Avec la convergence de plusieurs tendances profondes du secteur énergétique, lesréseaux électriques intelligents (smart grids) émergent comme le paradigme principal pourla modernisation des réseaux électriques. Les smart grids doivent notamment permettred’intégrer de larges proportions d’énergie renouvelable intermittente, de stockage et devéhicules électriques, ainsi que donner aux consommateurs plus de contrôle sur leur consommationénergétique. L’atteinte de ces objectifs repose sur l’adoption de nombreusestechnologies, et en particulier des technologies de l’information et de la communication.Ces changements transforment les réseaux en des systèmes de plus en plus complexes,nécessitant des outils adaptés pour modéliser, contrôler et simuler leur comportement.Dans cette thèse, l’utilisation des systèmes multi-agents (SMA) permet une approchesystémique de la gestion de l’énergie, ainsi que la définition d’architectures et d’algorithmesbénéficiant des propriétés des SMA. Cette approche permet de prendre en compte lacomplexité d’un tel système cyber-physique, en intégrant de multiples aspects commele réseau en lui-même, les infrastructures de communication, les marchés ou encore lecomportement des utilisateurs. L’approche est mise en valeur à travers deux applications.Dans une première application, un système de gestion de l’énergie pour centrales àturbines à gaz est conçu avec l’objectif de minimiser les coûts de fonctionnement et lesémissions de gaz à effet de serre pour des profils de charge variables. Un modèle de turbineà gaz basé sur des données réelles est proposé et utilisé dans un simulateur spécifiquementdéveloppé. Une métaheuristique optimise dynamiquement le dispatching entre les turbinesen fonction de leurs caractéristiques propres. Les résultats montrent que le systèmeest capable d’atteindre ses objectifs initiaux. Les besoins en puissance de calcul et encommunication sont également évalués.Avec d’autres mesures de gestion de la demande, l’effacement diffus permet de réduiretemporairement la charge électrique, par exemple dans la cas d’une congestion du réseaude transport. Dans cette seconde application, un système d’effacement diffus est proposéet utilise les ressources disponibles chez les particuliers (véhicules électriques, climatisation,chauffe-eau) pour maintenir la demande sous une valeur limite. Des aggrégateursde capacité de réduction de charge servent d’interface entre les opérateurs du réseau etun marché de l’effacement. Un simulateur est également développé pour évaluer la performancedu système. Les résultats de simulations montrent que le système réussit àatteindre ses objectifs sans compromettre la stabilité du réseau de distribution en régimecontinu. / Due to the convergence of several profound trends in the energy sector, smart gridsare emerging as the main paradigm for the modernization of the electric grid. Smartgrids hold many promises, including the ability to integrate large shares of distributedand intermittent renewable energy sources, energy storage and electric vehicles, as wellas the promise to give consumers more control on their energy consumption. Such goalsare expected to be achieved through the use of multiple technologies, and especially ofinformation and communication technologies, supported by intelligent algorithms.These changes are transforming power grids into even more complex systems, thatrequire suitable tools to model, simulate and control their behaviors. In this dissertation,properties of multi-agent systems are used to enable a new systemic approach to energymanagement, and allow for agent-based architectures and algorithms to be defined. Thisnew approach helps tackle the complexity of a cyber-physical system such as the smart gridby enabling the simultaneous consideration of multiple aspects such as power systems, thecommunication infrastructure, energy markets, and consumer behaviors. The approach istested in two applications: a “smart” energy management system for a gas turbine powerplant, and a residential demand response system.An energy management system for gas turbine power plants is designed with the objectiveto minimize operational costs and emissions, in the smart power generation paradigm.A gas turbine model based on actual data is proposed, and used to run simulations witha simulator specifically developed for this problem. A metaheuristic achieves dynamicdispatch among gas turbines according to their individual characteristics. Results showthat the system is capable of operating the system properly while reducing costs and emissions.The computing and communication requirements of the system, resulting from theselected architecture, are also evaluated.With other demand-side management techniques, demand response enables reducingload during a given duration, for example in case of a congestion on the transmissionsystem. A demand response system is proposed and relies on the use of the assets ofresidential customers to curtail and shift local loads (hybrid electric vehicles, air conditioning,and water heaters) so that the total system load remains under a given threshold.Aggregators act as interfaces between grid operators and a demand response market. Asimulator is also developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. Resultsshow that the system manages to maintain the total load under a threshold by usingavailable resources, without compromising the steady-state stability of the distributionsystem.

