This study drew upon the affective events and mood-congruent cognition theories to help explain how one domain influences the other. Affective events are things that happen to which people react emotionally and state affect is a result of those affective experiences. This study proposed that state affect generated in one domain would spillover and influence mood-congruent experiences in the receiving domain. Through an integration of organizational stressor-strain models (e.g., job-resources demand theory) and positive psychology, this study further proposed that positive events are resource-building and will work to prevent or buffer against strain responses to resource-depleting negative events. Finally, this study explored how individual differences in domain integration and work- and family-role salience moderate the foregoing relationships, particularly because studies investigating these effects have produced mixed results. To address these empirical questions, this study used the daily diary method to examine daily affective spillover effects from work-to-family and from family-to-work in a full-time working sample over the course of two weeks. This method was employed to help bolster confidence about the temporal precedence of work-family affective spillover and employee health and wellbeing outcomes. One-hundred and forty-four participants filled out diary questionnaires three times daily during the work week and one time daily during the weekend. Daily diaries assessed the participants’ exposure to a number of domain-specific affective events, state affect, physical symptoms, and sleep quality. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test this study’s hypotheses. Overall, the results of this study support affective spillover as the linking pin between the two domains, which has health and wellbeing implications for employees. Specifically, tests of this study’s hypotheses indicated that exposure to affective events throughout the workday was related to state affect at the end of the workday, which then related to the number of valence-congruent affective events within the family domain. Exposure to those family-related affective events was related to corresponding changes in state affect, which not only persisted to the next morning but impacted employee health and wellbeing in terms of psychosomatic complaints. These findings are in line with both the affective events and mood-congruent theories. Only one significant moderating effect was observed. There was a positive relationship between negative affect at the end of the workday and the number of negative family affective events endorsed by participants who were lower on domain integration, but not among those who were higher on domain integration. The direction of this effect was surprising and may suggest that setting up strong boundaries between life domains creates unattainable expectations, which may increase negative outcomes for an employee. In sum, family-related affective experiences are an important variable to consider when investigating the effects of affective spillover on work-related experiences and health and wellbeing. The failure to do so may result in a considerable loss of information and contribute to mixed study results.

First principles theoretical studies based on a gradient-corrected density functional approach have been carried out on the atomic and electronic properties and oxidation of Pdn (n=1-7) clusters supported on the TiO2(110) surface. The studies are aimed to address some of the fundamental issues related to the properties of supported Pdn clusters used as catalysts in oxidation reactions. Of those issues are the following: What are the atomic structures of Pdn clusters on the TiO2 surface? Upon oxidation, do O atoms from a dissociated O2 molecule spill over onto the underlying TiO2 sup- port? How strongly does spillover oxygen bind? What is the microscopic mechanism for the experimentally observed strong metal support interaction (SMSI) state where the Pd catalyst becomes encapsulated by the surface? Is this related to spillover oxygen? How do the properties of the Pdn clusters change when the TiO2 surface is marked with oxygen vacancies? As will be shown, the ground state geometries of supported Pdn clusters are driven by competing effects including intra-cluster interactions favoring compact structures and cluster support interactions favoring geometries that flatten out in the TiO2(110) surface channel. When exposed to O2, a single Pd atom only activates the O-O bond while all other clusters energetically favor a broken O-O bond. For PdnO2 (n=2-7), while one O is adsorbed on the Pdn cluster, the second O spills over to a lattice Ti site binding at the Pd-Ti interface. The binding strength of these spillover atoms is calculated to be surprisingly high, which is identified to be a result of long-range ionic interactions between Pd and spilled over oxygen. When oxygen spills onto lattice Ti sites, composite TiO motifs are formed that can exchange sites with Pd atoms with a minimal energy, opening the pathway for Ti migration and strong metal support interactions. For the TiO2 surface with oxygen vacancies, clusters bound at the vacancy site possess atomic and electronic properties that resemble bulk palladium. The theoretical findings are compared with recent experiments and are believed to provide insight toward developing a fundamental understanding of supported Pdn clusters as oxidation catalysts.

