[pt] Modulação Espacial é um método de transmissão por múltiplas antenas recentemente proposto,designado por MIMO-SIM, que associa informação à escola das antenas transmissoras. Isto possibilita a redução do número de cadeias de radiofrequência e, consequentemente, a imimplementação de sistemas de comunicação que consomem menos energia. O novo esquema de comunicação dos sistemas MIMO-SIM exige que, do lado redeptor, novas e eficientes estratégias de detecção do sinal transmitido sejam elaborados. O detector de máxima verossimilhança (ML), que fornece o desempenho ótimo, é de inviável implementação devido ao elevado custo computacional. Os detectores Sphere Decoding (SD) são comumente aplicados aos sistemas MIMO e atingem o desempenho ótimo a menor custo de computação. Um algoritmo SD que considera as caractéristicas do sinal SM foi desenvolvido, resultando em redução de custo computacional em relação ao detector ML e aos algoritmos SD convencionais. A elevada sensibilidade da complexidade dos algoritmos SD à variação da relação sinal-ruído (SNR) motivou o desenvolvimento de técnicas de detencção subótimas. Estratégias baseadas em detecção em grupos foram propostas, e os algoritmos de detecção aninhada MLA-M e MLA-C tiveram sua complexidade e desempenho avaliados em diferetes configurações e cenários de canal. Uma nova família de detectores, que realiza a detecção da combinação de antenas transmissoras e dos símbolos transmitidos em fases distintas, foi proposto, eo algoritmo List-BMP-LR-MMSE atingiu desempenho de detecção quase ótimo com baixo custo computacional, menos sensível à variação de SNR. Baseado na estratégia de detecção em duas fases, um novo detector de baixo custo foi desenvolvido para sistemas SM com codificação espácio-temporal. / [en] Spatial Modulation is a recently proposed multiantenna transmission scheme, designated as SM-MIMO, that associates information to the transmit antenna selection, thus enabling the reduction of the number of radiofrequency chains and , consequently, the implementation of less power consuming communication systems. The novel SM-MIMO communication scheme requires, at the receiver side, the development of new and efficient signal detection strategies of the optimal performance, is infeasible to implement due to the high computational cost. Sphere Decoding detectors (SD) are customarily applied to MIMO systems and attain optimal performance with lower computational cost.An SD algorithm, tailored following SM signal characteristics was deloped, resulting in computational cost reduction compared to ML detector and conventional MIMO SD algorithms. The hogh computational sensitivity of SD algorithms to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) variation motivated the development of subboptimal detection techniques. Strategies based in group detection were propsed, and nested detection algorithms LA-M and MLA-C had their complexity and performance evaluated in different configurations and channel scenarios. A new family of detectors, that performs the detection of the transmit antenna combinations and the transmitted symbols in two distinct stages,was proposed, and List-BMP-LR-MMSE algorithm attained near -optimal detection performace with low computational complexity, less sensitive to SNR variation. Based on the two-stage detection strategy, a new low-complexity detector was developed to space-time coded SM systems.