La transition vers les énergies renouvelables implique deux types de préoccupations environnementales. Les combustibles fossiles sont épuisables et leur utilisation génère des externalités négatives à travers des dommages environnementaux irréversibles. En outre, il existe des possibilités de synergies entre les mesures d'efficacité énergétique et l’adoption de l'énergie renouvelable dans la mesure où les premières réduisent la demande d'énergie de sorte que la dernière puisse commencer à réduire les émissions futures de gaz à effet de serre. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'analyser la transition énergétique optimale dans un contexte de survenance certaine et incertaine d'une catastrophe environnementale et de déterminer les instruments incitatifs au niveau des ménages en vue de stimuler la transition énergétique.La thèse est composée de quatre chapitres qui traitent indépendamment des différentes questions de la transition énergétique. Le premier chapitre met l'accent sur la transition énergétique optimale impliquant des décisions à la fois sur l'adoption de l'énergie renouvelable et de l'investissement dans les technologies d'économie d'énergie, quand il y a un seuil de pollution certain qui déclenche une catastrophe environnementale. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la transition optimale vers les énergies renouvelables quand la survenance de la catastrophe environnementale est incertaine. Le troisième chapitre cherche à comprendre le comportement des ménages par rapport à leurs décisions d'adopter simultanément les énergies renouvelables et à investir dans l'efficacité énergétique. Finalement, le quatrième chapitre examine le rôle des réseaux intelligents dans l'intégration de l'énergie renouvelable intermittente afin de faciliter la transition énergétique. / The transition to renewable energy involves two kinds of environmental concerns. First, fossil fuels are exhaustible and second, their use generates negative externalities through irreversible environmental damage. Furthermore, there are possible synergies between energy efficiency measures and renewable energy adoption in the sense that the former reduces the energy demand so that the latter can begin to cut future greenhouse gases emissions. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the optimal energy transition under certain and uncertain occurrence of environmental catastrophe and to determine incentive-based instruments at the household level in order to boost the energy transition. The dissertation consists of four chapters that independently present and discuss different issues of energy transition. The first chapter focuses on the optimal energy transition involving decisions about both renewable energy adoption and investment in energy saving technologies, when there is a certain pollution threshold that triggers the occurrence of environmental catastrophe. The second chapter investigates the optimal transition to renewable energy under uncertain occurrence of environmental catastrophe. The third chapter is devoted to understanding household behavior regarding energy transition. The fourth chapter explores the role of smart-grids in integrating intermittent renewable energy to facilitate the energy transition

Depuis son invention, l'électricité joue un rôle essentiel dans notre vie quotidienne. L'apparition des premières installations de production d'électricité à la fin du XIXème siècle a ouvert la voie au système électrique et à ses sous-systèmes. Les consommateurs d'énergie électrique exigent un service fiable en termes de stabilité et de sécurité du réseau électrique. Depuis la libéralisation des marchés, les producteurs d'énergie électrique, les fournisseurs de services publics et d'équipements, en tant qu'acteurs principaux, suivent une tendance émergente pour satisfaire les demandes des consommateurs. Cette tendance implique l'amélioration des technologies, l'innovation et le respect des normes et des réglementations gouvernementales. Tous ces efforts ont été qualifiés de concept de réseaux intelligents (Smart Grid en anglais) qui évolue pour répondre aux demandes futures.Les sous-stations numériques modernes et futures façonnent des nœuds essentiels dans le réseau électrique, où la stabilité du flux d'énergie électrique, la conversion des niveaux de tension et la protection de l'équipement du poste de commutation figurent parmi les principaux rôles de ces nœuds. La