In this thesis, we aim to find the effect of economic crisis announcements arising from the US subprime mortgage crisis and European sovereign debt crisis on the market volatility in theBRIC countries. We implement a GARCH model in order to compare the effect of individual news announcements and find that the US crisis had a bigger impact on BRIC market volatility than the European crisis. Of particular note, we find the US bailout had a higher impact than the failure of Lehman Brothers or any European crisis dates that were considered. We then examine the volatility transmission mechanism by implementing a VAR model to create a spillover index. Following, we apply a rolling window approach, creating spillover plots which show that both return and volatility spillovers are affected by crisis announcements. The importance of our results are related to investor decision making, particularly the relationship between market return and risk in developing country markets. Far to our knowledge, no recent literature has compared the two crises in the way we have nor with the datasets we have used.

Cette thèse étudie si les villes stimulent le développement économique des zones rurales voisines en Chine. Dans un premier temps, la thèse retrace l'évolution des relations entre zones urbaines et rurales depuis la période maoïste (Chapitre 1). Alors que durant des décennies entières les zones rurales ont été sacrifiées au profit des villes, depuis le début des années 2000 est apparue l'idée que les villes devaient à leur tour « soutenir les zones rurales ». A l'heure actuelle, de nombreux investissements visant à renforcer les liens entre villes et campagnes sont réalisés dans le but de favoriser la croissance rurale. Cependant, l'effet des villes sur le développement rural en Chine demeure profondément méconnu. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de fournir une analyse détaillée de l'effet des villes sur le développement rural afin de comprendre si renforcer les liens urbains-ruraux peut constituer une stratégie de développement rural efficace. Après avoir défini ce que l'on entend par zones urbaines et rurales en Chine (Chapitre 2), nous passons en revue la littérature sur l'effet des villes sur le développement rural (Chapitre 3). Les trois chapitres suivants fournissent des analyses empiriques. La première analyse empirique s'attache à l'effet des villes sur le secteur agricole des zones rurales avoisinantes (Chapitre 4). Ensuite, nous étudions l'effet des villes sur le secteur rural non-agricole (Chapitre 5). Enfin, alors que les deux premières analyses empiriques se concentrent sur l'effet des villes sur la performance économique rurale, la dernière étude analyse l'effet des villes sur le développement rural, en estimant l'impact de la proximité urbaine sur la pollution rurale (Chapitre 6). A la lumière des résultats obtenus, nous nous interrogeons sur l'efficacité d'une politique visant à renforcer les liens villes-campagnes en Chine (Chapitre 7). / This dissertation studies whether cities enhance development in nearby rural areas in China. First, we recount the evolution of urban-rural relations since the Maoist period (Chapter 1). While rural areas were sacrificed in favor of cities for decades, since the early 2000s the government has indicated that cities should “support the countryside". Nowadays, a high number of investments have been realized to strengthen linkages between urban and rural areas with the aim of enabling cities to promote rural development. However, very little is known about the effective impact of cities on nearby rural areas in the specific Chinese context. The present dissertation aims at providing a detailed analysis of the role of cities on rural areas in order to assess whether strengthening urban-rural linkages is an effective rural development strategy. After having defined what we mean by urban and rural areas in China (Chapter 2), we provide a review of the literature on the role of cities in rural development (Chapter 3). The following three chapters present empirical investigations. The first empirical test focuses on the effect of cities on the agricultural sector of nearby rural areas (Chapter 4). We then study the impact of cities on the rural non-agricultural sector (Chapter 5). Finally, after having focused on the economic impact of cities, we investigate the effect of cities on rural development by testing whether urban proximity significantly increases rural pollution in China (Chapter 6). In the light of the results obtained, we consider whether relying on cities to enhance rural development could be an effective strategy (Chapter 7).

