control. ES inputs >118 KJ/gTS caused HT biomass solubilization and irreversible loss of its metabolic activity and reflocculation ability. During continuous activated sludge processing (ASP) of real primary effluent the observed yield (Yobs) decreased by 20% compared to control ASP at SF (stress factor) of 1 (biomass exchanged without USPT). At SF of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 (biomass exchanged with USPT) the Yobs further decreased by 33, 25 and 44% respectively as compared to control. This indicated that combining biomass anoxic exposure with USPT enhanced sludge reduction by increasing microbial maintenance metabolism likely in combination with microbial flora shift in the ASP depending on SF.

The Government of Ontario plans to ban the land application of untreated septage; however, most town wastewater treatment plants do not have the capacity to accept septage. A combined reed bed – freezing bed technology has been successfully developed to dewater and treat septage. Lab column studies established that freeze-thaw conditioning can restore drainage in clogged sand drying beds dosed with common biological sludges and that septage can be dosed at 10 cm/week for 2.5-5.0 months before clogging is observed. Pilot studies showed that freezing beds can operate without the need for a cover with the applied sludge effectively melting any snow cover in regions with moderate snowfall. Septage freezing was successfully modelled following an accepted model for ice formation on water bodies while septage thawing was modelled using a regression analysis with initial frozen depth and precipitation found to be insignificant and degree days of warming controlling the rate of thawing. Model results were utilized to produce a freezing bed design loading map for North America based on temperature normals. Field scale planted and unplanted reed bed – freezing bed systems were constructed and tested with varying hydraulic loading rates (1.9-5.9 m/y) and solid loading rates (43-144 kg/m2/y) over a 5 year period resulting in a recommended design hydraulic loading rate of 2.9 m/y or 75 kg/m2/y. Drainage rates doubled after freeze-thaw conditioning compared to during the growing season, suggesting that freeze-thaw conditioning restores filter hydraulic conductivity. No effect of solid loading rate, planted versus unplanted filters and 7 versus 21 d dosing cycles on filter drainage was observed; however, drainage varied significantly with hydraulic loading rate. The filters separated almost all contaminants with filtrate equivalent to a low-strength domestic wastewater which can be easily treated in any municipal or decentralized wastewater system. The dewatered sludge cake had similar nutrient and solid content to a solid dairy manure and met biosolid land application standards in terms of metals and pathogens. The combined reed bed-freezing bed technology can provide a low-cost solution for the treatment and reuse of septage in cold-climate regions.