Refratários são materiais com microestrutura heterogênea constituída de uma fração grosseira, os agregados, e de uma fração mais fina, a matriz, em que ambas exercem papéis fundamentais nas propriedades dos refratários, sendo a resistência ao dano por choque térmico, uma das mais importantes. Para avaliar essa questão crítica dos refratários há necessidade de se conhecer bem seu comportamento à propagação de trinca, principalmente quando submetido a uma tensão. Porém, devido à complexidade da estrutura desses materiais, o comportamento das regiões à frente e atrás da ponta da trinca sempre foi muito discutido, só que essa discussão sempre fez uso de modelos e simulações computacionais, já que é prevista uma zona de processo, em que diferentes mecanismos podem absorver energia aumentando a resistência à propagação da trinca principal. Nesta tese foi proposto o estudo experimental do comportamento da propagação de trinca em refratários, visando entender os mecanismos de resistência à propagação de trinca e o caminho das trincas propagantes, utilizando o método da cunha para propagação estável da trinca, que é o mais adequado para essa classe de materiais. Para isso foram utilizados, dois refratários distintos: tijolo e concreto, ambos de alta alumina. No tijolo, para visualização do caminho da trinca propagante após o ensaio, o caminho da trinca foi infiltrado com cola instantânea para garantir a integridade da mesma, a fim que amostras pudessem ser preparadas para análise de imagens em microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Devido à dificuldade dessa preparação, e de só ser possível observar a trinca após a propagação, um microscópio digital passou a ser utilizado in loco ao ensaio. Esse estudo foi realizado com o concreto, sendo possível associar o comprimento da trinca com a curva carga-deslocamento. A fim de complementar o estudo do processo de fratura, a técnica de emissão acústica (EA) passou a ser utilizada nos ensaios de propagação de trinca, já que quando um material é submetido a uma carga e as trincas se desenvolvem, há liberação de energia de deformação do material, sendo possível capturar os dados de energia dos sinais gerados pela propagação. Sendo assim foi possível correlacionar resultados de energia de fratura, início e tamanho de trinca com as curvas carga-deslocamento, carga-tempo, e inclusive, com a contagem de sinais acumulada-tempo, que foi complementar na estimativa da zona de processo completa, ou seja, os fenômenos produzidos atingiram o estado estacionário. A região em que se encontra o final da zona de processo coincide com o fim do regime estacionário, que é onde a trinca atravessa o corpo de prova. Dessa forma, mostra-se com essa tese, que o corpo de prova utilizado para a propagação estável de trinca pelo método da cunha, nas dimensões atuais, são suficientes para o desenvolvimento de todos os mecanismos de resistência à propagação de trinca em refratários. / Refractories are materials with heterogeneous microstructure, consisting of a coarse fraction, aggregates, and a finer fraction, the matrix, in which both play key roles in the properties of the refractory, and the resistance to thermal shock damage, one of the most important. To examine this critical issue of the refractory is no need to be familiar with their behavior to crack propagation, especially when subjected to a stress. The behavior of the regions ahead of and behind the crack tip has been discussed exhaustively, because a process zone was envisaged in which different mechanisms could absorb energy, thus increasing the propagation resistance of the main crack. However, this discussion has always been based on the use of models and computer simulations. The thesis presented here proposes an experimental study of the behavior of crack propagation in refractories, aiming to understand the mechanisms of crack propagation resistance and the crack propagation path, using the wedge splitting method to achieve stable crack propagation. To this end, two different refractory materials were used: brick and concrete, both high alumina. Based on the stable crack propagation test by the wedge method, techniques were sought that would aid in the visualization of crack propagation. In brick, the crack path was infiltrated with instant glue and infiltrated samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); however, in addition to proving laborious, the crack was only visible after its propagation. In the case of concrete, this study was performed in loco during the test, using a digital microscope in combination with the acoustic emission (AE) technique. AE is defined as the generation of stress waves stored energy is suddenly released from localized sources within a material subjected to external loads. By means of the fracture energy data and the AE signals, it was possible to observe the entire fracture process and to correlate the results of fracture energy and crack onset and size with the load-displacement and load-time curves, and even the count of signals accumulated over time. This information was complementary to estimate the complete process zone, i.e., the phenomena produced reached the steady state. This study demonstrated that the dimensions of the test specimen used for stable crack propagation by the wedge splitting method suffice for the development of all the mechanisms of crack propagation resistance in refractories.

