<p>This is my thesis on the D-level at the university in Karlstad at the department for environmental science. It is an analysis of the idea of self-realisation in the deepecology movement.</p><p>The Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess is one of the profiles in the foreground of deepecology in the world. His teories is important for the development of how to look at ecophilosophical matters in the nordic countries.</p><p>i will therefor investigate his theories and see how Naess constructs the relation man-nature in his ecosophy T. The principle of self-realisation and identification is there the most important foundation for the antropocentric perspective.</p><p>In my analysis I use Martin Bubers philosophy of dialogue and his thoughts about relational concept of the self as tools for my investigation.</p><p>Ecophilosophy is an academic subject that touches a variety of fields of studies but has the collaboration between the subject of culture and nature as its base. Bubers concept of the self that highlights the third. Videlicet, the relation is a third aspect of the selfs constitution apart from the me and you.</p><p>I will also, as Buber does not notice power and hierarchy in his teory, try to integrate Val Plumwoods critique towards dualism in the thinking of western society as a complementing tool.</p><p>Plumwood points out, in her ecofeministic point of view, the importance of noticing difference as an important aspect of the problems in western thinking when it comes to the relationship between humanity-environment. To develop a non-dualistic thinking, according to Plumwood, it would take a critical analysis of all types of concepts that has been developed through the classic concept of logics reduktionistic discussion wich uses separation as a method.</p><p>Plumwoods conclusion is that to come to terms with the underlying powerstructures we have to examine the thinking itself.</p><p>Buber who is rooted in the jewish chassidism tradition has from a spiritual point of view examined aspects of the relationship between I and the other/world which touches Plumwoods theories.</p><p>By combining these two thinkers I want to formulate a more complex analysis of Arne Naess principle of self-realisation.</p>

No description available.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Genusperspektiv på undervisning och lärande är något som allt mer efterfrågas i samhällsdebatten, och föreskrivs även i de övergripande målen i styrdokumenten. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån dessa tankar om behovet av ett genusperspektiv belysa hur mycket och på vilket sätt kvinnan genom historien tas upp i gymnasiets historieundervisning och relatera detta till de genusteorier som finns angående historieforskning och historieundervisning.</p><p>Den metod som använts är en kombination av kvantitativa enkäter med elever och kvalitativa intervjuer med såväl lärare som elever på gymnasiet. Undersökningen omfattar 51 enkäter, 4 elevintervjuer, samt 2 lärarintervjuer. Genom denna variation i insamlingsmetoder hoppas jag få fram en heltäckande och nyanserad bild.</p><p>De resultat som uppnåtts visar bl.a. på en ganska traditionell syn hos såväl lärare som elever på kvinnans roll genom historien, då man menar att kvinnan haft en underordnad roll i den politiska utvecklingen: Undantagen är enskilda, historiskt kända kvinnor med makt som fokuserats i stor utsträckning. De gånger kvinnor ändå tas upp är det i viss mån genom tillägg till de texter som redan finns i läroböckerna, inte genom någon omskrivning av historien. Många av såväl elever som lärare verkar också mena att det utrymme som ges till kvinnor i undervisningen är svårt att utöka på grund av brist på källmaterial. Vidare verkar eleverna i något högre utsträckning än lärarna vilja ha mer fokusering på kvinnans situation genom historien, medan lärarna anser att kunskapsbrist från deras egen sida och tidsbrist på historiekurserna inte medger detta.</p><p>Verklighetens skolundervisning verkar alltså inte i så stor utsträckning som föreskrivs i läroplanen (Lpf 94) aktivt verka för jämställdhet och ett genusperspektiv på historien.</p>

<p><strong> </strong></p><p>This paper presents a critical overview of the current use of English within legal education and the legal profession in Sweden. In addition, it attempts to characterize attitudes towards the use of English within Swedish law practice. The paper will make use of information obtained from a selection of law firms, the Swedish National Courts Administration and the Swedish Public Office of Prosecution. It will also make use of comments and information from a selection of professionals and other bodies such as the European Commission, the Swedish Language Council and the Swedish Bar Association.  The central aim of this essay is to present a clear picture of the extent to which English is actually used within current Swedish legal practice. It directly addresses the question of whether the level of English that Swedish law graduates are exposed to in their legal studies adequately provides them with the skills required by the professional legal world.</p><p>It is claimed that there is an apparent miscommunication between legal education and its corresponding profession, which is creating a very unfortunate situation for students. In addition, it is suggested that redesigning the Swedish law programme, as a response to the demands of English within the Swedish legal profession, is necessary to properly prepare students for legal practise in Sweden. The law programme must function as a platform for theoretical growth as well as the future, practical success of students. Striving for excellence among students should not be restricted to the theoretical aspect of a subject but must include the ability of students to put their theoretical knowledge to practical use. It is argued that English is a needed supplement in the successful practise of law in Sweden and as such must be an integrated part of the legal education program.</p>

No description available.

