Current projections indicate that by 2050, two in every three people will live in urban areas, and that cities will accommodate 3 billion people during this period. Cities are consuming three-quarters of the world's energy and causing three-quarters of global pollution. To reduce these impacts, new technologies have been considered in the development of smart sustainable cities, but technology has not always favoured the idea of sustainable consumption. To address this issue, we have aimed to focus on identifying the role of sustainable consumption within implementations of smart cities’ projects across Europe. We have selected a set of smart city projects in 76 cities in Europe from CONCERTO initiatives, Mapping Smart Cities in Europe, Energy Study for the Stockholm Region and Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas and classified them according to: smart governance, smart mobility, smart living, smart environment, smart citizens and smart economy. Furthermore, we established a number of categories for the classification of the evaluated projects based on their relevance to sustainable consumption, and considered several solutions for the integration of sustainable consumption in smart sustainable cities. The results show that in 18.9% of the projects, sustainable consumption is not relevant at all. The second classification shows the percentage of the remaining categories where sustainable consumption is relevant; 8.3% consider sustainable consumption as relevant even though it was not implemented in the project. These cities aim to achieve a higher level of sustainable consumption, which is expected to be included in future projects. If they keep themselves in this category, their behavioural consumption patterns will not change and the impact of citizens on the cities will remain the same. The majority of the projects, 54.2%, implemented technology to reduce consumption but if the projects do not coincide with the behaviour of citizens, a big rebound effect will occur. 37.5% of the projects consider relevant sustainable consumption to its full potential and this can change citizen’s behaviour. In conclusion, sustainable consumption is relevant in most of the projects analysed, with new technologies available to help energy savings and reduction of our consumption. However, if there is a lack of smart consumption from the citizens, the technologies available might not be sufficient and consumption could increase. One quarter of the analysed smart cities projects still do not consider the consumption behaviour of the citizens. This can be changed through campaigns and explanations targeting the population on how to manage and reduce energy and resource consumption. To reduce the negative impact of the cities’ growth, projects considering smart sustainable cities need to integrate sustainable consumption policies that account for citizens' behaviour.

no / Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) consist of multiple stakeholders, who must cooperate in order for SSCs to be successful. Housing is an important challenge and in many cities, therefore, a key stakeholder are social housing organisations. This paper introduces a qualitative case study of a social housing provider in the UK who implemented a business intelligence project (a method to assess data networks within an organisation) to increase data quality and data interoperability. Our analysis suggests that creating pathways for different information systems within an organisation to ‘talk to’ each other is the first step. Some of the issues during the project implementation include the lack of training and development, organisational reluctance to change, and the lack of a project plan. The challenges faced by the organisation during this project can be helpful for those implementing SSCs. Currently, many SSC frameworks and models exist, yet most seem to neglect localised challenges faced by the different stakeholders. This paper hopes to help bridge this gap in the SSC research agenda.

Urbanization and the growth of populations in cities have led to increased exposure and vulnerability to social and environmental changes, such as natural disasters like floods and climate change uncertainties creating complex social dynamics. Cities as tourist destinations are especially susceptible to such disruptions, as their infrastructure and overall aesthetic contribute significantly to their value, ensuring employment opportunities and public well-being. Consequently, discussions have arisen about the need for cities and communities to adopt resilience thinking in order to prepare for potential stresses and shocks. Although there are established frameworks for creating inclusive resilience strategies that encourage community engagement and participation, limited literature exists on how integrated urban resilience thinking is in transdisciplinary efforts for sustainable urban development. Therefore, this paper explores how participation is integrated in resilience building efforts in urban areas studying the case of Dresden, Germany. It starts with a description of the underlying concepts, followed by a classification of the investigation case laying out the legal and political framework focusing on the concepts of participation, and co-creation in the context of participatory urban resilience. The study further investigates how citizen participation is discussed and implemented in this field by analyzing nine expert interviews. The findings suggest that participatory approaches hold significant potential for improving multistakeholder cooperation, promoting social innovation, and building resilience capacities. However, several systemic challenges are uncovered which would require structural reforms to enable a resilient urban development for Dresden as a destination and its citizens.