Exam failures of the students in a specific network may influence not only the future performance of the student but also all students from their friendship networks, affecting the overall cohort's performance. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how the whole network responses to failure. The difficulty of such analysis is incorporated in the probability of the failures being highly endogenous. In this paper, I am applying the novel identification and estimation approach to deal with such endogeneity. I am exploring the dynamic data on the students' networks in HSE, Nizhniy Novgorod. The results suggest that, on average, the exam failure of the friend have a negative effect on future performance. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This paper analyzes the return connectedness between the biotechnology sector and other financial assets for 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2018, using an empirical approach from both time- and frequency-domain. The results reveal that the connectedness between the biotechnology sector and other financial assets are decreasing with time, entailing high diversification opportunities in the long-run. Our results also suggest that the spillover effect from the biotechnology sector is higher than the spillover effect to the biotechnology sector, proposing that the sector affects other financial assets to a greater extent than they affect the biotechnology sector. Concurrently, we found that the net directional connectedness is negative for the sector, which means that it does not transmit shocks to others since it is not subject to significant return or volatility shocks. This implies that the systematic risk connected to the biotechnology sector is lower than previous studies argue for. Thus, our main finding is that investments in the sector has safe haven properties, indicating that they are independent towards other sectors. By investing in the biotechnology sector, investors contribute to society and supports the R&D, leading to development of vital drugs. In light of this, we argue that investments in the sector are socially beneficial. Building on these insights, investments in the biotechnology sector are of importance when investing in a prosperous world.

Este trabalho examina relações de preço e volatilidades entre os contratos futuros de soja em grão negociados nos Estados Unidos, China, Brasil e Argentina ao longo do período delimitado entre 2002 e 2011. Os principais resultados mostram que os preços norteamericanos ainda possuem um papel dominante para explicar as variações de preço nos mercados internacionais. Outros resultados também indicam conexões mais fortes entre os preços na bolsa chinesa de Dalian e nos demais mercados, especialmente após 2006. Esta constatação sugere que o mercado chinês se tornou mais integrado ao mercado global de soja em grão em anos recentes, o que reflete a crescente participação da China no comércio internacional da commodity e o desenvolvimento de seu contrato futuro. Em termos de transmissão de volatilidade, o contrato futuro norte-americano teve papel de referência ao promover o contágio para os mercados futuros de Brasil e Argentina em praticamente todos os intervalos de tempo definidos na pesquisa; além disso, movimentos de volatility spillover do mercado dos Estados Unidos para a bolsa chinesa de Dalian ocorreram somente entre 2009 e 2011, ratificando a maior conexão do mercado asiático nos últimos anos. Ainda, Brasil e Argentina mostraram fortes relações com o mercado chinês, fruto do estreitamento comercial, e ao mesmo tempo foram nitidamente impactados pela estrutura de preços e por choques ocorridos na bolsa norte-americana. A despeito da caracterização do contrato futuro dos Estados Unidos como líder na precificação da soja em âmbito mundial, o presente trabalho expõe a grande parcela de importância da bolsa chinesa na definição do preço eficiente de longo prazo da soja em grão, e confirma Brasil e Argentina como seguidores no sistema internacional de ajuste de preços. Através da comparação entre modelos com diferenças acerca da utilização de preços de fechamento ou de abertura da China, o conjunto com cotações de fechamento apresentou maior número de relações de preço e processos de transmissão de volatilidade significativos. A grande contribuição deste estudo corresponde ao resultado sintético de que os principais players do mercado internacional de soja em grão são bastante conectados através de movimentos de preços, volatilidades e fluxos de informação, e que as conexões entre eles se tornaram mais fortes com o passar dos últimos anos. Em termos de aplicação prática, o estudo apontou que os agentes do mercado internacional de soja em grão que acompanharem os movimentos do contrato futuro da China diariamente tendem a realizar transações mais eficientes e lucrativas. / This thesis examines price and volatility linkages between soybean futures contracts traded in United States, China, Brazil and Argentina for the period ranging from 2002 to 2011. The main findings show that U.S. prices still appear to have a dominant role to explain price changes in international markets. Results also indicate stronger linkages between prices in China and in other three