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Qualidade do solo em áreas sob cultivo de videira em propriedades agrícolas familiares no município de Pelotas - RS / Soil quality in areas under vine cultivation on family farms in the municipality of Pelotas - RSStöcker, Cristiane Mariliz 28 August 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro vinhedos familiares localizados no
Município de Pelotas, no Território Zona Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo do
presente estudo foi construir um diagnóstico, a partir da análise de indicadores da
qualidade do solo, da folha e da fruta em propriedades agrícolas familiares
produtoras de uva cultivar bordô. Este diagnóstico baseou-se em uma pesquisa
descritiva a qual contribuirá para o estabelecimento de um modelo para posterior
estudo sobre a dinâmica dos indicadores físicos, químicos e (micro)biológicos no
sistema solo-planta-fruto em agroecossistemas com produção de uva. Os
indicadores utilizados foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, microporosidade,
macroporosidade, diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados, pH, matéria orgânica,
capacidade de troca de cátions, macronutrientes (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al), micronutrientes
(Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu e B), relação de ácaros/colêmbolos, Índice de Shannon, número de
minhocas, respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo,
análises foliares de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe,
Mn, Zn) e análises físico-químicas da fruta (°Brix, acidez, ratio, pH, antocianinas,
atividade antioxidante e fenóis totais), os quais foram mensurados através de
análises laboratoriais. Com a interpretação dos dados foi possível verificar que os
solos avaliados apresentam condições físicas adequadas. Com relação aos
indicadores químicos, os solos avaliados apresentam adequada fertilidade, e com
relação às condições biológicas (meso e macrofauna), estão abaixo dos índices
considerados como ideais. Levando-se em consideração a análise foliar podemos
inferir que os vinhedos apresentam estado nutricional adequado. Os indicadores
físico-químicos da uva estão dentro dos parâmetros esperados para a cultivar
avaliada. / This study was conducted in four family vineyards located in the municipality of
Pelotas, in the South Territory of the Rio Grande do Sul state. The aim of this study
was to construct a diagnosis based on the analysis of soil quality indicators, leaf and
fruit on family farms grape producers. This diagnosis was based on a descriptive
research which will contribute to the establishment of a model for further study on the
dynamics of physical, chemical and (micro) biological indicators in the soil-plant-fruit
system. The indicators used were: bulk density, total porosity, microporosity,
macroporosity, mean weight diameter of aggregates, pH, organic matter, cation
exchange capacity, macronutrients (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu
and B) ratio of mites/springtails, Shannon Index, number of earthworms, soil basal
respiration, microbial biomass carbon, leaf analysis macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg)
and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and physical-chemical analysis of fruit (°Brix,
acidity, ratio, pH, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds), which
were measured by laboratory analysis. With the data interpretation was possible to
verify that the soil physical indicators present adequate physical conditions. With
respect to chemical indicators the vineyards evaluated have adequate soil fertility,
but regarding the biological conditions (meso and macrofauna) the results were
below the considered ideal. Taking into account the foliar analysis, the vineyards
present adequate nutritional status. Lastly, the fruit physical and chemical indicators
present expected parameters for this cultivar.
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Crop residue management in oil palm plantations : soil quality, soil biota and ecosystem functionsTao, Hsiao-Hang January 2017 (has links)
The application of crop residues is one of the most common agricultural practices used to maintain soil ecosystems and crop productivity. This thesis focuses on the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) agroecosystem, an important tropical crop that has expanded rapidly over the past four decades. Both land conversion and business-as-usual practices within the plantations have contributed to soil degradation. The application of oil palm residues, such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) and oil palm fronds, are thought to have positive effects on the soil ecosystem; yet there is currently a deficit of knowledge on their effectiveness. This thesis aims to examine the effects of oil palm residue application on soil physicochemical properties, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. It reports the results of extensive field trials, sample collection, and statistical analysis of crop residue applications in oil palm plantations in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Four key results emerged from the thesis. First, in this study site land conversion from secondary forest to oil palm does not affect litter decomposition rate, but positively influences soil fauna activity. Second, there is greater soil fauna activity following EFB application than oil palm fronds or chemical fertilizers, and the fauna activity is highly associated with changes in soil chemical properties and soil moisture conditions. Third, EFB application enhances soil ecosystem functions, through the direct provision of organic matter, and by influencing soil biota. Finally, over 15 years of application, EFB appears to be effective in maintaining or increasing annual crop yield in comparison to chemical fertiliser treatment. Temporal changes in crop yield under EFB application appear to be associated with climatic conditions and soil organic carbon. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the potential of oil palm residue applications to increase soil quality, soil biota, and ecosystem functions. They also provide useful information for a wider audience of soil ecologists, agricultural managers, and policy makers to improve sustainable management of the oil palm ecosystem.