No / Smart Sustainable Cities (SSC) consist of multiple stakeholders, who must cooperate in order for SSCs to be successful. Housing is an important challenge and in many cities, therefore, a key stakeholder are social housing organisations. This paper introduces a qualitative case study of a social housing provider in the UK who implemented a business intelligence project (a method to assess data networks within an organisation) to increase data quality and data interoperability. Our analysis suggests that creating pathways for different information systems within an organisation to ‘talk to’ each other is the first step. Some of the issues during the project implementation include the lack of training and development, organisational reluctance to change, and the lack of a project plan. The challenges faced by the organisation during this project can be helpful for those implementing SSCs. Currently, many SSC frameworks and models exist, yet most seem to neglect localised challenges faced by the different stak

Yes / This article aims to assess critically different definitions and indicators of smart cities. Drawing on exemplary case studies, the author proposes a typology of four categories of smart cities: type A are the world leaders who pioneer ideas not predicated on smart city projects; type B are aspirational cities punching above their weight; type C are surprise transformers that use the smart city concept to propel real transformation; and type D are cases where smart city projects do not directly address the main urban problems. The discussion highlights the need to prevent ‘smart-wash’ by avoiding superficial technological solutions that chase symptoms but not causes of some of the complex urban challenges that they are intending to address. In conclusion, the author considers the public policy implications of applying these typologies to cities in general with particular reference to the Global South / British Academy: [grant number IPM 15008]

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-11T15:47:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Silva Coutinho.pdf: 3150287 bytes, checksum: df7088d8dfcea98a47c6189564521b2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T15:47:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Silva Coutinho.pdf: 3150287 bytes, checksum: df7088d8dfcea98a47c6189564521b2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / This research is committed to a reflection on the performance of the Environmental State in view of the Structuring Theory of Law (Friedrich Müller), by observing the construction of protection norms for sustainable cities with a method that analyzes the structure of state decisions. Engaged in formulating integration criteria for empirical data in decision-making processes, such methodology enables practical implementation of norms and protective measures for urban spaces by developing solutions with higher standards of reasoning and justification, and establishing a better control of the contents and limits of environmental protection. From this viewpoint, sustainable cities are conceived as a domain that provides for economic, political and social development without compromising natural resources – one that creates ways to ensure environmental balance and access to fundamental rights, including cultural and natural assets, in order to guarantee quality of life for its inhabitants. This research has two parts. In the first one, we show the constitutional foundations of the Environmental State in Brazil, i.e., the constitutional basis of a form of state that tends to prioritize the protection of the environment as an overarching goal in all of its decision-making processes. In the second part, we advance the construction of the contents and limits of the protection of cities, by employing a methodology that rationalizes the construction of norms of environmental protection with the notions of "norm program" and "norm scope", and by identifying endogenous and exogenous aspects regarding the legal system – all with the aim of improving the practical implementation of the law in the protection of the urban environment by the Environmental State. These measures therefore contribute to greater correctness and effectiveness of state actions, in view of the constitutional objective of creating more sustainable cities / A presente pesquisa se comprometeu com uma reflexão sobre a atuação do Estado Ambiental na perspectiva da Teoria Estruturante do Direito (Friedrich Müller), verificando a construção da norma de defesa das cidades sustentáveis com o suporte de um método que analisa a estrutura das decisões estatais. Empenhada na formulação de critérios de integração dos dados da realidade em processos decisórios, essa metodologia permite a concretização prática da norma e da atuação de proteção dos espaços urbanos mediante a elaboração de soluções com maior volume de argumentação e justificação, estabelecendo um controle mais adequado dos conteúdos e limites da defesa ambiental. Esse ponto de vista aborda as cidades sustentáveis como o domínio que proporciona o desenvolvimento econômico, político e social sem comprometimento demasiado dos recursos naturais, criando meios de garantir o equilíbrio ambiental e o acesso a direitos fundamentais, incluídos os bens culturais e naturais, visando à sadia qualidade de vida dos seus habitantes. Diante disso, esta investigação pode ser dividida em dois momentos. Inicialmente, demonstra que existem no Brasil os pilares constitucionais para a identificação de um Estado Ambiental como uma forma de Estado que tende a priorizar a defesa do meio ambiente no reconhecimento de critérios e metas que pautam os processos decisórios estatais. Em seguida, propõe a construção de conteúdos e limites das decisões de defesa das cidades por intermédio de uma metodologia que racionaliza a construção da norma de preservação ambiental a partir das noções de “programa da norma” e “âmbito da norma”, identificando aspectos endógenos e exógenos ao sistema do Direito, com o escopo de aprimorar a concretização prática da norma e da atividade de tutela do meio urbano pelo Estado Ambiental. Portanto, essas providências contribuem para o incremento das possibilidades de correção e eficácia na atividade estatal, no panorama dos objetivos constitucionais de busca por cidades com mais sustentabilidade