Many texts we encounter in our everyday lives are lexically and syntactically very complex. This makes them difficult to understand for people with intellectual or reading impairments, and difficult for various natural language processing systems to process. This motivated the need for text simplification (TS) which transforms texts into their simpler variants. Given that this is still a relatively new research area, many challenges are still remaining. The focus of this thesis is on better understanding the current problems in automatic text simplification (ATS) and proposing new data-driven approaches to solving them. We propose methods for learning sentence splitting and deletion decisions, built upon parallel corpora of original and manually simplified Spanish texts, which outperform the existing similar systems. Our experiments in adaptation of those methods to different text genres and target populations report promising results, thus offering one possible solution for dealing with the scarcity of parallel corpora for text simplification aimed at specific target populations, which is currently one of the main issues in ATS. The results of our extensive analysis of the phrase-based statistical machine translation (PB-SMT) approach to ATS reject the widespread assumption that the success of that approach largely depends on the size of the training and development datasets. They indicate more influential factors for the success of the PB-SMT approach to ATS, and reveal some important differences between cross-lingual MT and the monolingual v MT used in ATS. Our event-based system for simplifying news stories in English (EventSimplify) overcomes some of the main problems in ATS. It does not require a large number of handcrafted simplification rules nor parallel data, and it performs significant content reduction. The automatic and human evaluations conducted show that it produces grammatical text and increases readability, preserving and simplifying relevant content and reducing irrelevant content. Finally, this thesis addresses another important issue in TS which is how to automatically evaluate the performance of TS systems given that access to the target users might be difficult. Our experiments indicate that existing readability metrics can successfully be used for this task when enriched with human evaluation of grammaticality and preservation of meaning.

Os concretos refratários são materiais que apresentam estrutura complexa contendo uma fração de partículas finas (D < 100?m) chamada de matriz e outra mais grosseira da ordem de até centímetros compostas por agregados. Dentre as propriedades importantes durante a aplicação dos concretos refratários, este trabalho aborda principalmente a energia de fratura e a resistência à erosão. Para a avaliação dessas propriedades vários estudos vêm sendo desenvolvidos nos últimos anos. A introdução do método da cunha para propagação estável da trinca é um exemplo, pois este método é utilizado para materiais com estrutura grosseira, como é o caso dos concretos. Já em se tratando de resistência a erosão, pouco se encontra na literatura a respeito desse assunto para concretos refratários. Tendo em vista a aplicação destes materiais, foi avaliado o comportamento da energia de fratura e resistência à erosão de concretos refratário aluminoso convencional antierosivo utilizado na indústria petroquímica com o objetivo de correlacionar os resultados de energia de fratura e a resistência à erosão. Para o desenvolvimento do trabalho foram usados dois concretos a com mesma composição química, variando somente o tamanho de agregado. Foram avaliadas além da energia de fratura e da resistência à erosão outras propriedades foram avaliadas como: os módulos elástico e de ruptura, porosidade aparente, fases cristalinas e microestrutura, e ainda foi realizado um estudo da matriz do concreto. Os resultados mostraram que a energia de fratura aumenta com o aumento do tamanho de agregado para o concreto estudado e a resistência a erosão aumenta com a temperatura de tratamento térmico devido a ceramização da matriz, conforme análise das imagens. Em função dos resultados, pode-se concluir que não foi observada uma boa correlação entre energia de fratura e resistência à erosão. Mas esta correlação de energia de fratura e de resistência à erosão pode ter o mesmo comportamento que a correlação entre comprimento característico e resistência á erosão para