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Qualidade do solo em agroecossistemas: a percepção do agricultor quilombola / The perception of quilombola farmers of soil qualityFlor, Leandro Rodrigues 29 August 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em três comunidades quilombolas do município de
Canguçu/RS. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a forma como os agricultores
quilombolas percebem a Qualidade do solo. Os indicadores definidos pelos
agricultores foram agrupados em duas categorias: físicos (compactação, coloração,
textura e granulometria) e biológicos (plantas indicadoras e macro fauna do solo). Os
agricultores quilombolas, agentes desse estudo, apresentam uma percepção ampla
sobre a qualidade de solo.A forma de perceber o solo e suas interações fica elucida
danos indicadores apontados e nas suas funções, as quais são complementares,
pois foram mencionados sempre na condição de elementos complementares e
sempre condicionados às suas interações com o solo. Ao interpretar os dados foi
possível aferir a forma de perceber a qualidade do solo pelos agricultores
quilombolas para os diversos usos atribuídos ao solo, essa traz semelhanças e
diferenças em relação às outras pesquisas realizadas nessa área em diferentes
agroecossistemas. Como resultado dessa pesquisa, a percepção da qualidade do
solo pelas famílias quilombolas, mesmo apontando indicadores semelhantes, traz
elementos novos baseados nas relações com o solo e com a ancestralidade
enraizada no seio das comunidades quilombolas.Assim sendo, são propostos
indicadores para avaliar a qualidade do solo, os quais poderão ser utilizados em
outras regiões, desde que, apliquem metodologia semelhante. / This work was developed in three quilombola communities of the municipality of
Canguçu / RS. The objective of this study was to identify how quilombola farmers
perceive soil quality. The indicators defined by the farmers were grouped into three
categories: physical (compaction, coloring, texture and grain size) and biological in
two categories (indicative plants and macrofauna of the soil). Quilombola farmers,
agents of this study, present a wide perception about the quality of soil, these
indicated the indicators mentioned above; in this way of perceiving the soil and its
interactions it is elucidated that the indicated indicators and their functions are
complementary, since they have always been mentioned in the condition of
complementary elements and always conditioned to their interactions with the soil. In
interpreting the data it was possible to gauge the way of perceiving the quality of the
soil by quilombola farmers for the different uses attributed to the soil, this brings
similarities and differences in relation to the other researches carried out in this area
in different agroecosystems. As a result of the research the way to perceive soil
quality in the quilombola agroecosystem, even pointing to similar indicators brings
new elements based on the relationships with the soil and with the ancestry rooted in
the heart of the quilombola communities, thus being able to measure the quality of
the soil from of such indicators in any other regions, provided they use a similar
methodology.