markets, especially after 2006. This result suggests the Chinese market has become more integrated with soybean international markets in recent years, which might reflect the growing participation of China in international trade and the development of its soybean futures contract. Regarding volatility spillover, U.S. futures contract had reference position by promoting price contagion to the futures markets in Brazil and Argentina in almost all time intervals defined; moreover, volatility spillovers from U.S. market to Dalian futures market have been observed only from 2009 to 2011, confirming a stronger linkage between U.S. and Chinese markets in the last years. Besides, Brazil and Argentina have shown strong linkages with Chinese market, due to the trade relationship, and at the same time these countries have been impacted sharply by price structure and shocks from U.S. market. Despite the role of U.S. futures contract as a global leader in the soybean pricing process, this study presents the great importance of Chinese market to define the soybean efficient price in the long run, and it confirms Brazil and Argentina as followers in the international system of price adjustment. By comparing models with differences on the use of closing prices or opening prices from Chinese futures market, the set of closing prices presented the largest number of significant price linkages and volatility spillovers. According to the main contribution of this study, the major players in the soybean international market are highly linked through price movements, volatilities and information flow. Results also indicate that linkages between the soybean futures markets have become stronger over the last years. Regarding the practical application, the study pointed that the players of the soybean international market have to observe the movements in the Chinese futures contract daily to perform more efficient and profitable transactions.

Considerando a importância dos fatores financeiros nas decisões de investimento e as restrições financeiras das firmas, os intermediários financeiros mostram-se como importantes provedores de fonte de recursos para a viabilização dos investimentos. Devido a esta ligação, um possível canal de transmissão no qual o setor financeiro afeta o crescimento e risco das empresas ocorre pela dependência de recursos financeiros externos, portanto, o risco e retorno das firmas devem ser afetados pelas dificuldades das entidades financeiras. Atentando a esta circunstância o objetivo deste estudo é de verificar na economia brasileira os efeitos do alastramento de risco do setor financeiro para a economia real nas decisões de investimentos das firmas, as quais perpassam por conjunturas de restrição financeira. Para atingir tal objetivo utiliza-se informações financeiras e retorno das ações das empresas de capital aberto no Brasil no período de 1997 a 2015. O alastramento do risco do retorno é estimado por um processo VAR-GARCH, e o contágio financeiro pelo indicador de co-excessos condicionais. Essas variáveis são inseridas em um modelo neoclássico acelerador de investimento modificado, para um grupo de firmas restritas e outro de não restritas, classificadas pelos índices KZ e WW. A estimação do modelo de investimento é realizada pelo GMM system e os resultados mostram que o nível do alastramento do risco do setor financeiro para as firmas impacta negativamente nas taxas de investimento das empresas restritas tanto pelo índice KZ, quanto pelo WW. O estudo amplia a literatura nacional utilizando um enfoque microeconômico do alastramento do risco e dos co-excessos condicionais e abordando a questão do alastramento do risco no modelo de investimento. / Considering the importance of financial factors and financial constraints in firm\'s investment decisions, financial sector show up as important source of funds providers to the viability of industry investments. Because of this connection, a possible transmission channel in which the financial intermediaries affect firm\'s growth and risk is from the dependence on external financial funds, so the risk and return of firms should be affected by the difficulties and vagaries of financial sector. In accordance to this circumstance this study aim\'s to verify the effects of the financial sector risk spillover and contagion to the real economy in constrained, and unconstrained, firms\' investment decisions. To achieve this goal, we use financial data and stock returns of publicly traded companies in Brazil from 1997 to 2015. The risk spillover is estimated by a VAR-GARCH process, and financial contagion by an index called conditional co-exceedance. These variables are included in a modified neoclassical accelerator model of investment, splitting the observations into groups of constrained and unconstrained firms, classified by KZ and WW indexes. The estimation of the investment model is performed by GMM system, and the results show that the level of financial sector risk spillover negatively impact investment rates of constrained companies, both by the KZ and WW segregations. This study contributes to the national literature using a microeconomic approach to the risk spillover and conditional co-exceedances addressing it to the investment model.