faixas específicas de tamanho de agregado. / Castables materials are known to be formed by a complex microstructure containing a fine fraction known as matrix (D<100?m) and another one known as aggregate containing thicker particles up to centimeters in size. Among its most notable properties regarding application, this research primarily addresses to the fracture energy and its erosion resistance. In recent years, some studies have been performed concerning such assessments. As an example, the wedge splitting procedure has been applied in the stable crack propagation method used for some thicker structured materials evaluation such the castables ones. On the other hand, a few data have been gathered concerning castable\'s erosion resistance. Facing such applications the main goal was the study of conventional aluminous anti erosive castables once it has been used in the petrochemical industry in order to correlate fracture energy and erosion resistance results. On this research, two castables samples with the same chemical composition were tested differing only its aggregate particle grain sizes. Besides fracture energy and erosion resistance, other important properties were evaluated as following: elastic modulus, rupture modulus, apparent porosity, crystalline phases and a castable matrix study was also carried out. The results demonstrate an increase on fracture energy as the studied castable aggregate size also increases and according to images studied, the erosion resistance suffers another increment regarding the thermal treatment temperature increase due matrix ceramization. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that no observation was made regarding the fracture energy and erosion resistance but it may exist an energy correlation between them once there is some observed between the characteristic length and the erosion resistance concerning the aggregate size range.

Artificial photosynthesis utilises solar-light for clean fuel H2 production and is emerging as a potential solution for renewable energy generation. Photocatalytic systems that combine a light harvester and catalysts in one-pot reactor are promising strategies towards this direction. Yet, most of the reported systems function by consuming excess amount of expensive sacrificial reagents, preventing commercial development. In this thesis, carbon nitrides (CNx) have been selected as non-toxic, stable and low-cost photocatalysts. CNx are first introduced as efficient light harvesters, to couple alcohol oxidation with proton reduction, in the presence of a Ni-based molecular catalyst. This system operated in a single compartment while the oxidation and reduction products were collected in the solution and gaseous phases, respectively, demonstrating a closed redox system. In the presence of an organic substrate and absence of a proton reduction catalyst, photoexcited CNx was found to accumulate long-lived "trapped-electrons", which enables decoupling oxidation and reduction reactions temporarily and spatially. This allows solar H2 generation in the dark, following light exposure, replication light and dark cycle of natural photosynthesis in an artificial set-up. The stability of the designed system was found to be limited by the Ni-based molecular catalyst, and the spectroscopic studies revealed electron transfer from CNx to catalyst as the kinetic bottleneck. Graphene based conductive scaffolds were introduced to the CNx-Ni system, to accelerate the rate of electron transfer from CNx to the Ni catalyst. Time-resolved spectroscopic techniques revealed that introducing these conductive binders enabled better electronic communication between CNx and Ni, resulting in significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity. To improve the solar-light utilisation and the photocatalytic performance of bulk CNx, a straightforward ultra-sonication approach was introduced. This pre-treatment was found to break aggregates of bulk CNx, and the resulting activated CNx had significantly improved activity. The activated CNx showed record activities per gram of the material used, for H2 evolution with a molecular Ni catalyst. The use of abundant waste sources instead of organic substrates was investigated in the presence of activated CNx. The system demonstrated to photoreform purified and raw lignocellulose samples into H2 in the presence of various H2 evolution catalysts over a wide range of pH.