Keywords:
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Atributos microbiológicos, físicos e químicos de solos na região oeste paulista / Microbiological, physical and chemical attributes of soil in the western region of São Paulo stateVicente, Giovana Cristina Maschio Pelagio 03 September 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-03 / The fertility and microbial activity in soil have been often used to indicate changes in soil quality. The microbial activity directly interacts with environmental conditions, soil types and different agricultural production systems used. Despite advances in this area, it is still a great challenge to define good indicators of soil quality, their interactions and behavior over time. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the current state of soils under pastures in the western region of São Paulo using the evaluation and correlation of the microbial attributes and soil fertility. We performed on 108 soil samples, collected in settled pastures, analysis of thirteen variables in a laboratory within the microbial attributes, fertility and soil texture. The findings of the evaluation of the microbial demonstrated that microbial biomass had the lowest coefficient of variation, normal distribution of frequency and significantly correlated with most variables analyzed, on the other side, within the attributes of fertility of the soil, pH had the lowest rate variation while the phosphorus content demonstrated large variations with disproportionately high frequency among other variables, indicating the current status of soil degradation. The soil microbial biomass can be considered a good indicator for microbiological evaluation in these soils. The principal component analysis demonstrated that 51% of the variation was concentrated in the axis 1 and 2, which is considered representative for multivariate environmental assessment / A fertilidade e a atividade microbiana em solo têm sido utilizadas com frequencia para indicar mudanças na qualidade do solo. A atividade microbiana interage diretamente com as condições ambientais, classes de solo e diferentes sistemas de produção agrícola utilizados. Apesar dos avanços nesta área ainda é um grande desafio a definição de bons indicadores de qualidade do solo, suas interações e comportamento ao longo do tempo. Desta forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o estado atual de solos sob pastagens na região oeste paulista utilizando-se da avaliação e correlação de atributos microbiológicos e de fertilidade do solo. Foram realizadas em 108 amostras de solos, coletadas em áreas de pastagens estabelecidas, análises de treze variáveis em laboratório, dentro dos atributos microbiológicos, de fertilidade e granulométrico do solo. Os resultados encontrados na avaliação dos atributos microbiológicos demonstraram que a biomassa microbiana apresentou o menor coeficiente de variação, distribuição normal de freqüência e correlação significativa com a maioria das variáveis analisadas, por outro lado dentro dos atributos de fertilidade do solo o pH apresentou o menor coeficiente de variação enquanto que o teor fósforo apresentou grande variação com freqüência desproporcional indicando junto com outras variáveis o estado atual de degradação do solo. A biomassa microbiana do solo pode ser considerada como bom indicador para avaliação microbiológica nestes solos. A análise de componentes principais apresentou que 51% da variação concentrou-se dentro do eixo 1 e 2 o que é considerado representativa para avaliação ambiental multivariada
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Atributos microbiológicos, físicos e químicos de solos na região oeste paulista / Microbiological, physical and chemical attributes of soil in the western region of São Paulo stateVicente, Giovana Cristina Maschio Pelagio 03 September 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-03 / The fertility and microbial activity in soil have been often used to indicate changes in soil quality. The microbial activity directly interacts with environmental conditions, soil types and different agricultural production systems used. Despite advances in this area, it is still a great challenge to define good indicators of soil quality, their interactions and behavior over time. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the current state of soils under pastures in the western region of São Paulo using the evaluation and correlation of the microbial attributes and soil fertility. We performed on 108 soil samples, collected in settled pastures, analysis of thirteen variables in a laboratory within the microbial attributes, fertility and soil texture. The findings of the evaluation of the microbial demonstrated that microbial biomass had the lowest coefficient of variation, normal distribution of frequency and significantly correlated with most variables analyzed, on the other side, within the attributes of fertility of the soil, pH had the lowest rate variation while the phosphorus content demonstrated large variations with disproportionately high frequency among other variables, indicating the current status of soil degradation. The soil microbial biomass can be considered a good indicator for microbiological evaluation in these soils. The principal component analysis demonstrated that 51% of the variation was concentrated in the axis 1 and 2, which is considered representative for multivariate environmental assessment / A fertilidade e a atividade microbiana em solo têm sido utilizadas com frequencia para indicar mudanças na qualidade do solo. A atividade microbiana interage diretamente com as condições ambientais, classes de solo e diferentes sistemas de produção agrícola utilizados. Apesar dos avanços nesta área ainda é um grande desafio a definição de bons