Despite the increasing attention being paid to waste recycling, there is a dearth of both empirical evidence on recycling at work and examination of any spillover effects of recycling behaviour from home to work. Situated at the confluence of three social science debates (the study of recycling set within the waste management literature; the examination of spillover in the social psychology literature, and the work on pro-environmental behaviour at work in the organisational behaviour literature), this research seeks to understand recycling at work and the relationship between recycling behaviour at home and recycling at work using a sequential mixed methods approach. Due to the complexity of human behaviours including the heterogeneity of the factors underpinning recycling, this research adopts a sequential mixed methods approach with its pragmatic philosophical assumptions to examine recycling at work. Initially, semi-structured interviews with 15 key informants from different organisations including environmental/waste organisations in the UK were conducted. The findings from the interviews were used along with the evidence from the literature to develop the conceptual model and the research hypotheses. The quantitative data were collected, using a web-based questionnaire survey, from 367 respondents representing 43 different organisations across the UK. The collected quantitative data were analysed using SPSS for windows and IBM AMOS for path and causal analyses. Based on the findings, this research demonstrates that contextual factors such as organisational support are better determinants of recycling at work than personality/psychological factors such as attitudes that have dominated empirical and theoretical studies on pro-environmental behaviours for decades. Also, the findings of this research suggest that the concept of spillover of recycling from home to work is complex and inconsistent. Whilst there is a tendency for spillover of recycling behaviour, there is a significant difference between recycling at home and at work with regards to the volume of materials, the range of materials, and frequency of recycling. Nonetheless, the PROCESS macro allows the identification of various conditions that are likely to facilitate spillover of recycling from home to work. As a result, factors that are likely to determine recycling at work including the possible spillover of recycling from home to work are classified into personal/psychological and situational factors. These findings contribute to the existing bodies of knowledge on recycling behaviour, spillover effects, and organisational citizenship behaviour for the environment (OCBE). Also, the findings could assist businesses in finding proactive measures to increase recycling within their organisations. This would consequently reduce the total amount of resources being disposed of in the UK landfill sites.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Hilbernon Fernandes Coelho.pdf: 2519283 bytes, checksum: 972a4d031a678a36839deb493a920e25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-17 / The objective of this thesis is to verify whether the economic growth generated in two productive systems, in Petrolina/Juazeiro, Brazil, and the one in the Sixth Region, in Chile, from 1990 to 2005, was sufficiently able to generate overflowing effects in order to promote local development. It is postulated in this paper that the economic growth will render benefits to the population only with the intervention and regulation on the part of the State, which will make investments in other areas feasible. For example, investments in areas as education and the health system, as a mean to diminish social conflicts or tensions within the fruit export sector of the two mentioned productive systems. In order that such objective is fulfilled, with a view to confirm or not the postulate, this work was divided into five chapters, introduction and the conclusion paragraphs not included. In the first chapter, literature on the subject is revised, which aims to verify the state of the art of studies about enterprise clusterings and their interaction with the environment they are established in. The second chapter presents a qualitative analysis about the competitiveness of the global fruit chain market, emphasizing the importance of ties and local impact with global actors. The third chapter compares the Brazilian and the Chilean fruit production, taking into account each country s history and trajectory. The fourth, comprehends the empirical phase of the thesis, based on the application