Global cities have recognized the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and have begun to take action to balance of the carbon cycle. This thesis examines the nuances of quantification methods used and the implications of current policy for long-term emissions. Emissions from waste management, though relatively small when compared with building and transportation sectors, are the largest source of emissions directly controlled by municipal government. It is important that municipalities understand the implications of methodological selection when quantifying GHG emissions from waste management practices. The “Waste-in-Place” methodology is presented as the most relevant for inventorying purposes, while the “Methane Commitment” approach is best used for planning. Carbon sinks, divided into “Direct” and “Embodied”, are quantified using the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) as a case study. “Direct” sinks, those whose sequestration processes occur within urban boundaries, contribute the largest share of carbon sinks with regional forests providing a significant proportion. “Embodied” sinks, those whose sequestration processes (or in the case of concrete, the processes that enable sequestration) are independent of the urban boundary, can contribute to the urban carbon pool, but greater uncertainty exists in upstream emissions as the management/processing prior to its use as a sink are generally beyond the consumer’s purview. The Pathways to Urban Reductions in Greenhouse gas Emissions (or PURGE) model is developed as a means to explore emissions scenarios resulting from urban policy to mitigate climate change by quantifying future carbon sources/sinks (from changes in building stock, vehicle stock, waste treatment and urban/regional forests). The model suggests that current policy decisions in the GTA provide short-term reductions but are not sufficient in the long term to balance the pressures of economic and population growth. Aggressive reductions in energy demand from personal transportation and existing building stock will be necessary to achieve long-term emissions targets.

Global cities have recognized the need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and have begun to take action to balance of the carbon cycle. This thesis examines the nuances of quantification methods used and the implications of current policy for long-term emissions. Emissions from waste management, though relatively small when compared with building and transportation sectors, are the largest source of emissions directly controlled by municipal government. It is important that municipalities understand the implications of methodological selection when quantifying GHG emissions from waste management practices. The “Waste-in-Place” methodology is presented as the most relevant for inventorying purposes, while the “Methane Commitment” approach is best used for planning. Carbon sinks, divided into “Direct” and “Embodied”, are quantified using the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) as a case study. “Direct” sinks, those whose sequestration processes occur within urban boundaries, contribute the largest share of carbon sinks with regional forests providing a significant proportion. “Embodied” sinks, those whose sequestration processes (or in the case of concrete, the processes that enable sequestration) are independent of the urban boundary, can contribute to the urban carbon pool, but greater uncertainty exists in upstream emissions as the management/processing prior to its use as a sink are generally beyond the consumer’s purview. The Pathways to Urban Reductions in Greenhouse gas Emissions (or PURGE) model is developed as a means to explore emissions scenarios resulting from urban policy to mitigate climate change by quantifying future carbon sources/sinks (from changes in building stock, vehicle stock, waste treatment and urban/regional forests). The model suggests that current policy decisions in the GTA provide short-term reductions but are not sufficient in the long term to balance the pressures of economic and population growth. Aggressive reductions in energy demand from personal transportation and existing building stock will be necessary to achieve long-term emissions targets.