indicadores de qualidade do solo, suas interações e comportamento ao longo do tempo. Desta forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar o estado atual de solos sob pastagens na região oeste paulista utilizando-se da avaliação e correlação de atributos microbiológicos e de fertilidade do solo. Foram realizadas em 108 amostras de solos, coletadas em áreas de pastagens estabelecidas, análises de treze variáveis em laboratório, dentro dos atributos microbiológicos, de fertilidade e granulométrico do solo. Os resultados encontrados na avaliação dos atributos microbiológicos demonstraram que a biomassa microbiana apresentou o menor coeficiente de variação, distribuição normal de freqüência e correlação significativa com a maioria das variáveis analisadas, por outro lado dentro dos atributos de fertilidade do solo o pH apresentou o menor coeficiente de variação enquanto que o teor fósforo apresentou grande variação com freqüência desproporcional indicando junto com outras variáveis o estado atual de degradação do solo. A biomassa microbiana do solo pode ser considerada como bom indicador para avaliação microbiológica nestes solos. A análise de componentes principais apresentou que 51% da variação concentrou-se dentro do eixo 1 e 2 o que é considerado representativa para avaliação ambiental multivariada
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Využití testů s destruenty pro ekotoxikologické hodnocení kvality půd / Using tests with destruents for ecotoxicological evaluation of soil qualityRábová, Petra January 2020 (has links)
The aim of this diploma thesis was to determine the dehydrogenase activity of matrix samples that can enter the environment and the use of ecotoxicological tests to assess the quality of the affected soil. The effects of sludge, biochar samples, two landfill samples and a sediment sample were monitored. Ecotoxicology included tests on decomposers - tests of avoidance behavior (Eisenia fetida and Folsomia candida), acute, chronic and reproductive toxicity tests (Eisenia fetida) and Lactuca sativa root growth inhibition tests. The results indicate that dehydrogenase activity assays serve as a suitable complement to ecotoxicological tests. They provide valuable additional information on soil quality and sample effect after application to soil. The sediment sample had the least favorable effect on the activity of the enzyme and the vitality of the organisms, both in the determination of dehydrogenase activity and in ecotoxicological tests. Furthermore, it was found that biochar as a product of sewage sludge treatment is less toxic to organisms than the original sludge.
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Qualidade física de um solo degradado em recuperação via redes neurais artificiais /Chitero, José Guilherme Marques January 2020 (has links)
Orientador: Carolina dos Santos Batista Bonini / Resumo: Os solos sob um manejo inadequado, têm suas qualidades físicas, químicas e biológicas afetadas negativamente, dando origem a sua degradação. No estado de São Paulo, grande parte das pastagens estão degradadas e/ou em degradação. Entender como um funciona um solo degradado e sua resiliência e iniciar seu processo de restauração, são fundamentais para desenvolver técnicas de manejo adequado do solo. Inúmeras técnicas estão sendo utilizadas para recuperação de solo degradado, descobrir e detalhar os índices físicos do solo ajuda em como proceder, e com qual técnica de recuperação utilizar; visando isso, este projeto teve por objetivo desenvolver um programa interativo (analisar e classificar) com a utilização das redes neurais artificiais (RNA) para estimar os níveis de recuperação do solo (recuperado (R), parcialmente recuperado (PR) e não recuperado (NR) em função dos atributos físicos e comparar com os dados obtidos via estatística convencional. O experimento foi realizado na Agência Paulista de Tecnologias dos Agronegócios – APTA do Extremo Oeste, no município de Andradina/SP no período de 2015 a 2017, em solo classificado como Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo cultivado com pastagem de Urochloa, com diferentes formas de introdução de Estilosantes cv. Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata e S. macrocephala). Os atributos do solo estudados foram: densidade do solo, porosidade do solo (macroporosidade e microporosidade), resistência mecânica a penetração, infiltração de água no solo e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Soils under inadequate management have their physical, chemical and biological qualities negatively affected, giving rise to their degradation. In the state of São Paulo, most of the pastures are degraded and / or in degradation. Understanding how a degraded soil and its resilience works and starting its restoration process are essential to develop proper soil management techniques. Countless techniques are being used to recover degraded soil, discovering and detailing the physical indexes of the soil helps in how to proceed, and with which recovery technique to use; with this in mind, this project has developed an interactive program (analyze and classify) using artificial neural networks (ANN) to estimate soil recovery levels (recovered (R), partially recovered (PR) and not recovered ( NR) as a function of physical attributes and compare with data obtained using conventional statistics.The experiment was carried out at the São Paulo Agribusiness Technologies Agency - APTA in the Far West, in the city of Andradina / SP from 2015 to 2017, on classified soil as Red Yellow Argisol cultivated on Urochloa decumbens pasture in recovery since 2012, with different ways of introducing Estiloantes cv. Campo Grande (Stylosanthes capitata and S. macrocephala). The studied soil attributes are: soil density, soil porosity (macroporosity and microporosity), mechanical resistance to penetration, water infiltration in the soil and weighted average diameter, in soil layers: 0-10; 0.10-0.20 an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