We present a novel dimensionally split Cartesian cut cell method to compute inviscid, viscous and turbulent flows around rigid geometries. On a cut cell mesh, the existence of arbitrarily small boundary cells severely restricts the stable time step for an explicit numerical scheme. We solve this `small cell problem' when computing solutions for hyperbolic conservation laws by combining wave speed and geometric information to develop a novel stabilised cut cell flux. The convergence and stability of the developed technique are proved for the one-dimensional linear advection equation, while its multi-dimensional numerical performance is investigated through the computation of solutions to a number of test problems for the linear advection and Euler equations. This work was recently published in the Journal of Computational Physics (Gokhale et al., 2018). Subsequently, we develop the method further to be able to compute solutions for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The method is globally second order accurate in the L1 norm, fully conservative, and allows the use of time steps determined by the regular grid spacing. We provide a full description of the three-dimensional implementation of the method and evaluate its numerical performance by computing solutions to a wide range of test problems ranging from the nearly incompressible to the highly compressible flow regimes. This work was recently published in the Journal of Computational Physics (Gokhale et al., 2018). It is the first presentation of a dimensionally split cut cell method for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in the literature. Finally, we also present an extension of the cut cell method to solve high Reynolds number turbulent automotive flows using a wall-modelled Large Eddy Simulation (WMLES) approach. A full description is provided of the coupling between the (implicit) LES solution and an equilibrium wall function on the cut cell mesh. The combined methodology is used to compute results for the turbulent flow over a square cylinder, and for flow over the SAE Notchback and DrivAer reference automotive geometries. We intend to publish the promising results as part of a future publication, which would be the first assessment of a WMLES Cartesian cut cell approach for computing automotive flows to be presented in the literature.

A presente tese se configura como uma interrogação à teoria psicanalítica acerca das ressonâncias do traumatismo precoce e das defesas por ele suscitadas no processo de simbolização primária, especialmente nas ligações psíquicas decorrentes e na construção de sentido inconsciente. Os conceitos de trauma precoce e simbolização primária se entrelaçam na trama complexa da constituição psíquica, que se suplementa, em tensão paradoxal, entre os pólos intersubjetivo e intrapsíquico. As discussões se articulam entre as proposições inaugurais de Freud e Ferenczi e seus desdobramentos na teoria psicanalítica pós-freudiana, particularmente nas obras de Donald Winnicott, André Green e René Roussillon. O primeiro eixo de discussão da tese enfoca a noção de simbolização primária em sua relação intrínseca com os processos de diferenciação psíquica entre os campos Eu/não-Eu e Isso-Eu, no tempo do narcisismo primário. Considero que a organização psíquica, tanto no nível do Eu como no das representações, constitui-se em simultaneidade ao processo de simbolização da alteridade (interna-externa). Problematizo a concepção de desamparo constituinte a partir do estudo dos efeitos da diferença na organização psíquica. Tenho por hipótese que a possibilidade interna de reconhecimento de diferenças depende de uma função de reconhecimento que é criada no espaço intersubjetivo a partir do investimento objetal. O modo como o objeto primário reconhece as experiências do infans e as reflete de volta, em uma experiência de compartilhamento de prazer, é constituinte de ligações psíquicas simbolizantes, necessárias para a instalação de um Eu diferenciado do que lhe exterior e da função de simbolização. As ligações simbolizantes remetem, assim, à construção de estruturas psíquicas terciárias que sustentam a associatividade psíquica. Associo o trauma precoce a uma falha objetal, em suas funções primárias de espelhamento, que se desdobra internamente em um sofrimento psíquico decorrente das perturbações nos processos de integração pulsional, de diferenciação psíquica e de internalização da função de simbolização. Outra hipótese da tese é que o sujeito se defenda da realidade traumática por meio de um conjunto de defesas, pautadas pela ação da pulsão de morte desintrincada (desligamento e cisão psíquica) que configuram um funcionamento transicional negativo segundo modalidades de ligação psíquica traumática. Tais ligações têm como objetivo impedir o (re)conhecimento da