De nos jours, l'utilisation des drones ne cesse d'augmenter et de nombreuses études sont réalisées afin de mettre en place des systèmes de communication dronique destinés à des applications non seulement militaires mais aussi civiles. Pour le moment, les règles d'intégration des drones commerciaux dans l’espace aérien doivent encore être définies et le principal enjeu occupation est d'assurer une communication fiable et sécurisée. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte de communication. Motivée par la croissance rapide du nombre des drones et par les nouvelles générations des drones commandés par satellite, la thèse vise à étudier les différents liens possibles qui relient le drone aux autres composants du système de communication. Trois principaux liens sont à mettre en place : le lien de contrôle, le lien de retour et le lien de mission. En raison de la rareté des ressources fréquentielles déjà allouées pour les futurs systèmes droniques, l'efficacité spectrale devient un paramètre crucial pour leur déploiement à grande échelle. Afin de mettre en place un système de communication par drones spectralement efficace, une bonne compréhension des canaux de transmission pour chacune des trois liaisons est indispensable, ainsi qu’un choix judicieux de la forme d’onde. Cette thèse commence par étudier les canaux de propagation pour chaque liaison : canaux de type muti-trajets avec ligne de vue directe, dans un contexte d’utilisation de drones à moyenne altitude et longue endurance (drones MALE). L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer de nouveaux algorithmes de réception permettant d’estimer et égaliser ces canaux de propagation muti-trajets. Les méthodes proposées dépendent du choix de la forme d’onde. Du fait de la présence d’un lien satellite, les formes d’onde considérées sont de type mono-porteuse (avec un faible facteur de crête) : SC et EW-SCOFDM. L’égalisation est réalisée dans le domaine temporel (SC) ou fréquentiel (EW-SC-OFDM). L'architecture UAV prévoit l'implantation de deux antennes placées aux ailes. Ces deux antennes peuvent être utilisées pour augmenter le gain de diversité (gain de matrice de canal). Afin de réduire la complexité de l'égalisation des canaux, la forme d'onde EW-SC-OFDM est proposée et étudiée dans un contexte muti-antennes, dans le but d'améliorer l'endurance de l'UAV et d'accroître l'efficacité spectrale, une nouvelle technique de modulation est considérée: Modulation spatiale ( SM). Dans SM, les antennes de transmission sont activées en alternance. L'utilisation de la forme d'onde EW-SC-OFDM combinée à la technique SM nous permet de proposer de nouvelles structures modifiées qui exploitent l’étalement spectrale pour mieux protéger des bits de sélection des antennes émettrices et ainsi améliorer les performances du système. / Nowadays, several studies are launched for the design of reliable and safe communications systems that introduce Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), this paves the way for UAV communication systems to play an important role in a lot of applications for non-segregated military and civil airspaces. Until today, rules for integrating commercial UAVs in airspace still need to be defined, the design of secure, highly reliable and cost effective communications systems still a challenging task. This thesis is part of this communication context. Motivated by the rapid growth of UAV quantities and by the new generations of UAVs controlled by satellite, the thesis aims to study the various possible UAV links which connect UAV/aircraft to other communication system components (satellite, terrestrial networks, etc.). Three main links are considered: the Forward link, the Return link and the Mission link. Due to spectrum scarcity and higher concentration in aircraft density, spectral efficiency becomes a crucial parameter for largescale deployment of UAVs. In order to set up a spectrally efficient UAV communication system, a good understanding of transmission channel for each link is indispensable, as well as a judicious choice of the waveform. This thesis begins to study propagation channels for each link: a mutipath channels through radio Line-of-Sight (LOS) links, in a context of using Meduim Altitude Long drones Endurance (MALE) UAVs. The objective of this thesis is to maximize the solutions and the algorithms used for signal reception such as channel estimation and channel equalization. These algorithms will be used to estimate and to equalize the existing muti-path propagation channels. Furthermore, the proposed methods depend on the choosen waveform. Because of the presence of satellite link, in this thesis, we consider two low-papr linear waveforms: classical Single-Carrier (SC) waveform and Extented Weighted Single-Carrier Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (EW-SC-OFDM) waveform. channel estimation and channel equalization are performed in the time-domain (SC) or in the frequency-domain (EW-SC-OFDM). UAV architecture envisages the implantation of two antennas placed at wings. These two antennas can be used to increase diversity gain (channel matrix gain). In order to reduce channel equalization complexity, the EWSC- OFDM waveform is proposed and studied in a muti-antennas context, also for the purpose of enhancing UAV endurance and also increasing spectral efficiency, a new modulation technique is considered: Spatial Modulation (SM). In SM, transmit antennas are activated in an alternating manner. The use of EW-SC-OFDM waveform combined to SM technique allows us to propose new modified structures which exploit exces bandwidth to improve antenna bit protection and thus enhancing system performances.