norme prometteuse CEI 61850 et ses composants apportent de nouvelles fonctionnalités aux systèmes d'automatisation des postes. L'utilisation de la communication Ethernet dans ces systèmes réduit la quantité de connexions câblées qui réduit l'encombrement de l'équipement de la sous-station, des dispositifs et de leur câblage.L'intégration des nouvelles fonctionnalités CEI 61850 au niveau des sous-stations requiert des compétences multidisciplinaires. Par exemple, considérons les tâches de protection et de contrôle de la puissance d'un côté et les technologies de l'information et de la communication de l'autre. La dépendance entre les fonctions d'automatisation des sous-stations et les réseaux de communication à l'intérieur d'une sous-station pose de nouveaux défis aux concepteurs, intégrateurs et testeurs. Ainsi, étudier la fiabilité des fonctionnalités du système, par exemple, les schémas de protection, exige de nouvelles méthodes d'essai où les méthodes conventionnelles ne sont pas applicables. Les nouvelles techniques devraient fournir des moyens d'évaluer les performances des systèmes conçus et de vérifier leur conformité aux exigences des normes.Afin d'améliorer la fiabilité du système conçu, ce travail vise à développer des méthodes pour tester les systèmes d'automatisation de sous-station CEI 61850, en particulier sur les processus et les niveaux de la baie, dans une plate-forme dédiée aux tâches de recherche. Cette plate-forme incorpore des dispositifs de pointe et des cartes de test qui aideront à observer simultanément les interactions dynamiques des transitoires de puissance et les perturbations du réseau de communication. Les données obtenues lors des tests expérimentaux seront utilisées pour diagnostiquer les défaillances et classer leurs causes afin de les supprimer et d'améliorer la fiabilité du système conçu. / Since its invention, Electricity has played a vital role in our everyday life. The appearance of the first power production facilities in the late nineteenth century paved the way for the electrical power system and its subsystems. Consumers of electric power demand dependable service in terms of power grid stability and safety. Since the liberalization of the markets, producers of electric power, utilities and equipment suppliers, as principal players, are following an emerging trend to satisfy consumers’ demands. This trend involves improving technologies, innovating and respecting standards requirements and governments’ regulations. All these efforts termed as the concept of the Smart Grid that is evolving to meet future demands.Modern and future digital substations shape essential nodes in the grid, where stability of electric power flow, converting of voltage levels and protecting switchyard equipment are among the primary roles of these nodes. The promising standard IEC 61850 and its parts, bring new features to the substation automation systems. The use of Ethernet based communication within these systems reduces the amount of hardwired connections that results in lowering footprint of substation equipment, devices and their cabling.Integration of the new IEC 61850 features at the substation levels requires multidiscipline competences. For instance, consider power protection and control tasks from one side and information and communication technologies from the other side. Dependency between substation automation functions and communication networks inside a substation brings new kinds of challenges to designers, integrators and testers. Thus, investigating the dependability of the system functionalities, e.g. the protection schemes, requires new methods of testing where conventional methods are not applicable. The new techniques should provide means to evaluate performance of designed systems and checking their conformance to the standards requirements.In order to improve the designed system dependability, this work aims to develop methods for testing the IEC 61850 enabled substation automation systems, especially on the process and the bay levels, in a platform dedicated for research tasks. This platform incorporates state-of-art devices and test-set cards that will help to simultaneously observe dynamic interactions of the power transients and communication network perturbations. Data obtained during the experimental tests will be used for diagnosing of failures and classifying their causes in order to remove them and enhance dependability of the designed system.