realidade traumática, condição de elaboração psíquica, ao interpor barreiras, por meio de mecanismos como a recusa e a alucinação negativa, entre os traços perceptivos do trauma e seu encadeamento em uma cadeia associativa significante. As articulações teóricas da pesquisa pretendem oferecer contribuições à metapsicologia dos processos psíquicos inaugurais, constitutivos e traumáticos, assim como subsídios ao pensamento clínico/psicopatológico em psicanálise / The present work is designed as an interrogation to the psychoanalytic theory about the resonance of early trauma and the defenses caused by it during the primary symbolization process, specially on resulting psychic bindings and construction of unconscious sense. The concepts of early trauma and primary symbolization are interlinked in the psychic constitution, which is built through the tense, paradoxical and supplementary dynamics between intrapsychic and intersubjective poles. Discussions are made among inaugural propositions from Freud and Ferenczi and their consequences on the post-freudian psychoanalytic theory, particularly on the works of Donald Winnicott, André Green and René Roussillon. The first axis of the present discussion focuses on the notion of primary symbolization in its intrinsic relation with psychic differentiation processes between the fields I/not-I and Id-I, at the primary narcissism time. I consider that the psychic organization, not only at the level of I, but also at the level of representations, is constituted by simultaneousness to the alterity symbolization process (internal-external). I emphasize the problem on the conception of constituent helplessness from the study of the effects of difference in psychic organization. I hypothesize that the internal possibility of recognizing the differences depends on a recognition function that is created in the intersubjective space, from the objects investment. The way the primary object recognizes the infans experiences, and reflects them back, in an experience of sharing pleasure, constitutes the symbolizing psychic bindings, which are necessary for installing a differentiated I and the symbolization function. The symbolizing bindings reflect, therefore, the construction of tertiary psychic structures that support the psychic associativity. I associate the early trauma to a failure of the object on his primary mirror functions, which internally unfolds into a psychic suffering due to disturbances on the drives integration processes, of psychic differentiation and internalization of the symbolization function. Another hypothesis of the present thesis is that the subject fends off traumatic reality through several defenses, ruled by the action of desintricated death drive (disconnection and psychic splitting), which define a negative transitional function according to traumatic psychic binding modalities. Such bindings aim to avoid the recognition of traumatic reality, condition of psychic elaboration, by building barriers, through mechanisms such as disavowal and negative hallucination, between perceptive traces of trauma and its connection to a significant associative chain. Research theoretical articulations intend to offer contributions to the metapsycholgy of inaugural, constitutive and traumatic psychic processes, as well as subsides the clinical/psychopathological thought in psychoanalysis

<div>Incompressible single-phase and two-phase flows are widely encountered in and underlie many engineering applications. In this thesis, we aim to develop efficient methods and algorithms for numerical simulations of these classes of problems. Specically, we present two schemes: (1) a modied consistent splitting scheme for incompressible single-phase flows with open/out flow boundaries; (2) a three-dimensional hybrid spectral element-Fourier spectral method for wall-bounded two-phase flows.</div><div><br></div><div><div>In the first part of this thesis, we present a modied consistent splitting type scheme together with a family of energy stable outflow boundary conditions for incompressible single-phase outflow simulations. The key distinction of this scheme lies</div><div>in the algorithmic reformulation of the viscous term, which enables the simulation of outflow problems on severely-truncated domains at moderate to high Reynolds numbers. In contrast, the standard consistent splitting scheme is observed to exhibit a numerical instability even at relatively low Reynolds numbers, and this numerical instability is in addition to the backflow instability commonly known to be associated with strong vortices or backflows at the outflow boundary. Extensive numerical experiments are presented for a range of Reynolds numbers to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm for this class of flows.