Wavelength-tunable optical response from solid-state optoelectronic devices is a desired feature for a variety of applications such as spectroscopy, laser emission tuning, and telecommunications. Nonlinear optical response, on the other hand, has an important role in modern photonic functionalities, including efficient frequency conversions, all-optical signal processing, and ultrafast switching. This study presents the development of optical devices with wavelength tunable or nonlinear optical functionality based on plasmonic effects. For the first part of this study, widely wavelength tunable optical bandpass filters based on the unique properties of long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LR SPP) are presented. Planar metal stripe waveguides surrounded by two different cladding layers that have dissimilar refractive index dispersions were used to develop a wide wavelength tuning. The concept was demonstrated using a set of index-matching fluids and over 200nm of wavelength tuning was achieved with only 0.004 of index variation. For practical application of the proposed concept, a thermo-optic polymer was used to develop a widely tunable thermo-optic bandpass filter and over 220 nm of wavelength tuning was achieved with only 8 ºC of temperature variation. Another novel approach to produce a widely wavelength tunable optical response for free-space optical applications involves integrating plasmonic metasurfaces with quantum-electronic engineered semiconductor layers for giant electro-optic effect, which is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in the second part of this study. Coupling of surface plasmon modes formed by plasmonic nanoresonators with Stark tunable intersubband transitions in multi-quantum well structures induced by applying bias voltages through the semiconductor layer was used to develop tunable spectral responses in the mid-infrared range. Experimentally, over 310 nm of spectral peak tuning around 7 μm of wavelength with 10 ns response time was achieved. As the final part of this study, highly nonlinear metasurfaces based on coupling of electromagnetically engineered plasmonic nanoresonators with quantum-engineered intersubband nonlinearities are proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the proof-of-concept demonstration, an effective nonlinear susceptibility over 50 nm/V was measured and, after further optimization, over 480 nm/V was measured for second harmonic generation under normal incidence. The proposed concept shows that it is possible to engineer virtually any element of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor of the nonlinear metasurface. / text

[pt] Este trabalho de dissertação de mestrado apresenta os resultados obtidos com a conjunção de duas técnicas propostas para utilização em modernos sistemas de comunicações: a Modulação Espacial (Spatial Modulation - SM) e a detecção desacoplada de sinais. Na primeira parte são abordados os fundamentos teóricos da detecção de sinais com modulação espacial, uma comparação entre os sistemas MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) tradicionais e os sistemas SM-MIMO, uma revisão bibliográfica sobre trabalhos previamente feitos no tema e os diferentes tipos de detectores que podem ser empregados em sistemas com modulação espacial. A seguir são abordadas diferentes técnicas para desacoplamento de sinais, as quais permitem a separação na estação radio-base dos sinais oriundos de diferentes tipos de usuários, visando simplificar e adequar o procedimento de detecção às necessidades do usuário da rede. Finalmente uma análise de desempenho, em termos da taxa de erro de bit, e complexidade computacional, em termos do número médio de flops requerido por vetor de símbolos detectado, é realizada para as diferentes associações de técnicas de desacoplamento e detectores SM enfocados neste trabalho. / [en] This work dissertation presents the results obtained from the conjunction of two proposal techniques for the use in modern systems of communications: the Spatial Modulation and the Decoupling Signal Detection. In the first part are discussed the theorical bases of the signal detection with Spatial Modulation, a comparison between the traditional MIMO systems and the SM-MIMO systems, a bibliographical review about previousworks in the topic and the different kinds of detectors that can be used in systems with Spatial Modulation. Then the different techniques of signal decoupling are discussed, which allow the separation in the radio base station of the signals coming from the different classes of users, to simplify and adapt the process of detection and the requirements of the user in the network. Finally a performance analysis in terms of the bit error rate and computational complexity in terms of average number of flops required fot the vector of symbols detected, is done for the studied detectors in the dissertation, using the same different techniques of decoupling studied in this work.