Submitted by Maria Medeiros (maria.dilva1@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-28T12:13:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NICOLE CAVALCANTI SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 3052114 bytes, checksum: 9bf3283526efc2550c19ee6631bd675c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T12:13:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NICOLE CAVALCANTI SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 3052114 bytes, checksum: 9bf3283526efc2550c19ee6631bd675c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-13 / Capes / As políticas públicas voltadas ao desenvolvimento urbano são indissociáveis das diretrizes para a construção e consolidação de práticas sustentáveis em cidades. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar as contribuições das principais políticas públicas urbanas governamentais existentes na esfera Nacional, Estadual e Municipal para a sustentabilidade urbana da cidade de Campina Grande-PB, a partir do modelo proposto por Martins (2012). Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa realizada foi do tipo exploratória, descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, conduzida sob a forma de um estudo de caso, com visitas de campo e aplicação de questionários semiestruturados aos representantes do poder público de Campina Grande-PB. A análise dos dados levou-se em consideração a triangulação metodológica: análise de dados primários, dados secundários e observação não participante direta. Os principais resultados da pesquisa apontaram que o poder público municipal da cidade de Campina Grande-PB, tem desenvolvido e implementado políticas, planos, programas e projetos que reduzem omissões ou lacunas entre as políticas públicas urbanas governamentais e a sustentabilidade urbana da cidade. Todavia, existem inconsistências entre à existência de políticas públicas e sua efetiva execução, cabendo ao poder público municipal da cidade direcionar melhor atenção e execução das políticas públicas para os temas que receberam classificação insustentável e potencialmente insustentável em relação a sustentabilidade urbana. Assim, a pesquisa forneceu um conjunto de informações fundamentais para a formulação e implementação de investimentos, projetos e políticas públicas voltados ao desenvolvimento urbano sustentável da cidade, à medida que, a ausência de políticas públicas podem influenciar no desenvolvimento urbano em bases insustentáveis. / Public policies aimed at urban development are inseparable from the guidelines for the construction and consolidation of sustainable practices in cities. In this context, the main objective of this study was to analyze the contributions of the main urban public policies existing at the National, State and Municipal levels for the urban sustainability of the city of Campina Grande-PB, based on the model proposed by Martins (2012). In methodological terms, the research was exploratory, descriptive of a qualitative approach, conducted in the form of a case study, with field visits and application of semi-structured questionnaires to representatives of the public authority of Campina Grande-PB. Data analysis took into account the methodological triangulation: analysis of primary data, secondary data and direct non-participant observation. The main results of the research indicate that the municipal public power of the city of Campina Grande-PB has developed and implemented policies, plans, programs and projects that reduce omissions or gaps between urban public policies and the city's urban sustainability. However, there are inconsistencies between the existence of public policies and their effective execution, and it is up to the municipal public power of the city to direct better attention and execution of public policies to the subjects that have received unsustainable and potentially unsustainable classification in relation to urban sustainability. Thus, the research provided a set of fundamental information for the formulation and implementation of investments, projects and public policies aimed at sustainable urban development of the city, as the absence of public policies can influence urban development on unsustainable bases