The smart grid will enable a revolution in the way we manage and relates to the distribution networks through intelligent applications. For many of these applications, it is understood that one of the primary activities to provide real time operation is to be aware of the electric state of the network by monitoring and using remote measurements. This thesis addresses the topic of state estimation proposing the use of methods that best fit the requirements of smart distribution networks. In a first moment it is understood that the monitoring will not be satisfactorily comprehensive, and then there will need to merge real measures with not real measures obtained through historical data and direct methods such as calculating the power flow. Another important requirement of these methods is to combine great complexity and large number of buses of the distribution network to a satisfactory response time that allows real-time monitoring. Thus this thesis uses an approach that enables multiprocessing of algorithms like Power Flow and State Estimation in order to get faster response times in multiprocessor environments, which now are quite common. In the case of State Estimator has been proposed a Multi-area estimator associated to an algorithm for massive division of the networks which allows to drastically reduce the complexity of the algorithm without compromising the accuracy of the estimator solution. Nevertheless, other concepts related to state estimation, but adapted to the context of smart grids are also addressed as the detection of errors in measurements, topology errors and to the ideal location of meters, which may have important influence on the accuracy of the obtained result. The ASW software - Analysis of Distribution Systems Web was developed to implement the proposed methodologies. The software is a totally working prototype, already tested on a real distribution networks and have demonstrated good results and potential for managing a distribution system in an smart way. / As redes elétricas inteligentes permitirão uma revolução na forma como se gerencia e se relaciona com as redes de distribuição, através de aplicações inteligentes. Para diversas destas aplicações, entende-se que uma das atividades primordiais para proporcionar a operação em tempo real é ter conhecimento do estado elétrico da rede através do monitoramento e do uso de medidas remotas. A presente tese aborda o tema de estimação de estado propondo o uso de métodos que melhor se adaptam aos requisitos das redes de distribuição inteligentes. Num primeiro momento entende-se que o monitoramento não será satisfatoriamente abrangente, então haverá a necessidade de mesclar medidas remotas reais com outras pseudo-medidas obtidas através de dados históricos e métodos diretos como o cálculo do Fluxo de Potência. Outro requisito importante destes métodos é conseguir conciliar a grande complexidade e o elevado número de nós das redes de distribuição a um tempo de resposta satisfatório que permita o monitoramento em tempo real. Desta forma a presente tese utiliza uma abordagem que permite o multiprocessamento dos algoritmos de Fluxo de Potência e Estimação de Estado de forma a obter um menor tempo de resposta em ambientes multiprocessados, que são bastante comuns atualmente. No caso do Estimador de Estados, foi proposto um estimador multi-área associado a um algoritmo de divisão maciça das redes, que permite reduzir drasticamente a complexidade do algoritmo sem comprometer a precisão da solução. Todavia, outros conceitos relacionados à estimação de estado, porém adaptados ao contexto de redes de distribuição inteligentes também são abordados como a detecção de erros em medidas, erros de topologia e a localização ideal de medidores, os quais podem ter importante influência na precisão do resultado obtido. O software ASW Análise de Sistemas de Distribuição Web foi desenvolvido para implementação das metodologias propostas. O Software ainda se encontra sob a forma de um protótipo, contudo já se apresenta funcional em redes de distribuição reais e demonstrando bons resultados e potencialidades para o gerenciamento de um sistema de distribuição inteligente.