</div></div><div><br></div><div><div>In the second part of this thesis, we present a numerical algorithm within the phase-field framework for simulating three-dimensional (3D) incompressible two-phase flows in flow domains with one homogeneous direction. In this numerical method, we represent the flow variables using Fourier spectral expansions along the homogeneous direction and C0 spectral element expansions in the other directions. This is followed by using fast Fourier transforms so that the solution to the 3D problem is obtained by solving a set of decoupled equations about the Fourier modes for each flow variable. The computations for solving these decoupled equations are performed in parallel to effciently simulate the 3D two-phase</div><div>ows. Extensive numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the performance and the capabilities of the scheme in simulating this class of flows.</div></div>

Dans le but de développer de nouveaux catalyseurs pour améliorer la production d'H2 à partir de l'eau et faire de l'hydrogène un vecteur d'énergie alternatif aux combustibles fossiles, l'étude de nanocatalyseurs pour les réactions d'évolution de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène laisse entrevoir des perspectives prometteuses. Le Pt et l'Ir sont les principaux métaux des catalyseurs HE et OE. Mais un effort considérable est dévolu à comprendre les étapes mécanistiques qui gouvernent les deux demi-réactions impliquées afin de mettre à profit les connaissances acquises pour l'utilisation d'autres métaux plus abondants et moins coûteux. Le Ru apparaît un candidat idéal, étant un métal très polyvalent qui montre des activités similaires à celles du Pt et de l'Ir et pouvant être étudié par un large éventail de techniques analytiques. En outre, le Ru est quatre fois moins cher que le Pt qui est la référence aujourd'hui. Le développement de nanocatalyseurs précisément contrôlés pour leur application à la production d'H2 par dissociation électrocatalytqiue de l'eau figure parmi nos intérêts de recherche. Le but de ce travail de thèse est de développer des nanocatalyseurs à base de Ru pour les réactions HER et OER, et d'étudier les caractéristiques qui induisent une réponse catalytique spécifique. La synthèse suivie dite par approche organométallique permet de disposer de nanoparticules (NPs) avec un contrôle fin de leurs propriétés (taille, état de surface, dispersion, etc.). Les ligands organiques utilisés comme agents stabilisants permettent de stopper la nucléation des atomes métalliques et d'obtenir de très petites NPs avec une distribution en taille étroite. Ils peuvent aussi influer sur les propriétés chimiques de la surface des NPs, une caractéristique clé dans les processus catalytiques. Cette méthode permet également la préparation de NPs métalliques sur supports solides. Ce manuscrit est structuré en cinq chapitres: 1. Une introduction générale qui présente tout d'abord l'intérêt d'utiliser l'hydrogène comme combustible chimique, comparativement à d'autres sources d'énergie renouvelables et non renouvelables, et décrit les voies de production d'H2 à partir d'autres matières premières ainsi que les techniques pour son stockage et son utilisation de manière sûre et efficace. Viennent ensuite une description du concept de dissociation de l'eau et un parallèle avec la photosynthèse naturelle utilisée comme source d'inspiration, puis une mise au point bibliographique sur les catalyseurs pour les deux demi-réactions redox impliquées. Ce chapitre se termine par une brève description de l'approche organométallique pour la synthèse de nanocatalyseurs. 2. Sur la base d'une étude bibliographique, nos objectifs en lien avec la synthèse, la caractérisation et l'évaluation en catalyse de RuNPs sont ensuite présentés. 3. Le troisième chapitre décrit la synthèse et la caractérisation de NPs de Ru stabilisées par des molécules organiques, et leur évaluation en tant que catalyseurs dans la réaction d'évolution d'H2. / The study of nanoparticulate systems for the hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions allows to rationally developing new catalysts that enhance the water splitting process for obtaining H2, and thus making it a suitable alternative to fossil fuels as energy carriers. Nowadays Pt and Ir are the leading metals in HE and OE catalysts, respectively, but a huge effort is being devoted to understand the mechanistic pathways that rule both semi-reactions in order to transfer the knowledge to other metals which can be more abundant and thus cheaper. Ru appears as a feasible alternative to deeply explore the reaction steps involved in the process, because it is a highly- versatile metal which shows similar activities than Pt/Ir and which can be studied by a wide range of analytical techniques as a result of its properties. In addition, Ru is four