Cette thèse étudie la technique dite de ‘Retournement Temporel’ afin d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique des futurs réseaux mobiles d’une part, et réduire le coût des futurs terminaux mobiles, d’autre part. Le retournement temporel consiste à utiliser l’inverse temporel de la réponse impulsionnelle du canal de propagation entre un émetteur et un récepteur pour préfiltrer l’émission d’un signal de données. Avantageusement, le signal ainsi préfiltré est reçu avec une puissance renforcée (c’est la focalisation spatiale) et un écho principal qui est renforcé par rapport aux échos secondaires (c’est la compression temporelle). Lors d’une étape préalable d’apprentissage, l’émetteur estime le canal en mesurant un signal pilote provenant du récepteur. La focalisation spatiotemporelle n’est obtenue qu’à condition que la propagation demeure identique entre la phase d’apprentissage et la phase de transmission de données : c’est la condition de ‘réciprocité du canal’. De nombreux travaux montrent que la focalisation spatiale permet de réduire la puissance émise nécessaire pour atteindre une puissance cible au récepteur d’une part, et que la compression temporelle permet de réduire la complexité du récepteur nécessaire pour gérer l’effet des échos multiples, d’autre part. Cependant, les études sur la réduction de la complexité du récepteur se limitent à l’ultra large bande. Des travaux de cette thèse (basés sur des simulations et des mesures expérimentales) montrent que pour des bandes de fréquences plus typiques des futurs réseaux mobiles (fréquence porteuse à 1GHz et spectre de 30 MHz à 100 MHz), grâce au retournement temporel, un récepteur simple et un signal monoporteuse suffisent pour atteindre de hauts débits. En outre, la condition de réciprocité du canal n’est pas vérifiée dans deux scénarios typiques des réseaux mobiles. Tout d’abord, dans la plupart des réseaux mobiles européens, le mode de duplex en fréquence est utilisé. Ce mode implique que l’émetteur et le récepteur communiquent l’un avec l’autre sur des fréquences porteuses distinctes, et donc à travers des canaux de propagations différents. De plus, lorsqu’on considère un récepteur sur un véhicule connecté en mouvement, l’émetteur et le récepteur communiquent l’un avec l’autre à des instants distincts, correspondants à des positions distinctes du véhicule, et donc à travers des canaux de propagations différents. Des travaux de cette thèse proposent des solutions pour obtenir la focalisation spatio-temporelle dans ces deux scenarios. Enfin, des travaux de la thèse explorent la combinaison du retournement temporel avec d’autres techniques de traitement de signal récentes (la modulation spatiale, d’une part, et une nouvelle forme d’onde multiporteuse, d’autre part), ou des scenarios de déploiement nouveaux (ondes millimétriques et très grands réseaux d’antennes pour inter-connecter les noeuds d’un réseau ultra dense) ou de nouvelles applications (guidage et navigation) envisageables pour les futurs réseaux mobiles. / This thesis studies the time reversal technique to improve the energy efficiency of future mobile networks and reduce the cost of future mobile devices. Time reversal technique consists in using the time inverse of the propagation channel impulse response (between a transceiver and a receiver) as a prefilter. Such pre-filtered signal is received with a stronger power (this is spatial focusing) and with a strong main echo, relatively to secondary echoes (this is time compression). During a previous learning phase, the transceiver estimates the channel by measuring the pilot signal emitted by the receiver. Space-time focusing is obtained only at the condition that the propagation remains identical between the learning phase and the data transmission phase: this is the ‘channel reciprocity’ condition. Numerous works show that spatial focusing allows for the reduction of the required transmit power for a given target received power, on the one hand, and that time compression allow for the reduction of the required complexity at the receiver side to handle multiple echoes, on the other hand. However, studies on complexity reduction are limited to ultra wideband. Some works of this thesis (based on simulations and experimental measurements) show that, for bands which are more typical for future networks (a carrier frequency of 1GHz and a spectrum of 30 MHz to 100 MHz), thanks to time reversal, a simple receiver and a mono-carrier signal are sufficient to reach high data rates. Moreover, the channel reciprocity condition is not verified in two scenarios which are typical from mobile networks. Firstly, in most European mobile networks, the frequency division duplex mode is used. This mode implies that the transceiver and the receiver communicate on distinct carriers, and therefore through different propagation channels. Secondly, when considering a receiver on a moving connected vehicle, the transceiver and the receiver communicate one with each other at distinct instants, corresponding to distinct positions of the vehicles, and therefore through different propagation channels. Some works of this thesis propose solutions to obtain space-time focusing for these two scenarios. Finally, some works of this thesis explore the combination of time reversal with other recent signal processing techniques (spatial modulation, on the one hand, a new multi-carrier waveform, on the other hand), or new deployment scenarios (millimeter waves and large antenna arrays to interconnect the nodes of an ultra dense network) or new applications (guidance and navigation) which can be envisaged for future mobile networks.

