Church discipline had an upswing in the 19th century in conjunction with the progression of the Free Church movement in Sweden. Harder and enhanced discipline was advocated, especially within the newly created Missionary joinder. This extended discipline also gives more space to explore and study, where demand has been made for a merger to see any differences in discipline, between the social layers of society. Few studies have been made that go into the depths of church discipline and social classification, not least within the Gävle Missionary Assembly.  The purpose of this study is to give an overview of the church discipline in the Gävle Missionary Assembly and map out the frequency and design over an 18-year period between 1879 to 1897. As part of the survey, a categorization of the disciplined members social status, gender, age and form of punishment has been compiled. This is done to answer the question of possible correlation between the church discipline and the wealth of its members; this has been done by combining methods used by social and disciplinary classification studies. The sources used to answer these questions were original church texts, ledgers, and protocol minutes. To help explain the relationships studied between the assembly and its members, Michel Foucault's theory of disciplinary power is used.  The result shows that younger women in the lower working class were the most represented in the discipline, followed by middle-aged men belonging to the working class. An extremely weak representation can be found in the higher social layers. There were only a few cases of discipline due to sin or the like. Most disciplined people in the higher layers left by their own choice. The study also shows that people belonging to the higher layers paid 17 times more in annual fees than the average payment of a working woman / man did. Women were also often indebted with residual contributions from previous years payments.  Based on the responses found, the data show that a link does exist; although underlying corrections and internal conflicts cannot be addressed in this study. Disciplinary dissemination of social layers does not correspond to the social classification of the congregation as a whole.

221f. / Submitted by Oliveira Santos Dilzaná (dilznana@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-05T13:42:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DA EXALTAÇÃO TORRES_dissertação_2010.pdf: 1826527 bytes, checksum: 5b13659e8ff2e420fd8eb7ba7e9d2eff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela(anapoli@ufba.br) on 2013-09-05T17:00:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DA EXALTAÇÃO TORRES_dissertação_2010.pdf: 1826527 bytes, checksum: 5b13659e8ff2e420fd8eb7ba7e9d2eff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-05T17:00:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSÉ CARLOS DA EXALTAÇÃO TORRES_dissertação_2010.pdf: 1826527 bytes, checksum: 5b13659e8ff2e420fd8eb7ba7e9d2eff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Esta dissertação analisa o processo de formação e operacionalização do Cadastro Único para Programas Sociais do governo federal brasileiro (CadÚnico), como instrumento de implementação das políticas sociais focalizadas. Ela parte do suposto de que a construção da base de informações sobre a população em situação de pobreza se constitui numa fonte de conhecimento da realidade, mas, simultaneamente, retorna à realidade social, interferindo sobre a sua construção. Essa hipótese assenta-se na abordagem de Pierre Bourdieu acerca da noção de espaço social e das lutas sociais, geradoras de formas de classificação e definidoras dos estatutos sociais, construtoras, portanto, da realidade social experimentada. Buscou-se responder a três questionamentos básicos: por que o Governo instituiu um cadastro específico para a população pobre? Por que a concessão de benefícios de transferência de renda está vinculada a um Número de Identificação Social? E, qual a importância do CadÚnico para a ação pública de enfrentamento da pobreza no Brasil atual? O texto analisa as contradições inerentes ao mundo do trabalho no capitalismo, discutindo a relação entre pobreza e trabalho, e entre cidadania e mercado. Especifica também estas relações sobre o contexto brasileiro, relacionadas ao seu passado escravagista e ao processo de institucionalização dos direitos, e discute os pressupostos da focalização diante do objetivo de enfrentamento das desigualdades e da pobreza. A dissertação recompõe o processo de implantação dos programas sociais focalizados, enfatizando as dificuldades e contradições presentes na implantação do CadÚnico e na construção de sua base de dados. Debate as ações do Governo para aperfeiçoamento e validação do Cadastro, contemplando os usos a que ele tem sido direcionado, notadamente à construção de indicadores sociais, especialmente o Índice de Desenvolvimento Familiar (IDF). O trabalho demonstra que o CadÚnico foi implantado de forma verticalizada e vinculado a programas setorizados, gerando diversos problemas no âmbito das prefeituras municipais, mas o aumento da necessidade institucional de dados consistentes sobre a população pobre, após a criação do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), levou o Governo a adotar sucessivas medidas corretivas do Cadastro, melhorando a qualidade e a extensão da sua base de informações e transformando-o numa importante ferramenta pública de gestão. Contudo, ao