times cheaper than the state-of-the-art Pt. The development of precisely controlled nanocatalysts for their application in challenging catalysis like the production of H2 by water-splitting lies among our research interests. This PhD work aims to develop Ru-based nanocatalysts for both HER and OER, and study the characteristics that induce a specific catalytic response. The use of the organometallic approach as synthetic methodology allows to finely controlling the properties of the NPs, e.g. size, surface environment, dispersion, etc. In this synthetic procedure, organic ligands can be added as stabilizing agents to halt the nucleation of metal atoms leading to the formation of the nanosized systems. These ligands can alter the chemical properties of the surface of the nanoparticles, a key feature in the catalytic processes. This methodology allows as well the preparation of metal nanoparticles onto the surface of solid supports.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:08:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Atilio Barbosa Lourenco.pdf: 1281099 bytes, checksum: 30b11e22aaae3c126ccd46522b08d45e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma abordagem termoeconômica alternativa cuja aplicação em ciclos de refrigeração deve isolar equipamentos dissipativos, como condensadores e válvulas, na estrutura produtiva de modo que os resultados gerados sejam coerentes. A abordagem, chamada de Modelo UFS, é baseada no conceito de desagregação da exergia física, no caso, em três componentes, a saber, termo de energia interna, termo de trabalho de fluxo e termo entrópico e é aplicada a cinco ciclos de refrigeração, a saber, ciclo reverso de Carnot, ciclo simples por compressão de vapor, ciclo multipressão por compressão de vapor em cascata, ciclo multipressão por compressão de vapor com interresfriamento e ciclo por absorção de simples efeito. Os balanços de custo são avaliados em nível dos componentes dos ciclos e os custos exergéticos unitários dos fluxos internos e do produto são obtidos. Também é feito o balanço de exergia e comparado com a diferença entre insumo e produto para cada unidade física dos ciclos, além da avaliação das razões produto-insumo. Os resultados mostram que os custos exergéticos unitários nunca são menores que a unidade e que as razões produto-insumo nunca são maiores que 100%, além da análise exergética gerar os mesmos valores de irreversibilidades que a diferença entre insumo e produto. Por fim, comentários são tecidos, bem como sugestões para trabalhos futuros / The goal of this work is to present an alternative thermoeconomic approach whose application to refrigeration cycles should isolate dissipative components, as condensers and valves, in the productive structure so the yielded results are consistent. The approach, called UFS Model, is based on the concept of physical exergy splitting into three components, namely, internal energy term, flow work term and entropic term and is applied to five refrigeration cycles, namely, Carnot s reverse cycle, vapor-compression simple cycle, vaporcompression cascade cycle, vapor-compression cycle with intercooling and simple-effect absorption cycle. The cost balances are assessed at the components level and the exergetic unit costs of both internal flows and plant product are obtained. Also, the exergy analysis is done and compared with the difference of fuel (or resource) and product of each physical unit, besides the assessment of the product-resource ratios. The results show that the exergetic unit costs are never less than one and the product-resource ratios are never greater than 100%. Besides, the exergy analysis yields same irreversibility values of the difference of resource and product. Finally, some remarks are done as well as suggestions for future works

A presente tese se configura como uma interrogação à teoria psicanalítica acerca das ressonâncias do traumatismo precoce e das defesas por ele suscitadas no processo de simbolização primária, especialmente nas ligações psíquicas decorrentes e na construção de sentido inconsciente. Os conceitos de trauma precoce e simbolização primária se entrelaçam na trama complexa da constituição psíquica, que se suplementa, em tensão paradoxal, entre os pólos intersubjetivo e intrapsíquico. As discussões se articulam entre as proposições inaugurais de Freud e Ferenczi e seus desdobramentos na teoria psicanalítica pós-freudiana, particularmente nas obras de Donald Winnicott, André Green e René Roussillon. O primeiro eixo de discussão da tese enfoca a noção de simbolização primária em sua relação intrínseca com os processos de diferenciação psíquica entre os campos Eu/não-Eu e Isso-Eu, no tempo do narcisismo primário. Considero que a organização psíquica, tanto no nível do Eu como no das representações, constitui-se em