There are clear indications that over the coming years, as more people live longer with life limiting illnesses an increasing amount of support for carers of service users with palliative care needs will be required. Respite care is often described in UK policy and guidance as a key need in providing this support and yet little is known about it for patients with life limiting illnesses and there is a lack of research to support its efficacy. The purpose of this research was therefore to establish whether respite care addresses the needs of palliative care service users and carers. The approach was qualitative and the methodology was interpretive. The method used was constructivist Grounded Theory. This provided high compatibility with the theoretical underpinnings which were learning from the experiences of service users and carers, embracing the principles of critical practise and learning through relational endeavour. Data collection was carried out by unstructured informal interview with three couples and two bereaved carers who had experienced hospice respite care. The participants were interviewed on two occasions and social network circle activity was undertaken as part of theoretical sampling. Findings showed that respite care is valued by palliative care service users and carers although there are some fundamental tensions in service models which limit its potential. A theory of vulnerability and resilience was developed which accommodated issues of needs and acceptance, choice and risk, loss and gains. A reframing of respite care as an empathic response within a new palliative care approach is proposed. Within this the centrality of the relationship is reinforced and the need for support over a potentially long and more uncertain illness trajectory is acknowledged. The articulation of respite care needs and the insights gained in this study have the potential to influence practice and provide a platform for innovative service development and improvement.

Poor quality and unrefreshing sleep is one of the most common symptom complaints in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). Despite this, the links between sleep dysfunction and CFS are not well understood, and there has been an absence of good quality research into the nature of sleep problems in CFS, which also lack consistency in the data reported. However, it remains plausible that sleep problems may help to maintain and exacerbate other existing symptoms. Given the dispute in models ranging from the biological to the psychological, competing to explain symptomology, it is a critical time by which we try to understand the relationship between poor sleep, fatigue, endocrine activity and CFS, in an attempt to shortcircuit this debate. With an aim to redress this, this thesis intended to examine the role of sleep from several angles, utilizing a range of assessment methods; Study 1 addressed the lack of in depth qualitative interview studies, to understand the extent to which sleep, its management and problems, are linked to the lived experience of CFS, and how it interacts with other symptoms (chapter 3). Patient narratives demonstrated that sleep disturbances experienced were highly unpredictable and variable over time, but played a key role in symptom maintenance; Study 2 examined self-reported sleep (via sleep diaries) in CFS patients, exploring whether sleep quality and daytime napping had an impact on daytime fatigue, sleepiness and cognitive functioning (key dimensions of the illness experience) (chapter 4). The results were highly variable but indicated that afternoon-evening napping was associated with greater impairment in daytime cognitive functioning in CFS patients. It was also evident that CFS patients with longer wake time and a shorter diagnosis had more severe fatigue; Study 3 explored the possibility that sleep problems in this population are not homogeneous and revealed four sleep-specific phenotypes to exist, which are amenable to different treatment approaches. The initial cross-sectional examination of single-night polysomnography (PSG) data identified 30% of the sample had a primary sleep disorder (PSD), which underscores the need to assess for PSDs in CFS populations (chapter 5); Study 4 was conducted to address the principle aim of this thesis; to determine the feasibility of a detailed, 3-night sleep assessment protocol in a small cohort of CFS patients. By utilising iv a range of methods including ambulatory PSG and a gold-standard protocol for sampling of diurnal salivary cortisol, the study piloted the most comprehensive assessment of sleep ever attempted in a CFS population. The findings established a successful protocol that was acceptable to patients (chapter 6), a key advancement in this field where effective and thorough sleep assessment is needed. Preliminary sleep data confirmed a notable variability of sleep problems to exist. Further, the temporal stability of sleep variables was established; sleep continuity (sleep duration, wake duration, sleep efficiency) and main architectural (sleep stages) parameters were consistent across two nights of assessment (chapter 7). The results presented in this thesis indicate that disturbed sleep is a major problem for patients with CFS, albeit highly variable between and within individuals. The identification of sleep phenotypes also confirms the heterogeneity of sleep in CFS. Interestingly, light sleep and arousability was a recurring sleep characteristic in patients that was mirrored by the studies presented throughout the thesis, highlighting a potential autonomic component. This should be a consideration for forthcoming work, along with the possibility that sleep disturbances may mediate the maintenance and exacerbation of symptoms, fuelling a reciprocal cycle that keeps the condition going. The preliminary findings presented throughout this trajectory of research will help to form the systematic development of a sleep characterisation and intervention programme. With this field moving towards more patient-centred medicine and tailored treatments, by combining data from the objective and subjective sleep measures, we aim to design a definitive multicentre study, using sleep-specific interventions, amenable to the four phenotypes identified. The long-term goal is to improve treatments that will enhance symptom management, which is crucial in this condition, at least until the CFS research understands the pathogenesis of this debilitating disease.