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Multi-antenna wireless communication systems that employ a large number of antennas have recently stirred a lot of research interest. This is mainly due to the possibility of achieving very high spectral efficiency, power efficiency, and link reliability in such large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. An emerging architecture for large-scale multiuser MIMO communications is one where each base station (BS) is equipped with a large number of antennas (tens to hundreds of antennas) and the user terminals are equipped with fewer antennas (one to four antennas) each. The backhaul communication between base stations is also carried out using large number of antennas. Because of the high dimensionality of large-scale MIMO signals, the computational complexity of various transceiver operations can be prohibitively large. Therefore, low complexity techniques that scale well for transceiver signal processing in such large-scale MIMO systems are crucial. The transceiver operations of interest include signal encoding at the transmitter, and channel estimation, detection and decoding at the receiver. This thesis focuses on the design and analysis of novel low-complexity transceiver signal processing schemes for large-scale MIMO systems. In this thesis, we consider two types of large-scale MIMO systems, namely, massive MIMO systems and generalized spatial modulation MIMO (GSM-MIMO) systems. In massive MIMO, the mapping of information bits to modulation symbols is done using conventional modulation alphabets (e.g., QAM, PSK). In GSM-MIMO, few of the avail-able transmit antennas are activated in a given channel use, and information bits are conveyed through the indices of these active antennas, in addition to the bits conveyed through conventional modulation symbols. We also propose a novel modulation scheme named as precoder index modulation, where information bits are conveyed through the index of the chosen precoder matrix as well as the modulation symbols transmitted. Massive MIMO: In this part of the thesis, we propose a novel MIMO receiver which exploits channel hardening that occurs in large-scale MIMO channels. Channel hardening refers to the phenomenon where the off-diagonal terms of HH H become much weaker compared to the diagonal terms as the size of the channel gain matrix H increases. We exploit this phenomenon to devise a low-complexity channel estimation scheme and a message passing algorithm for signal detection at the BS receiver in massive MIMO systems. We refer to the proposed receiver as the channel hardening-exploiting message passing (CHEMP) receiver. The key novelties in the proposed CHEMP receiver are: (i) operation on the matched filtered system model, (ii) Gaussian approximation on the off-diagonal terms of the HH H matrix, and (iii) direct estimation of HH H instead of H and use of this estimate of HH H for detection The performance and complexity results show that the proposed CHEMP receiver achieves near-optimal performance in large-scale MIMO systems at complexities less than those of linear receivers like minimum mean squared error (MMSE) receiver. We also present a log-likelihood ratio (LLR) analysis that provides an analytical reasoning for this better performance of the CHEMP receiver. Further, the proposed message passing based detection algorithm enables us to combine it with low density parity check (LDPC) decoder to formulate a joint message passing based detector-decoder. For this joint detector-decoder, we design optimized irregular binary LDPC codes specific to the massive MIMO channel and the proposed receiver through EXIT chart matching. The LDPC codes thus obtained