Orientador: Fábio Bertequini Leão / Resumo: O sistema de proteção tradicional de sistemas de distribuição predominantemente utiliza relés de sobrecorrente alocados na subestação e religadores automáticos ao longo dos alimentadores principais coordenados com fusíveis em ramais laterais. A inserção de GD (Geração Distribuída) na rede de distribuição pode causar diversos impactos do ponto de vista da proteção do sistema. Um dos impactos mais expressivos é a perda de coordenação dos dispositivos tradicionalmente empregados, devido a inserção da GD possibilitar fluxos de potência bidirecionais na rede. Portanto, neste trabalho é proposta uma solução para proteção e monitoramento da rede de distribuição considerando a inserção de fontes dispersas de energia. O sistema proposto é baseado na separação da rede de distribuição em zonas de proteção de acordo com a possibilidade de ilhamento da GD. Para o monitoramento da rede são empregados sensores indicadores de falta. Um método denominado Método de Degrau de Correntes (MDC) é proposto para identificação e localização de faltas a partir dos dados de monitoramento da rede em tempo real. Uma estratégia de restauração é proposta baseada nos resultados obtidos pelo MDC. Para os estudos, utilizou-se do software de simulação de Sistemas Elétricos de Potência DIgSILENT Power Factory 14.0, empregado para análise de fluxo de potência e verificação de estabilidade nas situações pós-falta. O software MATLAB (MATrix LABoratory) é empregado para o desenvolvimento do algoritmo e metodologia ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The traditional protection system uses predominantly overcurrent relays allocated in substation and automatic reclosers along the main feeders coordinated with fuses in side branches. The penetration of GD (Distributed Generators) in distribution systems can cause different impacts in terms of system protection. One of the most significant impacts is the loss of coordination of the protection devices traditionally employed due to insertion of GD, which allows bidirectional power flows on the network. Therefore, this work proposes a solution for protection and monitoring the distribution network considering the insertion of dispersed energy resources. The proposed system is based on the separation of the distribution network in protection zones in accordance with the possibility of islanding of GD. For network monitoring fault indicators sensors are employed. A method called Currents Step Method (MDC) is proposed to identify and locate faults based on the network monitoring data in real time. A restoration strategy is proposed based on the results obtained by the MDC. For the studies, the DIgSILENT Power Factory 14.0 was employed to carry out power flow and stability analysis. The MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) software was also used to develop the algorithm and methodology of identification, fault location and isolation of the distribution network using the data provided by the DIgSILENT. Regarding the results, it was noticed that the algorithm has a high reliability for the mos... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-12T12:25:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tamiresgomesmoreira.pdf: 4532594 bytes, checksum: 64d45fbe56c5ece94a7586a1d27d46df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-15T13:22:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tamiresgomesmoreira.pdf: 4532594 bytes, checksum: 64d45fbe56c5ece94a7586a1d27d46df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T13:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tamiresgomesmoreira.pdf: 4532594 bytes, checksum: 64d45fbe56c5ece94a7586a1d27d46df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação apresenta uma nova metodologia para detecção e identificação de erros grosseiros no processo de estimação de estados para sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica com topologia radial, usando Unidades de Medição Fasorial, conhecidas como PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units). O algoritmo de estimação de estados considera todas as correntes passantes nas linhas do sistema, expressas em coordenadas retangulares, como estadosaseremestimados. Osvaloresmedidosserãofasoresdetensãoecorrenteaquisitados pelas PMUs. A fim de restaurar a observabilidade do sistema com poucas unidades de medição serão considerados dados históricos de potência ativa/reativa demandada para as barras não monitoradas por PMUs, disponibilizados pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica. Esses valores serão considerados como restrições de desigualdade variando entre limites mínimos e máximos em um problema de otimização não linear cujo objetivo é minimizar a soma dos quadrados dos resíduos, sendo esses a diferença entre o valor da grandeza medida pela PMU e o seu correspondente valor estimado, ponderado por suas respectivas covariâncias. Baseado nos valores de corrente estimados, outras grandezas elétricas podem ser calculadas utilizando leis de Kirchhoff. Considerando a topologia radial dos alimentadores de distribuição, a proposta para o processamento de erros grosseiros consiste na divisão da rede elétrica com topologia radial