One of the main challenges facing the electronics manufacturing industry in solder paste printing for ultra-fine pitch surface mount and flip-chip assembly is the difficulty in achieving consistent paste deposit volumes from pad-to-pad. At the very small aperture geometries required for ultra-fine pitch and flip chip assembly, flow properties of the paste becomes one of the dominant factors in the printing process. It is widely accepted that over 60% of assembly defects originate from the solder paste printing stage, and hence the urgent need for a better understanding of solder paste rheology, its behaviour during printing, and its impact on defect generation. This understanding is essential for achieving proper control of the printing process. This thesis presents the result of work on the modelling and computer simulation of solder paste behaviour during printing, and consists of three main parts. The first part concerns the modelling of paste behaviour in stencil printing using a vibrating squeegee. The performance of the vibrating squeegee is analysed and process models developed for predicting the ideal printing conditions. In the second part, the random packing of solder powder and the microstructure of solder paste are numerically simulated by applying Monte Carlo method. The effect particle size distributions on the paste microstructure is studied in this part. Based on the simulation results of the second part, the third part concerns the study of the effect of particle size distribution on the paste viscosity and the hydrodynamic interaction between adjacent particles during paste flow. A theoretical enhanced model for predicting the viscosity of dense suspensions such as solder pastes has been developed. This correlates relative viscosity with particle size distribution and with solid volume fraction of dense suspensions. The results of the work have wide applicability: firstly for solder paste manufacturers in optimising paste printing performance at the development stage and for stencil printing equipment manufacturers in specifying the ideal conditions for defect free printing. The simulation algorithm and the viscosity model are also applicable for a wide range of industrial processing applications; in particular metal or ceramic powder compaction, material surface coating, chemical or food material transportation.

This thesis develops a methodology for situated requirements determination in information systems analysis. The thesis challenges convention and adds to the body of knowledge in this area since the methods of the methodology are more usually associated with the social sciences. The role of the systems analyst and the nature of information systems as a distinct discipline form a major part of the thesis and the scope of this investigation includes an exposition of information systems methodologies in general and 'soft' methodologies in particular. A major element of the thesis is the empirical work carried out in which the researcher has undertaken two 'live' systems analysis studies using the methodology which has been developed in action supported by computer software for qualitative data analysis The results from the study are presented in terms of learning and are analysed to help answer the questions relating to the appropriateness of the methodology and the usefulness of the methodology for practising systems analysts. The research methodology used is action case and the appropriateness of this is examined in depth since studies of this type raise a number of questions relating to the validity of this type of research and the role of the researcher. The thesis draws together the different problems and questions that arise in order to produce a coherent, consistent and academically worthy account based upon the literature and empirical findings. In short the thesis addresses the basic issue that motivated its production, namely, how systems analysts faced with organisational complexity really find out what is going on. The outcomes of the research argue for a new role for the systems analyst as postmodern 'bricoleue and tentatively propose the usefulness of social science methods in information systems practice.

The aim of this study is to learn about the nineteenth century poor relief system, how itoperated in the rural parish Kristdala during the period 1881-1890, and not least, who was thesupported person? The poor are defined as the individuals that received public poor relief, but in onechapter this definition of poverty is contrasted with a definition based upon tax exemption:inability to pay taxes. Two villages have been selected for intensive study, namely Kroxhult and Calerum, and Calerum is the smaller one. The connection between age and the poverty ratio is clear, and tobe a lodger was especially disadvantageous with respect to poverty. Further the position ofwidow was the most unfavourable among the female poor people. In Kroxhult the singlepersons were often supported and here the most ordinary receiver of poor relief was a man.Probably the local government wanted to press down the expenses, but then the parishhas kept within the law. For payment some farmers took care of adults and children, but therewas a poor-house. It appears to me that sometimes women more easily got poor relief, and Ihave found that a person who was regarded to have a disordered lifestyle could be sent to aworkhouse.

This thesis explores stand-up comedy as live performance focusing on the manner in which audience, performer, jokes and venue combine to make a unique interactive experience. It outlines the failure of previous literature in humour research to move beyond simple stimulus models of joking and laughter. It argues for a shift in the study of humour towards in situ observation which draws on both conversation analysis and audience research. Through the observation of stand-up interaction the thesis demonstrates that audience laughter is organised in a consistent fashion and that the transition between comedian's talk and audience laughter is socially organised. In turn the thesis examines the openings, middles and closings of standup routines. It demonstrates that despite a considerable variety of performance style, comperes' introductions, the commencement of the comedians' routines themselves and the closing of acts, are organised around a set of common features each with a preferred order. Further, it demonstrates the active role played by the audience as well as the performer in maintaining this ordering. It shows how a feeling of "liveness" is built up out of these sequences as they are constructed specifically for,and respond to, individual audiences. Looking at the central section of stand-up routines this work demonstrates how jokes told by comedians incorporate a series of rhetorical and performance specific techniques which work towards announcing to an audience that a point of completion is approaching and that laughter is the preferred response. It is argued that this serves to minimise the audience's risk in laughing in a group situation and so is beneficial for both performer and audience. A new system for understanding stand-up is presented which pivots on notions of performance, interaction and liveness.

