This dissertation uses a modified systematic literature review to look at working with parents and carers within child and adolescent psychotherapy, and to consider this tasks relationship to therapeutic outcomes for children and adolescents. The topic is important because psychotherapy with children and adolescents inevitably involves additional relationships. The literature indicates the way this undertaking has been regarded has varied through the history of psychodynamic child and adolescent psychotherapy. Numerous writers reflect on the ongoing neglect and absence of systematic thinking in relation to the task of work with parents and carers. This lack of attention is understood to have been influenced by the traditional model of child and adolescent psychotherapy where the source of the child or adolescent’s distress or difficulty was regarded as being primarily intrapsychic. What is now known regarding the current and active nature of the child or adolescent’s relationship with the parent or carer, and the power and persistence of the parent-child bond has resulted in an acknowledgement of the need for a more equitable balance of focus between internal and external factors. In acknowledging that the external can no longer be seen as peripheral there are compelling clinical reasons to work with parents and carers. This undertaking should not be seen as dependant on the therapist’s orientation or interest. The significant scope of possibilities for work with parents and carers within child and adolescent psychotherapy is explored; however there is a lack of data relating to the clinical effectiveness of these approaches. The future need is for systematic thinking, and the development of practice guidelines for this clinical task.

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Vårdpersonal som vårdar isolerade patienter kan känna en viss rädsla för att själva bli smittade och för att sprida smittan vidare till sina medarbetare och till övriga patienter. Denna rädsla kan uppstå till följd av okunskap och informationsbrist vilket i sin tur kan förvärra upplevelsen hos patienten som hålls isolerad. <strong>Problem: </strong>Patienter som vårdas isolerat påverkas i stor grad av sin situation. För att sjuksköterskor och övrig vårdpersonal ska kunna ge dessa patienter en god vård behövs en bättre förståelse för hur isolerade patienter upplever isoleringsvård. <strong>Syfte: </strong>Beskriva hur patienter upplever isoleringsvård. <strong>Metod: </strong>Systematisk litteraturstudie av kvalitativa studier. <strong>Resultat: </strong>De isolerade patienternas upplevelser kategoriserades i två teman; Frihet och Ensamhet med totalt åtta subteman; Brist på kommunikation, Patienters upplevelser av vårdpersonalens tillvägagångssätt, Att inte få besök, Negativa upplevelser av den fysiska miljön, God kommunikation, Stöd från anhöriga, Tro och reflektion, och Positiva upplevelser av den fysiska miljön. <strong>Slutsats: </strong>Slutsatsen dras att utan rätt stöd från anhöriga och personal blir isoleringen en negativ upplevelse som leder till en känsla av ensamhet oavsett varför patienten hålls isolerad.</p> / <p><strong>Background: </strong>Nursing staff that care for patients in isolation can feel a certain fear, a fear for also being infected and also infecting colleagues and other patients.<strong> </strong>This fear is based on a lack of knowledge and information which can lead to negative experience for the patient in isolation. <strong>Problem: </strong>Patients who are cared for in isolation are often significantly impacted by their current surroundings. It is necessary, that if nurses and other nursing staff are to give the patients good healthcare then they need a better understanding of how patients experience isolation.<strong> Aim: </strong>To describe how patients experience healthcare in Isolation<strong>. Method: </strong>Systematic literature review of qualitative studies.<strong> Result: </strong>The experience for isolated patients are categorized into two themes; Freedom and Loneliness which in turn have eight sub-themes; Lack of communication, Patients experience of how the nursing staff act, To not get visits, Negative experience of the physical environment, Good communication, Support from relatives, Faith and reflection, and Positive experience of the physical environment.<strong> Conclusion: </strong>That, without the correct support from relatives and nursing staff, care for patients in isolation will be considered as negative and will lead to a feeling of loneliness, irrespective for the reason why the patient is in care.</p>

Bakgrund: Vårdpersonal som vårdar isolerade patienter kan känna en viss rädsla för att själva bli smittade och för att sprida smittan vidare till sina medarbetare och till övriga patienter. Denna rädsla kan uppstå till följd av okunskap och informationsbrist vilket i sin tur kan förvärra upplevelsen hos patienten som hålls isolerad. Problem: Patienter som vårdas isolerat påverkas i stor grad av sin situation. För att sjuksköterskor och övrig vårdpersonal ska kunna ge dessa patienter en god vård behövs en bättre förståelse för hur isolerade patienter upplever isoleringsvård. Syfte: Beskriva hur patienter upplever isoleringsvård. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie av kvalitativa studier. Resultat: De isolerade patienternas upplevelser kategoriserades i två teman; Frihet och Ensamhet med totalt åtta subteman; Brist på kommunikation, Patienters upplevelser av vårdpersonalens tillvägagångssätt, Att inte få besök, Negativa upplevelser av den fysiska miljön, God kommunikation, Stöd från anhöriga, Tro och reflektion, och Positiva upplevelser av den fysiska miljön. Slutsats: Slutsatsen dras att utan rätt stöd från anhöriga och personal blir isoleringen en negativ upplevelse som leder till en känsla av ensamhet oavsett varför patienten hålls isolerad. / Background: Nursing staff that care for patients in isolation can feel a certain fear, a fear for also being infected and also infecting colleagues and other patients. This fear is based on a lack of knowledge and information which can lead to negative experience for the patient in isolation. Problem: Patients who are cared for in isolation are often significantly impacted by their current surroundings. It is necessary, that if nurses and other nursing staff are to give the patients good healthcare then they need a better understanding of how patients experience isolation. Aim: To describe how patients experience healthcare in Isolation. Method: Systematic literature review of qualitative studies. Result: The experience for isolated patients are categorized into two themes; Freedom and Loneliness which in turn have eight sub-themes; Lack of communication, Patients experience of how the nursing staff act, To not get visits, Negative experience of the physical environment, Good communication, Support from relatives, Faith and reflection, and Positive experience of the physical environment. Conclusion: That, without the correct support from relatives and nursing staff, care for patients in isolation will be considered as negative and will lead to a feeling of loneliness, irrespective for the reason why the patient is in care.