em vários subsistemas, visando reduzir o esforço computacional associado ao processo de estimaçãodeestados. Ametodologiaapresentadaserádivididaeabordadaemduasetapas. A primeira se refere à detecção de erros grosseiros, sendo avaliada pelo valor da FOB para cada subsistema, onde valores acima de um determinado valor limítrofe preestabelecido para cada uma das FOBs indicam a presença de medidas com erros grosseiros. Já a segunda, baseia-se na identificação da PMU responsável por aquisitar medições com erros grosseiros e pauta-se na abordagem por barras fictícias, barras estas em que a potência demandada é nula. Os resultados obtidos são validados através do uso de sistemas testes encontrados na literatura. O problema de otimização é solucionado pelo Método de Pontos Interiores com Barreira de Segurança (Safety Barrier Interior Point Method). / This dissertation presents a novel methodology for bad data detection and identification in the State Estimation process for electrical power distribution systems with radial topology, using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). The state estimation algorithm considers all branch currents of the system, expresssed in rectangular coordinates, as states to be estimated. The measured values will be phasors acquisited by the PMUs. In order to make the system fully observable with few measurement units, it will be considered historical data of active/reactive power demand for the non-monitored buses, provided by the electrical utilities. These values will be considered as inequality constraints varying between minimum and maximum limits in a non-linear optimization problem which aims to minimize the sum of the squared of the residuals considering the residual being the difference between the measured values by the PMUs and their corresponding estimated values, weighted by its corresponding covariances. Based on the estimated branch currents values, other electrical quantities can be calculated by Kirchhoff’s laws. Consideringtheradialtopology,theproposedapproachforthebaddataprocessingconsists on the electrical network partitioning into various subsystems, which aims to reduce the computational effort associated to the states estimation process. The methodology presented in this work for bad data processing will be divided and implemented into two steps. The first part refers to the bad data detection and it is evaluated by the objective function value for each subsystem, in which high values indicate the presence of bad data. The second part relies on the identification of the PMU which is responsible for acquisitioningbaddataanditisaddressedintwodifferentways. Thefirstoneisaddressed for a single subsystem (single feeder) and is based on the creation of fictitious buses, which will be buses with null power demand. The obtained results are validated by using test systems found in the literature. The optimization problem is solved by the Safety Barrier Interior Point Method.

Au sein de la communauté scientifique, l’étude des réseaux d’énergie suscite un vif intérêt puisque ces infrastructures deviennent de plus en plus importantes dans notre monde moderne. Des outils mathématiques avancés et complexes sont nécessaires afin de bien concevoir et mettre en œuvre ces réseaux. La précision et l’optimalité sont deux caractéristiques essentielles pour leur conception. Bien que ces deux aspects soient au cœur des méthodes formelles, leur application effective reste largement inexplorée aux réseaux d’énergie. Cela motive fortement le travail développé dans cette thèse. Un accent particulier est placé sur le problème général de planification de la consommation d'énergie. Il s'agit d'un scénario dans lequel les consommateurs ont besoin d’une certaine quantité d’énergie et souhaitent que cette demande soit satisfaite dans une période spécifique (e.g., un Véhicule Électrique (VE) doit être rechargé dans une fenêtre de temps définie par son propriétaire). Par conséquent, chaque consommateur doit choisir une puissance de consommation à chaque instant (par un système informatisé), afin que l'énergie finale accumulée atteigne un niveau souhaité. La manière dont les puissances sont choisies est obtenue par l’application d’une « stratégie » qui prend en compte à chaque instant les informations pertinentes d'un consommateur afin de choisir un niveau de consommation approprié (e.g., l’énergie accumulée pour recharge le VE). Les stratégies peuvent être conçues selon une approche centralisée (dans laquelle il n'y a qu'un seul décideur qui contrôle toutes les stratégies des consommateurs) ou décentralisée (dans laquelle il y a plusieurs contrôleurs, chacun représentant un consommateur). Nous analysons ces deux scénarios dans cette thèse en utilisant des méthodes formelles, la théorie des jeux et l’optimisation. Plus précisément, nous modélisons le problème de planification de la consommation d'énergie à l'aide des processus de décision de Markov et des jeux stochastiques. Par exemple, l’environnement du système électrique, à savoir : la partie non contrôlable de la consommation totale (e.g., la consommation hors VEs), peut être représentée par un modèle stochastique. La partie contrôlable de la consommation totale peut s’adapter