<p>Mitt utgangspunkt i arbeidet for å komme frem til en helhetlig forklaring, er at det er en grunnleggende sammenheng mellom oppbyggingen av RAF i mellomkrigstiden og den form krigen siden kom til å få. Ut av fra denne sammenhengen springer følgende spørsmål: Hvorfor fikk den britiske opprustningen den form den gjorde på 1930-tallet? Jeg vil vise hvor troen på bombeflyet kom fra, jeg vil videre diskutere hvilke strukturer ble valgt, og besvare spørsmålet om hva som var hensikten med disse strukturene, både politisk og militært. Etter slik å ha behandlet motiv og handling kan resultatet av handlingen beskrives: hva kunne "nye RAF" brukes til?</p>

<p>I denne avhandlinga har jeg to hovedsiktemål. For det første søker jeg å gi ei tolkning av den såkalte rasjonalisten René Descartes’, transcendentalpragmatikeren Karl-Otto Apels og eleven hans, Wolfgang Kuhlmanns, samt den objektive idealisten Vittorio Hösles forsøk på å tilbakevise den universelle skeptisismen, og det vil, grovt formulert, si forsøka deres på å vise at sistebegrunna kunnskap er mulig. For det andre prøver jeg å vurdere de nemnte tenkernes skeptisismekritikk. Denne vurderinga mun-ner ut i tre hovedteser: (i) Ingen av dem har lyktes i sine forsøk på å gjendrive skepti-keren; (ii) en slik gjendrivelse er (i en bestemt forstand) heller ikke mulig; (iii) en ikke-falsifikasjonistisk universell fallibilisme, og dvs. en bestemt form for universell skeptisisme, er en posisjon som gir en korrekt beskrivelse av den menneskelige ende-lighet (på erkjennelsens område).</p>

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No description available.

<p>Monuments are raised all over the world of several different reasons. A monument dosen´t only refer just to itself, it also tells something about the historical context they are risen into. The overall purpose of this study is to try to reveal how history is used through the process, and rising of the monument "Vindarnas Boning" in Karlstad, Sweden 16/6, 1967. The historical narrative around this monument is about to show the importance of the esthetics, the main forces around the monument and last, how the monument legitimacy is maintained. Throughout those analytic tools, according to this study, I will try to examine possible other reasons behind this monument than the official one, who is to act as a remembrance of the finnish immigrants who settled in the unpopulated deep forests of Sweden and enabled to maintain a minor community separated from other influences, during the 16 th century and onward. The 1960´s is characterized by the large working movements between Sweden and Finland. Also the Finnish authorities launches an economical campaign in Sweden to broaden their export possibilities. This campaign is about to show the new modern Finland, with increasing own independence from Soviet influences. Referred to this, the study shows how other groups in the society possible uses history for their own purposes, the cultural ties between Sweden and Finland are strengthen through this monument, wich gains advantages in other areas as well. Referred to the economics and the thoughts of a Nordic cooperation, which some elements wishes to broaden. Through the historical narrative this study reveals actors who has strong ties to these goals. Because of this, there might be a reason to ask if the official remembrance is the only factor that is linked to this monument. This study connects the use of history through monuments with ideological reasons. This perhaps, can be a perspective to have in mind, when visiting the monument "Vindarnas Boning" next time, or other monuments as well.</p>