simultaneidade ao processo de simbolização da alteridade (interna-externa). Problematizo a concepção de desamparo constituinte a partir do estudo dos efeitos da diferença na organização psíquica. Tenho por hipótese que a possibilidade interna de reconhecimento de diferenças depende de uma função de reconhecimento que é criada no espaço intersubjetivo a partir do investimento objetal. O modo como o objeto primário reconhece as experiências do infans e as reflete de volta, em uma experiência de compartilhamento de prazer, é constituinte de ligações psíquicas simbolizantes, necessárias para a instalação de um Eu diferenciado do que lhe exterior e da função de simbolização. As ligações simbolizantes remetem, assim, à construção de estruturas psíquicas terciárias que sustentam a associatividade psíquica. Associo o trauma precoce a uma falha objetal, em suas funções primárias de espelhamento, que se desdobra internamente em um sofrimento psíquico decorrente das perturbações nos processos de integração pulsional, de diferenciação psíquica e de internalização da função de simbolização. Outra hipótese da tese é que o sujeito se defenda da realidade traumática por meio de um conjunto de defesas, pautadas pela ação da pulsão de morte desintrincada (desligamento e cisão psíquica) que configuram um funcionamento transicional negativo segundo modalidades de ligação psíquica traumática. Tais ligações têm como objetivo impedir o (re)conhecimento da realidade traumática, condição de elaboração psíquica, ao interpor barreiras, por meio de mecanismos como a recusa e a alucinação negativa, entre os traços perceptivos do trauma e seu encadeamento em uma cadeia associativa significante. As articulações teóricas da pesquisa pretendem oferecer contribuições à metapsicologia dos processos psíquicos inaugurais, constitutivos e traumáticos, assim como subsídios ao pensamento clínico/psicopatológico em psicanálise / The present work is designed as an interrogation to the psychoanalytic theory about the resonance of early trauma and the defenses caused by it during the primary symbolization process, specially on resulting psychic bindings and construction of unconscious sense. The concepts of early trauma and primary symbolization are interlinked in the psychic constitution, which is built through the tense, paradoxical and supplementary dynamics between intrapsychic and intersubjective poles. Discussions are made among inaugural propositions from Freud and Ferenczi and their consequences on the post-freudian psychoanalytic theory, particularly on the works of Donald Winnicott, André Green and René Roussillon. The first axis of the present discussion focuses on the notion of primary symbolization in its intrinsic relation with psychic differentiation processes between the fields I/not-I and Id-I, at the primary narcissism time. I consider that the psychic organization, not only at the level of I, but also at the level of representations, is constituted by simultaneousness to the alterity symbolization process (internal-external). I emphasize the problem on the conception of constituent helplessness from the study of the effects of difference in psychic organization. I hypothesize that the internal possibility of recognizing the differences depends on a recognition function that is created in the intersubjective space, from the objects investment. The way the primary object recognizes the infans experiences, and reflects them back, in an experience of sharing pleasure, constitutes the symbolizing psychic bindings, which are necessary for installing a differentiated I and the symbolization function. The symbolizing bindings reflect, therefore, the construction of tertiary psychic structures that support the psychic associativity. I associate the early trauma to a failure of the object on his primary mirror functions, which internally unfolds into a psychic suffering due to disturbances on the drives integration processes, of psychic differentiation and internalization of the symbolization function. Another hypothesis of the present thesis is that the subject fends off traumatic reality through several defenses, ruled by the action of desintricated death drive (disconnection and psychic splitting), which define a negative transitional function according to traumatic psychic binding modalities. Such bindings aim to avoid the recognition of traumatic reality, condition of psychic elaboration, by building barriers, through mechanisms such as disavowal and negative hallucination, between perceptive traces of trauma and its connection to a significant associative chain. Research theoretical articulations intend to offer contributions to the metapsycholgy of inaugural, constitutive and traumatic psychic processes, as well as subsides the clinical/psychopathological thought in psychoanalysis