Jurisprudence is one of the most important subjects of Islamic Studies because it is the means of deducing religious categorisation of human acts and of deducing the rules which regulate human affairs in a just manner. This study attempts to define the nature of Islamic jurisprudence and its historical development as a discipline through the first seven centuries of the Islamic era and somewhat beyond; to produce a critical edition and to study one of the fundamental texts of Islamic jurisprudence: Bad' al-Nim al-Jmi' Bayna Kitbay al Bazdaw wa al-Ikm. This work is of great importance on account of its unifying influence but its text has never received a critical edition or publication. This thesis consists of two volumes, Volume One is written in English and is divided into three parts. Part One is confined to the history of Islamic jurisprudence from the inception of Islam, through the various stages of development and until the end of the seventh century al-Hijra (1300 AD). Part Two concerns itself with the development of Islamic jurisprudence where the main focus is to present a reasonably clear picture of the various processes that practitioners in the field of Islamic jurisprudence have followed in order to derive (new) rules. Finally Part Three deals, through a critical study, with the manuscript entitled Bad' al-Nim al-Jmi' Bayna Kitbay al Bazdaw wa al-Ikm.

D.Ed. / The study focused on the placement of Grade 10 learners in either Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy. The purpose was to develop guidelines to assist Grade 10 learners to make a proper choice, which would render their placement more justifiable and objective and, in turn, enhance their results. A central theme of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) is the importance that secondary schools will shape learners to become responsible citizens in a fast-developing, scientific and technological society. South Africa has an urgent need for more scientists, engineers, high-level economists and technicians, which can only be satisfied if learners with potential for science-related studies are identified. Due to the fact that learners need skills to interact critically with the world outside the school environment, more learners should be encouraged to take Mathematics. A good foundation of Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy necessitates the development of guidelines to add value to assessment. Therefore, this study examined the nature of Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy, the historical background of Mathematics education in South Africa, constructivism and its approaches to learning and teaching, as well as cognitive and non-cognitive factors associated with achievement and general test evaluations. A pragmatic philosophy was followed. National Curriculum Statement (NCS) documents were analysed to distinguish between Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy in terms of subject content. Qualitative and quantitative information was collected by means of interviews and questionnaires respectively.The analyses of the NCS documents showed content similarities and differences between Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy and identified the gaps in learners’ learning experiences that could contribute to non-achievement in either subject.

In light of the conflicting data regarding depth perception and the retardate, it was the purpose of this study to reinvestigate whether or not significant differences exist in depth perceptual abilities among mental retardates. A standard depth perception apparatus was utilized to test the groups of brain-injured, familial and idiopathic subjects.

Null subjects in Brazilian Portuguese display a puzzling distribution that has not been fully accounted in current literature. In short, null subjects are seen in different patterns in matrix and embedded clauses. Furthermore, declaratives and questions also show a different distribution of null subjects, and WH movement seems to play a part in blocking null subject licensing in questions. This work aims to propose a solution to this puzzle by presenting a model centered around φ-feature and discursive (δ) feature interaction at the Left Periphery. The main historical assumption being that BP displays properties of a discursive-oriented language, an hypothesis based on the extended contact the language had with Bantu throughout its history. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Jag har skapat en plats för eftertanke i kontorslandskapets strikta miljö. Ett bord med taktila kvalitéter som har för avsikt att bidra till avslappnande fysisk aktivitet och meditativt lugn. Med inspiration från naturliga strukturer och mönster har jag jobbat med sinnesintryck som främjar lugn och reflektion. Vi rör oss idag i strikta, geometriska miljöer. Skapade miljöer, som inte alltför sällan känns lika självklara som vår naturliga miljö. I en ständig jakt på effektivitet följer vi ett givet mönster. Hur väl tänker vi egentligen igenom våra val? Genom intervjuer med politiker och andra beslutsfattare kom jag fram till att många människor sällan eller aldrig ger sig utrymme till eftertanke på sin arbetsplats. Detta sker istället i utomhusmiljö, ofta i kombination med någon form av fysisk aktivitet. Våra sinnesintryck blir mer och mer enformiga och torftiga och vi kommer alltmer sällan i fysisk kontakt med naturliga element. Kan vi inte se oss själva som en del av det naturliga kretsloppet kan vi inte heller agera därefter. Jag har därför arbetat med känselsinnet och har i min formgivning fokuserat på det taktila och haptiska och hur det spelar med synsinnet. I en mötesmiljö som erbjuder naturliga, framför allt taktila sinnesintryck hoppas jag kunna erbjuda en lugn och meditativ sinnesstämning. Förhoppningsvis kan denna sinnesstämning leda till bättre genomtänkta beslut.

<p>This research project is about how the subjects` art and music has been described under the 20th century in the Swedish school until today. The purpose with this research project is to do a text analysis that describes these subjects now and the last century, to illustrate the differences between today and the last century. Hence the size of this subject I have chosen some random samples out of the 20th century until today. I started to take these random samples from the first lyric I found about these subjects, and continued with these random samples in other lyrics from the middle of the 20th century until the year 2006. I just took these random samples from what I had found because I did not found some lyrics from earlier period of the 20th century. After a few weeks of material researching I started to write down my text analysis.</p><p>The result of the research project when it comes to the earlier parts of the 20th century art and music subjects´ was that they where used to raise up the students and teach them how to behave in working life. It was the adults who choose what was best for the students and it was about preparation for the life as an adult. Through art the students should learn how to draw of a tool from different works of that epoch and the music was about how to learn a psalm or a song by heart that could be about how one should behave oneself.</p><p>The results of my research project when it comes to today is that the differences between yesterdays school and today’s that today these subjects are more independent fore the students then before. On the basis of the conditions of the students they can use these subjects both as a way to express them self in other subjects then art and music, and it is also another way to take some learning about there own culture like others cultures. It is the imagination of the students that should characterize the subjects` art and music. The school wants through these subjects` that the students shall get a better self – confidence about them self and that the students shall take other cultures closer to them and there way of seeing at these subjects.</p>