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Environmental Legacies of Pre-Contact and Historic Land Use in Antigua, West IndiesTricarico, Anthony Richard 03 April 2019 (has links)
Hurricanes Irma and Maria have recently demonstrated once again the susceptibility of contemporary populations across the Caribbean to climate-driven events. For islands such as Antigua in the eastern Caribbean, this vulnerability is partly a legacy of prior land use. As such, the actions of pre-Contact and historic period inhabitants are intertwined with contemporary socio-ecological challenges faced by Antiguans today. This research sought to understand the relationship between land use and land degradation from ca. AD 100 to the present in eastern Antigua utilizing two markers of anthropic activity: soil stability and soil quality. Specifically, this research sought to examine how past anthropogenic actions have shaped landscape dynamics across two regions (Ayer’s Creek Basin and Indian Creek Basin), where archaeological research has revealed a long-term, continuous sequence of occupation dating back 2,000 years. Prior research suggests that contemporary environmental challenges in both regions may be linked to prior land management practices. However, it is unknown to what extent historical land use and its interactions with local geomorphology account for these challenges. The main research question was: In what ways and to what extent has past land use (as recorded archaeologically) impacted the landscape (as recorded by soil stability and soil quality) in the Ayer’s Creek and Indian Creek Basins in eastern Antigua? This research determined that contemporary soil erosion and soil quality loss may be attributed to historic land management practices, but mitigating these challenges is impeded by local perceptions of soil health.
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Soil Nutrient Cycling and Water Use in Response to Orchard Floor Management in Stone-Fruit Orchards in the Intermountain WestCulumber, Catherine Mae 01 May 2016 (has links)
Fruit growers in Utah and other areas across the Intermountain West are faced with growing production challenges stemming from declining soil quality and water resources. Population growth presents challenges in terms of the cost and availability of land, but also presents opportunities in the form of new marketing options such as organic fruit. Few certified organic fruit orchards are operating in Utah currently, which is attributed to a lack of locally tested and adapted organic management practices. An organic peach orchard trial evaluated the effectiveness of different organic management approaches to enhance soil quality and conserve water without compromise to fruit tree growth and fertility. Two tree-row treatments: ‘straw mulch' (Triticum aestivum L.) and ‘living mulch’ (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.) were tested in combination with two alleyway groundcovers: ‘grass’ (Festuca rubra L. with Lolium perenne L.) and a legume, ‘Birdsfoot trefoil’ (Lotus corniculatus L.). The novel systems were compared with industry standards, tillage and weed fabric tree-rows with grass alleyways. Trefoil alleyway biomass deposited into tree-rows contributed an estimated 6.24 kg biomass and 0.21 kg total N/tree annually. Trefoil treatments had higher levels of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), inorganic N, microbial biomass and enzyme activities, suggesting trefoil alleyways enhanced soil nutrient cycling, as well as C and N reserves in comparison to grass and tillage treatments. A functional gene array analysis was conducted to describe the mechanisms, microbial functional composition and diversity underlying the observed soil processes, however few differences were detected in soil community structure between soils under different orchard floor management.
Significantly lower leaf δ15N in trees grown with trefoil compared to grass, and an association between root biomass, diameter and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) suggests nitrogen sources derived from the trefoil groundcover contributed to improved fruit tree vigor. Few differences resulted among orchard treatments for water use (mm/week). Trends indicated slightly higher water use in trefoil over grass, but not enough to offset observed soil quality and tree growth benefits. These findings suggest, trefoil alleyways may provide ecological benefits such as improved soil quality and efficient nutrient cycling, without substantial increases in water use.
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Greywater reuse - An assessment of health and nutritional quality of home gardens produce in rural South AfricaRadingoana, Makgalake Pabalelo January 2021 (has links)
Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The majority of rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa are predominantly poor and depend largely on small-scale subsistence farming. To date, various farming mechanisms (e.g. organic farming, crop rotation, agroforestry and inter-cropping) have been introduced to improve food security and to avert hunger; however, water scarcity remains a challenge. The sub-Saharan African region is currently regarded as water stressed and this has had a significant impact on rural livelihoods. Despite being considered as a water-scarce region, the demand for water for agricultural purposes continues to increase exponentially, while, on the other hand, its supply keeps on diminishing, particularly for agricultural production.
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