are shown to achieve improved coded bit error rate (BER) performance compared to off-the-shelf irregular LDPC codes. The performance of the CHEMP receiver degrades when the system loading factor (ratio of the number of users to the number of BS antennas) and the modulation alpha-bet size are large. It is of interest to devise receiver algorithms that work well for high system loading factors and modulation alphabet sizes. For this purpose, we propose a low-complexity factor-graph based vector message passing algorithm for signal detection. This algorithm uses a scalar Gaussian approximation of interference on the basic sys-tem model. The performance results show that this algorithm performs well for large modulation alphabets and high loading factors. We combine this detection algorithm with a non-binary LDPC decoder to obtain a joint detector-decoder, where the field size of the non-binary LDPC code is same as the size of the modulation alphabet. For this joint message passing based detector-decoder, we design optimized non-binary irregular LDPC codes tailored to the massive MIMO channel and the proposed detector. GSM-MIMO: In this part of the thesis, we consider GSM-MIMO systems in point-to-point as well as multiuser communication settings. GSM-MIMO has the advantage of requiring only fewer transmit radio frequency (RF) chains than the number of transmit antennas. We analyze the capacity of point-to-point GSM-MIMO, and obtain lower and upper bounds on the GSM-MIMO system capacity. We also derive an upper bound on the BER performance of maximum likelihood detection in GSM-MIMO systems. This bound is shown to be tight at moderate to high signal-to-noise ratios. When the number of transmit and receive antennas are large, the complexity of en-coding and decoding of GSM-MIMO signals can be prohibitively high. To alleviate this problem, we propose a low complexity GSM-MIMO encoding technique that utilizes com-binatorial number system for bits-to-symbol mapping. We also propose a novel layered message passing (LaMP) algorithm for decoding GSM-MIMO signals. Low computational complexity is achieved in the LaMP algorithm by detecting the modulation bits and the antenna index bits in two deferent layers. We then consider large-scale multiuser GSM-MIMO systems, where multiple users employ GSM at their transmitters to communicate with a BS having a large number of receive antennas. For this system, we develop computationally efficient message passing algorithms for signal detection using vector Gaussian approximation of interference. The performance results of these algorithms show that the GSM-MIMO system outperforms the massive MIMO system by several dBs for the same spectral efficiency. Precoder index modulation: It is known that the performance of a communication link can be enhanced by exploiting time diversity without reducing the rate of transmission using pseudo random phase preceding (PRPP). In order to further improve the performance of GSM-MIMO, we apply PRPP technique to GSM-MIMO systems. PRPP provides additional diversity advantage at the receiver and further improves the performance of GSM-MIMO systems. For PRPP-GSM systems, we propose methods to simultaneously precode both the antenna index bits and the modulation symbols using rectangular precoder matrices. Finally, we extend the idea of index modulation to pre-coding and propose a new modulation scheme referred to as precoder index modulation (PIM). In PIM, information bits are conveyed through the index of a prehared PRPP matrix, in addition to the information bits conveyed through the modulation symbols. PIM is shown to increase the achieved spectral efficiency, in addition to providing diver-sity advantages.