tempo em que esse Cadastro se constitui numa fonte de conhecimento da realidade, instrumental para as políticas sociais, a sua operacionalização influencia a realidade social na determinação do lugar das famílias em condição de pobreza. O Número de Identificação Social (NIS), criado para garantir unicidade ao Cadastro, converte-se, assim, gradativamente, numa espécie de identidade social efetiva e seletiva do estrato da população “mais pobre”, como uma credencial para acessar benefícios da assistência pública, e um meio de monitoramento do acesso das famílias identificadas como pobres a serviços sociais básicos. Neste sentido, conclui-se que o Cadastro Único é um instrumento fundamental para a formulação e aprimoramento de políticas públicas, mas a sua operacionalização como instrumento classificatório restringe a atuação do Estado no enfrentamento à pobreza, incorrendo no risco de convertê-lo num mecanismo de reforço dessa condição. This dissertation examines the process of formation and operationalization of the Single Register for Social Programs of the Brazilian federal government (CadÚnico) as a tool for implementing focused social policies. It starts with the assumption that the construction of the basis of information about the population in situation of poverty constitutes a source of knowledge of reality, but simultaneously returns to social reality, interfering on its construction. This hypothesis is based on the approach of Pierre Bourdieu concerning the notion of social space and social struggles, generating ways of classifying and defining the social statutes, builders, therefore, of the experienced social reality. We tried to answer three basic questions: why did the Government institute a specific register for the poor? Why is the grant of benefits for income transfer linked to a Social Identification Number? And what is the importance of “CadÚnico” for public action to combat poverty in present-day Brazil? The paper discusses the contradictions inherent in the world of work of capitalism, discussing the relationship between poverty and work, and between citizenship and the market. It also specifies these relations about the Brazilian context, related to its past of slavery and process of institutionalization of rights, and discusses the assumptions of the focusing in face of the objective of the confronting of inequalities and poverty. The dissertation recomposes the process of implementing a targeted social programs, emphasizing the difficulties and contradictions present in the implementation of “CadÚnico” and the building of its database. It debates the Government's actions for the improvement and validation of the Register, considering the uses to which it has been directed, notably the construction of social indicators, especially the Index of Family Development (IDF). The study demonstrates that CadÚnico was implemented vertically and linked to sectorized programs, causing various problems in the municipalities sphere, but the increase of institutional need of consistent data on the poor, after the creation of the “Bolsa Família” Program (PBF), led the Government to adopt successive corrective measures of the Register, improving the quality and extention of its information base and making it a major public tool of management. However, at the time that the Register constitutes a source of knowledge of the reality, instrumental for social policies, its operation affects the social reality in determining the place of the families in poverty. The Social Identification Number (NIS), created to ensure the uniqueness of the Register, thus becomes, gradually, a sort of effective and selective social identity of the stratum of the "poorer" population, as a credential to access public assistance benefits and a means to monitor access to households identified as poor to basic social services. In this sense, it is concluded that the Single Register is a crucial tool for the formulation and improvement of public policies, but its operationalization as an instrument of classification restricts state action on combating poverty, running the risk of converting it into a mechanism of strengthening of this condition. / Salvador

[pt] O homem como ser social faz uso de variados veículos de expressão e comunicação de suas idéias. Os objetos surgem como facilitadores de sua existência, inclusive como suportes das relações sociais. Dentro do vasto universo de objetos produzidos pela humanidade, destacamos os adornos pessoais - jóias, como aqueles aos quais inúmeros usos e significados são atribuídos. Na presente dissertação será traçado um panorama deste objeto na sociedade brasileira nos dias atuais. Objetiva-se localizar o designer dentro do setor de jóias e gemas nacional, compreendendo a sua relação com o setor produtivo e as oportunidades de formação especializada. / [en] Man is a social being and, as such, makes use of various means to express and communicate his ideas. He uses objects to make his existence easier, inclusively in support of his social relations. Within the ample universe of objects created by humanity, we point out personal ornaments - jewels, to which sometimes different usages and meanings are attributed. In this paper we provide an overview of these objects in present-day Brazilian society. Our aim is to place the designer within the Brazilian gem and jewelry industry and describe his relation with the productive sector and the opportunities for specialization.