aux contraintes du réseau de distribution (e.g., pour ne pas dépasser la température maximale d'arrêt du transformateur électrique) et à leurs objectifs (e.g., tous les VEs soient rechargés). Cela peut être vu comme un système stochastique avec des multi-objectifs sous contraintes. Par conséquent, cette thèse concerne également une contribution aux modèles avec des objectives multicritères, ce qui permet de poursuivre plusieurs objectifs à la fois et une conception des stratégies qui sont fonctionnellement correctes et robustes aux changements de l'environnement. / Within the research community, there is a great interest in exploring many applications of energy grids since these become more and more important in our modern world. To properly design and implement these networks, advanced and complex mathematical tools are necessary. Two key features for their design are correctness and optimality. While these last two properties are in the core of formal methods, their effective application to energy networks remains largely unexploited. This constitutes one strong motivation for the work developed in this thesis. A special emphasis is made on the generic problem of scheduling power consumption. This is a scenario in which the consumers have a certain energy demand and want to have this demand fulfilled before a set deadline (e.g., an Electric Vehicle (EV) has to be recharged within a given time window set by the EV owner). Therefore, each consumer has to choose at each time the consumption power (by a computerized system) so that the final accumulated energy reaches a desired level. The way in which the power levels are chosen is according to a ``strategy’’ mapping at any time the relevant information of a consumer (e.g., the current accumulated energy for EV-charging) to a suitable power consumption level. The design of such strategies may be either centralized (in which there is a single decision-maker controlling all strategies of consumers), or decentralized (in which there are several decision-makers, each of them representing a consumer). We analyze both scenarios by exploiting ideas originating from formal methods, game theory and optimization. More specifically, the power consumption scheduling problem can be modelled using Markov decision processes and stochastic games. For instance, probabilities provide a way to model the environment of the electrical system, namely: the noncontrollable part of the total consumption (e.g., the non-EV consumption). The controllable consumption can be adapted to the constraints of the distribution network (e.g., to the maximum shutdown temperature of the electrical transformer), and to their objectives (e.g., all EVs are recharged). At first glance, this can be seen as a stochastic system with multi-constraints objectives. Therefore, the contributions of this thesis also concern the area of multi-criteria objective models, which allows one to pursue several objectives at a time such as having strategy designs functionally correct and robust against changes of the environment.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a proposição de uma abordagem para gestão integrada da operação do sistema elétrico em tempo real pelo diagnóstico da interrupção e determinação de planos de atenuação dos efeitos pela definição da topologia do sistema, com propostas de cortes seletivos da carga em condições de esgotamento da capacidade de transferência. A metodologia proposta abrange sistemas elétricos de grande porte e de diferentes níveis de tensão, tais como sistemas de sub-transmissão e distribuição, simultaneamente e com geração distribuída. Como técnica de solução é aplicada a Busca Tabu para minimização do total de seções desconectadas (desenergizadas) e o número de manobras realizadas para atendimento em casos contingenciais, com atendimento de clientes prioritários e alívio de carga e geração distribuída. A codificação e estrutura de dados aplicados propiciam uma melhor eficiência computacional, favorecendo a aplicação em sistemas operacionais de tempo real. A modelagem proposta é avaliada em sistemas de testes adaptados da literatura, demonstrando a qualidade, robustez e eficiência computacional nos resultados obtidos da abordagem proposta. / The present work aims at proposing an automatic computational methodology to electrical systems operational management in real time via the interruption diagnosis and effect attenuation plan definition by means of system topology determination with load curtailment in load transference capacity exhaustion conditions. The proposed methodology tackles large electrical systems with different voltage levels, such as sub-transmission and distribution systems simultaneously with distributed generators. The Tabu Search is applied to minimize the out-of-service area and the number of switching operations during contingencies with priority customer, load curtailment and distributed generators. The software codification and data structure applied provide computational efficiency, favoring the application to electrical systems operation in real time and the proposed model is validated with test systems from the literature, ensuring the computational efficiency and quality of results.