of the research tools, which is contained in the economical-productive characterization of the two productive systems with a competitiveness point of view. A brief analysis about work relationship in the two productive clusters has also been done. In the fifth chapter, the idea of development as a socioeconomic process is defended, which will fully verify whether the wellbeing of the local population has been met. The economical aspects were analyzed by means of two indicators: a) physical productivity of work and b) level of openness to foreign affairs. The IDH/PNUD premises were used in order to verify whether economic growth has provoked sufficient overflowing to promote human development in the studied areas. At last, it is concluded that even in other, distant lands, there are similarities between the productive processes of the two systems, mainly in what accounts for the availability of resources and the role that the State plays, bestowing privileges to some social segments to the detriment of other segments. In respect to the kind of insertion in the national and global fresh fruit markets, the two localities have different styles as to institutional, social and historical characteristics in each of their regions. This study made it possible to confirm the hypothesis that it is possible to verify the spillover effect under the current entrepreneurial view in respect to the productive system studied. With a view to the remarkable actuation of large national and foreign companies in the global fruit supply chain, and if there is no direct intervention of the State as the main driver of development, through efficient public policies, this discussion about clustering of enterprises and people development may remain empty, considering that the market has not been sufficiently able to promote human development. / O objetivo principal da tese ? verificar se o crescimento econ?mico gerado nos dois sistemas produtivos, em Petrolina/Juazeiro, no Brasil e na Sexta Regi?o, no Chile, no per?odo compreendido entre 1990 e 2005, foi suficiente para gerar efeitos de transbordamentos para promover o desenvolvimento das localidades. Parte-se do pressuposto que o crescimento econ?mico s? se traduzir? em benef?cios para a popula??o se houver interven??o e regula??o do Estado, viabilizando investimentos em outras ?reas como, por exemplo, educa??o e sa?de, como forma de diminuir as tens?es sociais no setor exportador de frutas dos dois agrupamentos produtivos em quest?o. A metodologia aborda uma revis?o na literatura, objetivando verificar o estado da arte dos estudos sobre a aglomera??o de empresas e a sua intera??o com o local; uma an?lise qualitativa sobre a competitividade da cadeia global da fruta, enfatizando a import?ncia dos v?nculos e impactos locais com os atores globais; compara??o da fruticultura brasileira com a chilena, observando-se a historiografia de cada pa?s e suas respectivas trajet?rias; caracteriza??o econ?mico-produtiva dos dois sistemas produtivos, sob o ponto de vista da competitividade, atrav?s de entrevistas e aplica??o de question?rio; ? feita tamb?m uma breve an?lise sobre as rela??es de trabalho nos dois agrupamentos produtivos. Os aspectos econ?micos foram analisados por meio de dois indicadores: a) produtividade f?sica do trabalho e b) grau de abertura para o exterior. Para verificar se o crescimento econ?mico gerou transbordamentos suficientes para promover o desenvolvimento humano nas ?reas de estudo, utilizaram-se as premissas do IDH/PNUD. Os resultados mostram que, mesmo em lugares distantes, h? similaridades nos processos produtivos dos dois sistemas, principalmente, no que se refere ? disponibilidade de recursos e ao papel do Estado, privilegiando alguns segmentos sociais em detrimento de outros. Quanto ? inser??o nos mercados nacionais e globais de frutas frescas, as duas localidades se inserem de forma diferenciada conforme as caracter?sticas institucionais, sociais e hist?ricas de cada regi?o. O estudo permitiu confirmar a hip?tese de que ? imposs?vel verificar efeito de transbordamento com a mentalidade empresarial vigente nos sistemas produtivos estudados. Tendo em vista a atua??o marcante de grandes empresas nacionais e estrangeiras, voltadas para o suprimento da cadeia global de frutas, se n?o houver a interven??o direta do Estado como o principal indutor do desenvolvimento, por meio de pol?ticas p?blicas eficazes, a discuss?o sobre agrupamentos de empresas e desenvolvimento das pessoas ser? vazia, visto que, comprovadamente, o mercado n?o ? suficiente para promover o desenvolvimento humano.