Dans cette thèse, les propriétés d'une nanoparticule unique ont été réglée en modifiant son environnement.Plus spécifiquement, dans la première partie de ce travail, la résonance des plasmons de surface des nanobipyramides d'or individuelles a été étudié expérimentalement dans un milieu sous pression contrôlable et son évolution encadré par modélisations théoriques.Afin d'accéder à l'optique d'une nanoparticule unique tout en générant un environnement sous haute-pression, la combinaison de la spectroscopie par modulation spatial avec la cellule en enclume de diamant a été atteint.Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, les vibrations acoustiques des nanodisques d'or individuels sur a substrat en saphir ont été caractérisé expérimentalement via spectroscopie pump&probe. Une attention particulière a été accordée à leur amortissement en fonction du rapport d'aspect des disques en soulignant la présence des amplifications en factor de qualité.Modélisations numériques ont fourni un aperçu des amplifications observées, montrant que l'hybridations entre modes se produit pour rapport d'aspect spécifiques, potentiellement en atténuant les pertes en énergie acoustique à travers l'interface disque/substrat / In this thesis, the properties of a single nanoparticle have been tuned altering its environment. Specifically, in the first part of this work, the surface plasmon resonance of individual gold nanobipyramids has been experimentally studied under a pressure adjustable surrounding and its evolution physically framed thorough theoretical modeling.In order to access to the single nanoparticle optics while generating a hydrostatic high-pressure environment, a challenging combination of the spatial modulation spectroscopy technique with the diamond anvil cell method has been achieved.In the second part of the thesis, the acoustic vibrations of individual gold nanodisks on sapphire substrate has been experimentally characterized via pump&probe spectroscopy. Particular attention has been paid to their damping as a function of the disks aspect-ratio enlightening the presence of quality-factors enhancements.Numeric modeling has provided a physical insight for the observed amplifications, showing that modes hybridizations occur at specific aspect-ratios, potentially reducing the acoustic energy loss towards the interface disk/substrate

Le développement de méthodes rapides, précises et ultra-sensibles pour la détection d'analytes cibles en solution est crucial pour la recherche et les applications potentielles en médecine ou biologie moléculaire. Une approche très prometteuse consiste à développer des nano-capteurs à partir de nano-objets métalliques (NOM) qui présentent une résonance d'extinction dans leur réponse optique. Cette résonance nommée résonance de plasmon de surface localisée (RPSL) peut être ajustée spectralement en jouant sur la nature, la morphologie et l'environnement du NOM. Mesurer des modifications sur la RPSL de nano-objets individuels en présence d'analytes cibles doit permettre de s'affranchir des effets de moyennes dans les mesures d'ensemble. De plus, cela ouvre la voie vers le développement d'échantillons micrométriques pour des tests multicibles sans étiquette (« label-free »).Dans ce travail on a développé un nouveau dispositif expérimental basé sur la technique de spectroscopie à modulation spatiale (SMS) permettant de sonder la réponse optique de NOM individuels en milieu liquide. En parallèle des méthodes de synthèse ont été mises au point pour obtenir des échantillons sondes stables permettant des mesures sur NOM unique, en particulier sur des bipyramides d'or qui présentent de nombreuses qualités intrinsèques faisant d'elles de bonnes candidates pour le « bio-sensing ».Des mesures ont été réalisées dans des environnements d'indice variable et les changements détectés sont en bon accord avec les simulations théoriques. De plus, de nombreuses études ont été réalisées pour comprendre l'influence des nombreux paramètres agissant sur la réponse optique des systèmes étudiés / Advances in the development of rapid, accurate and highly sensitive methods for detecting target analytes in solution will provide crucial tools for research and applications in medicine and molecular biology. One of the currently most promising approaches is the development of nanosensors based on the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of noble metal nano-objects (MNOs), which is an optical response that depends on their size, shape, composition and local environment. The ability to measure the modification of the reponse of a single MNO in the presence of a target analyte would allow each object to act as an independent probe with increased sensitivity as the signal would be isolated from the averaging effects of ensemble measurements. Furthermore it would allow the development of micrometric, functionalized multiprobe samples for multitarget label-free assays.In this work, a novel experimental setup based on the spatial modulation spectroscopy (SMS) technique has been developed to measure the optical response of individual nano-objects in a liquid environment. In parallel, a new technique has also been developed to elaborate stable probes for measurements with the new setup, with a focus on gold bipyramids due to numerous qualities that make them excellent candidates for biosensing probes. The setup has been used to measure the response of individual objects in environments of different real refractive indices and the detected changes have been shown to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations. Numerical studies have also been performed to investigate the influence on the optical response of numerous factors encountered in the studied systems