Background: The MMSE is commonly used as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment in stroke services. However, recent research has shown that it has poor diagnostic validity for use in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the ACE-R as an alternative screening measure for use in stroke. Objectives: The first objective was to determine whether the ACE-R is more accurate than the MMSE at detecting overall cognitive impairment in stroke. The second objective was to determine the accuracy of the ACE-R subscales for detecting impairments in specific cognitive domains. Methods: This study had a cross-sectional design. 40 patients were recruited from an inpatient stroke service. They were administered the ACE-R (which includes the MMSE), and a battery of more detailed neuropsychological tests, which served as the ‘gold standard’ for classification of impairment. The diagnostic validity of the ACE-R and MMSE was determined by ROC analysis. Results: Both the MMSE and the ACE-R were found to have inadequate diagnostic validity for the detection of overall cognitive impairment. No cut-scores scores could be identified which yielded test sensitivity of >80% and specificity of >60%. Levels of specificity were particularly poor. The ACE-R subscales showed a similar pattern of performance, indicating inadequate validity for the detection of impairment in specific areas of cognitive functioning. Conclusions: There was no support for the use of the MMSE or the ACE-R when screening for cognitive impairment in acute stroke. Further research should focus on the identification of an alternative measure.

Background: The MMSE is commonly used as a screening instrument for cognitive impairment in stroke services. However, recent research has shown that it has poor diagnostic validity for use in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the ACE-R as an alternative screening measure for use in stroke. Objectives: The first objective was to determine whether the ACE-R is more accurate than the MMSE at detecting overall cognitive impairment in stroke. The second objective was to determine the accuracy of the ACE-R subscales for detecting impairments in specific cognitive domains. Methods: This study had a cross-sectional design. 40 patients were recruited from an inpatient stroke service. They were administered the ACE-R (which includes the MMSE), and a battery of more detailed neuropsychological tests, which served as the ‘gold standard’ for classification of impairment. The diagnostic validity of the ACE-R and MMSE was determined by ROC analysis. Results: Both the MMSE and the ACE-R were found to have inadequate diagnostic validity for the detection of overall cognitive impairment. No cut-scores scores could be identified which yielded test sensitivity of >80% and specificity of >60%. Levels of specificity were particularly poor. The ACE-R subscales showed a similar pattern of performance, indicating inadequate validity for the detection of impairment in specific areas of cognitive functioning. Conclusions: There was no support for the use of the MMSE or the ACE-R when screening for cognitive impairment in acute stroke. Further research should focus on the identification of an alternative measure.

Background Sensory sensitivity (SS) is defined as the level to which an individual is able to regulate their responses to sensory input. Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been found to display unusual and abnormal levels of SS. These variabilities in SS have been associated with poorer levels of adaptive behaviour, behavioural difficulties and emotional problems. Parental questionnaires are frequently used to assess children’s SS. However concern has been raised regarding the use of parents as the sole informant. This study aimed to assess whether parental reports of children’s SS were consistent with alternative informants’ (school staff) reports. Methods The Short Sensory Profile (SSP: Dunn, 1999) was administered to 72 pairs of parents/caregivers and school staff, to be completed for children with ASD (aged 4 to 18 years). This 38 item questionnaire highlights variations of sensory modulation and provides a total score, and 7 factor/subsection scores relating to different aspects of sensory processing (e.g. auditory filtering). This study utilised intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values to assess the level of agreement.