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cities are at the heart of the debate on sustainable development. The urbanization over recent decades has brought with it many challenges around the urban sustainability. The cleaner energy generation, proper disposal of solid waste, urban mobility and the availability of green areas are some of goals in different agendas of sustainable cities. In this context, the adoption of management practices for sustainable urban development is able to produce urban conditions that may be mentioned: raising the quality of life and well-being of the population, reduction of environmental impacts and the adoption of a healthy lifestyle in the cities. This distinctive urban environment is able to provide, among other things, attracting qualified people, most social interaction between them and the attraction of investments. Several authors suggest that these factors, among others, may be associated with the generation of positive externalities that promote economic development and increase the ability to produce innovation. A qualified urban environment that values diversity, fosters creativity and enables the knowledge sharing can be considered suitable for the increased creativity and innovation. In this sense, the study aims at analyzing the importance of management practices for sustainable urban development to promote favorable urban conditions to the formation of innovative urban environments in sustainable cities. For this, a qualitative and exploratory research, through a case study was carried out. The case of Curitiba city has been studied, in view of its representativeness in urban sustainability, which enabled the analysis of the phenomenon in a context that allowed the achievement of the objectives. It was possible to know the city's characteristics and the key management practices for sustainable urban development conducted in Curitiba. Above all, it could be noted urban conditions, as a result of these practices, capable of favoring the creation of an innovative urban environment, among which are: (1) social integration and articulation between the actors; (2) Attraction of qualified companies; (3) adequate mobility and urban infrastructure; (4) attracting and retaining talented / skilled human capital; (5) high quality of life; (6) active cultural scene. Thus, as a sustainable city, Curitiba was demonstrated an urban environment that promotes such conditions, which create positive externalities that favor the increase in innovative capacity in their territory. We can see, yet, a closer association of these conditions with the activities related to the service sector, such as the creative economy. We can see, yet, a closer association of these conditions with the activities related to the service sector, such as the creative economy. The research presents evidences to confirm the theoretical presupposition of the study, namely: management practices for sustainable urban development are able to provide conditions for the formation of innovative urban environments in sustainable cities. / As cidades estão no centro do debate em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. A acelerada urbanização ocorrida nas últimas décadas trouxe consigo diversos desafios em torno da sustentabilidade urbana. A geração de energia mais limpa, a destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos, a adequada mobilidade urbana e a disponibilidade de áreas verdes são alguns dos objetivos presentes nas diversas agendas das cidades sustentáveis. Nesse contexto, a adoção de práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável é capaz de produzir determinadas condições urbanas, entre as quais, podem ser citadas: a elevação da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar da população, a redução dos impactos ambientais e possibilidade de adoção de um estilo de vida saudável nas cidades. Este ambiente urbano diferenciado é capaz de proporcionar, entre outros aspectos, a atração de pessoas qualificadas, a maior interação social entre elas e a atração de investimentos. Diversos autores sugerem que esses fatores, entre outros, podem estar associados à geração de externalidades positivas, capazes de promover o desenvolvimento econômico e o aumento da capacidade de produzir inovações. Um ambiente urbano qualificado, que valorize a diversidade, favoreça a criatividade e possibilite a troca de conhecimentos pode ser considerado propício para o aumento da criatividade e da inovação. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de analisar a importância das práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável na criação de condições urbanas favoráveis à formação de ambientes urbanos inovadores em cidades sustentáveis. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e exploratória, operacionalizada por meio de um estudo de caso. Foi estudado, em profundidade, o caso da cidade de Curitiba, tendo em vista sua representatividade no que se refere à sustentabilidade urbana, o que possibilitou a análise do fenômeno em um contexto que permitiu o alcance dos objetivos estipulados. Foi possível conhecer as características do município e as principais práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável desenvolvidas em Curitiba. Sobretudo, puderam-se evidenciar condições urbanas resultantes dessas práticas, capazes de favorecer a criação de um ambiente urbano inovador, entre as quais, destacam-se: (1) integração social e articulação entre os atores; (2) atração de empresas qualificadas; (3) adequada mobilidade e infraestrutura urbana; (4) atração e retenção de talentos/capital humano qualificado; (5) elevada qualidade de vida; e (6) cenário cultural ativo. Desse modo, em se tratando de uma cidade sustentável, Curitiba mostrou-se um ambiente urbano capaz de promover tais condições, as quais criam externalidades positivas que favorecem o aumento da capacidade inovativa em seu território. Percebe-se, ainda, uma associação mais estreita dessas condições com as atividades associadas ao setor de serviços, a exemplo da economia criativa. A pesquisa apresenta evidências, portanto, para a confirmação do pressuposto teórico do estudo, qual seja: as práticas de gestão para o desenvolvimento urbano sustentável são capazes de proporcionar condições para a formação de ambientes urbanos inovadores em cidades sustentáveis.