<p>The topic of this study is a notion of empathy that is common in philosophy and in the behavioral sciences. It is here referred to as ‘the notion of empathy as emotional sharing’, and it is characterized in terms of three ideas. If a person, S, has empathy with respect to an emotion of another person, O, then (i) S experiences an emotion that is similar to an emotion that O is currently having, (ii) S’s emotion is caused, in a particular way, by the state of O or by S’s entertaining an idea of the state or situation of O, and (iii) S experiences this emotion in a way that does not entail that S is in the corresponding emotional state. The aim of the study is to clarify this notion of empathy by clarifying these three ideas and by tracing the history of their development in philosophy.</p><p>The study consists of two parts. Part one contains a short and selective account of the history in Western philosophy of the notion of empathy as emotional sharing. In chapter 2 Spinoza’s theory of imitation of affects and Hume’s theory of sympathy are presented. It is argued that these theories only exemplify the second idea characteristic of the notion of empathy as emotional sharing. Chapter 3 contains presentations of Adam Smith’s theory of sympathy, and Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion. These theories are shown to exemplify the second and the third idea. In chapter 4 there are presentations of Edith Stein’s description of Einfühlung, and Max Scheler’s account of empathy and fellow-feeling. It is shown that these accounts contain explicit specifications of the third idea, and it is argued that they also exemplify the second idea.</p><p>In part two, the three ideas are further clarified and the notion of empathy as emotional sharing is defined. Chapter 5 contains a discussion of the main contemporary philosophical analyses of empathy. Three different views are distinguished: one that construes empathetic emotions as emotional states, one that construes them as imagined emotions, and one that construes them as off-line emotions. The first two views are criticized and rejected. The third is accepted and further developed in chapter 6, which contains a general analysis of the emotions. A distinction is made between two ways of experiencing an emotion, and it is argued that it is possible to have the affective experience characteristic of a particular kind of emotional state without being in that kind of state. In chapter 7, a definition of ‘empathy’ is proposed. This definition contains specifications of the three ideas characteristic of the notion of empathy as emotional sharing, and it shows both how the empathizer’s emotion resembles the emotion of the empathee, and how this emotion is caused and experienced.</p>

<p>The aim of this study is to learn about the nineteenth century poor relief system, how itoperated in the rural parish Kristdala during the period 1881-1890, and not least, who was thesupported person? The poor are defined as the individuals that received public poor relief, but in onechapter this definition of poverty is contrasted with a definition based upon tax exemption:inability to pay taxes. Two villages have been selected for intensive study, namely Kroxhult and Calerum, and Calerum is the smaller one. The connection between age and the poverty ratio is clear, and tobe a lodger was especially disadvantageous with respect to poverty. Further the position ofwidow was the most unfavourable among the female poor people. In Kroxhult the singlepersons were often supported and here the most ordinary receiver of poor relief was a man.Probably the local government wanted to press down the expenses, but then the parishhas kept within the law. For payment some farmers took care of adults and children, but therewas a poor-house. It appears to me that sometimes women more easily got poor relief, and Ihave found that a person who was regarded to have a disordered lifestyle could be sent to aworkhouse.</p>

Sometimes relatives have taken me on one side and told me they cannot bear it any more:"Isn't there something you can do to end it all?"More often requests for euthanasia have come from those who are ill. I remember visiting a man with lung cancer. He asked his wife to leave the room. As she closed the door he leaned over and grabbed my arm. "I want to die", he said. "Please can you give me something." He felt a burden on his wife and wanted euthanasia for himself . Often in their duty, physicians are faced with euthanasia requests of this kind. Death is the inevitable fate of all humans but how we die is an issue of great concern for many of us. Fear of pain, loss of control and being a burden to our loved ones are common issues surrounding dying and death of patients. This has led to varying circumstances of patients’ death, and of a significant remark, the involvement of physicians in bringing about these deaths through an act of euthanasia. Euthanasia involves the intentional killing of a patient by the direct intervention of a physician (or another party) ostensibly for the good of the patient, and the most common form that this comes is through lethal injection. The ethics of euthanasia and of a physicians’ involvement have been a contentious issue from the beginnings of medicine. This for the most part is as a result that the ethical code of physicians has long been based in part on the Hippocratic Oath, which requires physicians to “do no harm”. Thus, the focus of this work will be to look into the role of the physician in ending a patient’s life through the act of euthanasia. Although necessary but not a central point of this work to merely develop arguments for and against the justification of euthanasia and a physician’s involvement in the act, but to critically view the role played by physicians in ending the life of patients through euthanasia in contrast with their medical obligation. The issue of euthanasia raises ethical questions for physicians. Is it morally right or wrong for a physician to end the life of his or her patient? And this therefore will be the focus of this work.

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Mitt utgangspunkt i arbeidet for å komme frem til en helhetlig forklaring, er at det er en grunnleggende sammenheng mellom oppbyggingen av RAF i mellomkrigstiden og den form krigen siden kom til å få. Ut av fra denne sammenhengen springer følgende spørsmål: Hvorfor fikk den britiske opprustningen den form den gjorde på 1930-tallet? Jeg vil vise hvor troen på bombeflyet kom fra, jeg vil videre diskutere hvilke strukturer ble valgt, og besvare spørsmålet om hva som var hensikten med disse strukturene, både politisk og militært. Etter slik å ha behandlet motiv og handling kan resultatet av handlingen beskrives: hva kunne "nye RAF" brukes til?