Os consumidores residenciais de energia elétrica no Brasil pagam um preço constante pela mesma em qualquer horário do dia, a despeito da variação constante nos custos de oferta. Isto não é economicamente eficiente. Para se atingir esta eficiência a implantação de uma tarifa inteligente se faz necessária, questão mais factível com o advento das redes inteligentes. Este trabalho busca antever se este desenvolvimento é custo efetivo ou não. Em primeiro lugar, os conceitos de redes inteligentes e de medidores avançados são apresentados. Em segundo lugar, são apresentados os conceitos de resposta da demanda e se demonstra porque o preço da eletricidade, para o consumidor final, deve ser maior na ponta do que fora da ponta. Por fim, se busca fazer uma análise custo benefício de um projeto hipotético de Infraestrutura de Leitura Avançada, desenvolvido por uma distribuidora de energia da região Centro Oeste do Brasil, a partir do estudo de cenários. Esse projeto hipotético ocorre num horizonte de dez anos, entre 2014 e 2023. O primeiro passo foi o desenvolvimento de campanhas de medição entre os anos de 2012 e 2013. Usando os dados aí obtidos, duas curvas de carga horárias foram desenvolvidas, uma para os dias úteis e a outra para finais de semana e feriados. O horário de pico é entre as 19 e as 22 horas nos dias úteis, e das 18 as 23 horas nos finais de semana e feriados. O custo da oferta e o consumo total de eletricidade foram obtidos, respectivamente, no Operador Nacional do Sistema e na Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica. Os resultados obtidos em 15 experimentos prévios foram usados para estimar as hipotéticas elasticidades preço e elasticidades de substituição. Duas modalidades tarifárias foram testadas nos cenários: Tarifa Pelo Horário de Uso e Tarifa Pelo Horário de Uso com Preço de Pico Crítico. Os resultados obtidos ficaram aquém dos conceitualmente previstos. Uma análise é feita para tentar entender a razão desta resposta. / Residential customers in Brazil pay a constant price throughout the day, despite the large time variation in costs of supply. It is not economically efficient. It is necessary to set it to costumers with smart rates, and this possibility is getting closer from the development of smart grids. This work aims understand in advance if this deployment is cost-effective or not. Firstly, the concepts of Smart Grids, AMR (Automatic Meter Reading) and AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) are presented. Secondly, concepts of demand response are described, and there is a demonstration of the reasons why electricity peak prices must be higher than off-peak prices. Thirdly, we seek to make a cost-benefit analysis for a hypothetical AMI project installation to residential customers, served by a utility in the Middle West of Brazil, under some potential scenarios. This hypothetical project runs in a ten year horizon (2014-2023). The first step was to perform measurement campaigns in 2012 and 2013. Using the data obtained, two residential hourly load curves were developed, one for weekdays and another for weekends and holidays. Peak time occurs between 7 and 10 PM in weekdays, and from 6 to 11 PM on weekends and holidays. The cost of supply and total consumption in the residential segment were obtained, respectively, from the Brazilian National System Operator (ONS) and Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL). The results obtained in fifteen previous experiments were used to estimate hypotheticals price elasticity and elasticity of substitution. Two types of rates were tested in scenarios: TOU and TOU with CPP. The results were lower than expected. An analysis is made to try to understand the reasons for this answer.

Este estudo é uma análise de interfaces e protocolos de automação que possuem potencial para serem adotados como padrões em redes elétricas inteligentes em um futuro próximo. A fim de verificar a possibilidade de implementar a IEC 61850 em uma aplicação típica de redes deste tipo, é realizada uma simulação usando o software NS-2. Os resultados deste trabalho servirão de orientação para o dimensionamento de redes de automação baseadas em IEC 61850. / This study is an analysis of automation interfaces and protocols with the potential to be adopted as standards for smart grids in the near future. In order to verify the feasibility of implementing the IEC 61850 in a typical application of such grids, it is performed a simulation using NS-2 software. The results of this work will be an orientation to dimension automation networks based on IEC 61850.