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Children’s risk for overweight and obesity is particularly high in rural areas of the United States. Many health, psychosocial, and economic consequences are associated with childhood overweight and obesity, which concerns health researchers and professionals. But how and why might rural children be more at risk for being overweight and obese? This dissertation investigates childhood overweight and obesity in rural settings through three separate studies. First, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify determinants and mechanisms of childhood obesity-related behaviors that are specific to rural locations. The findings from the review show that lack of health resources and poverty within the rural environment may impact children’s social environment and individual factors. However, results are inconclusive and there continues to be a lack of studies focusing on linking environmental influence with individual factors. Second, a meta-analysis of current research evidence was conducted to assess the efficacy of rural interventions designed to reduce childhood overweight and obesity. Results showed that interventions have been efficacious yet modest, with a mean effect size of 0.18. Moderating variables were also examined. Mean intervention effect size was moderated by children’s age and intervention duration. Last, secondary data were used to examine the association between rural food stores and availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables. A multilevel analytical approach was used to determine if rural location was associated with availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables. After controlling for other variables, results showed that rural location was not associated with fruit and vegetable availability and affordability. The findings from this dissertation suggest that the area of rural childhood overweight and obesity remains understudied. More research is needed in order to understand the mechanisms of social ecological influences on diet, physical activity, and childhood overweight and obesity. This area of research, however, is rife with opportunities for public health education and promotion. Public health educators can help promote and advocate for environmental conditions that support healthy lifestyles.

Föreliggande systematiska litteraturstudie syftade till att samla information och söka evidens för bröstcancerdrabbade kvinnors omvårdnadsbehov från sjuksköterskans i form av stöd för psykiska, sociala eller informativa behov. Sexton vetenskapliga artiklar valdes ut via databasen CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) och fulltextdatabasen ELIN (Elecronic Library Information Navigator) för vidare granskning. Till sökningen användes sökorden breast*, cancer*, nurs* och support. Alla utvalda artiklar som härrör till syftet kvalitetsbedömdes genom på förhand bestämda granskningskriterier från modifierade förlagor efter Forsberg och Wengström (2003) och Willman, Bahtsevani och Stoltz (2007). Av resultatet framkom det att det fanns stark evidens för att kvinnor med bröstcancer har ett omvårdnadsbehov av socialt stöd, psykiskt stöd och även av information av sjuksköterskan. Omvårdnadsbehov som även kom fram i denna studie är kontinuitet i vården och personliga samtal med sjuksköterskan. Att få utöva sin religiösa tro, sin andlighet och utöva sin kulturella tillhörighet samt likaså känna förtroende är omvårdnadsbehov som blev uppenbarat i resultatet. Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Aaron Antonovskys omvårdnadsteori där känslan av sammanhang är central.

Background: Pain is a common consequence of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). While research into pain in SCI is vast, examining musculoskeletal pain (MSKP) and low back pain (LBP) are limited. This thesis aims to investigate these categories of pain in incomplete SCI (iSCI). The experience of pain is known to affect quality of life (QoL) and function. The impact of the experience of pain, particularly of LBP, on both the QoL and function are examined in this research. While research in similar fields is predominantly conducted in single nation populations this research is set out to study three different nations. Method: The following were part of this study: • A systematic literature review on the prevalence on chronic back pain (BP), LBP and MSKP in SCI. • A translation, and preliminary validation, into Greek of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM version III). • A cross-national survey conducted in the USA, UK and Greece. Questionnaires included the short-form McGill Pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), EQ-5D and the SCIM III. They were collected either online or via post and 219 questionnaires were analysed. Results: The papers included in the systematic literature review were considerably heterogeneous not allowing meta-analysis to be made. 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the total number of participants in the studies were used. Among people with pain the prevalence of chronic MSKP (CMSKP) was 49% (95%CI 44%, 55%), of chronic BP (CBP) was 47% (95%CI 43%, 50%) and chronic LBP (CLBP) was 49% (95%CI 44%, 55%). GR-SCIM III maintains its unidimensionality and has acceptable internal consistency (α=0.78). Concurrent/criterion validity for the two cross-examined subscales were strong for “self-care” (ρ=-0.78) and moderate for “mobility” (ρ=-0.58). Unidimensionality was also confirmed for the English version of SCIM III, which had accepted internal consistency (α=0.79) and strong concurrent/criterion validity for “self-care” (ρ=-0.75) and moderate for “mobility” (ρ=-0.45). The survey results showed that the prevalence of current LBP is 67.9% (95%CI 61%, 73%) and of MSKP is 38.8% (95%CI 32%, 45%). LBP was of moderate intensity and most commonly described as “aching”. People who report pain, LBP or MSKP reported worse QoL. The impact of LBP on QoL was greater than that of pain in general or MSKP. The increased intensity of LBP correlated with worse function. Among the three participating countries, people from the UK had the worst experience of pain and LBP, classified themselves with the worst health status and reported the worst functional independence. Conclusion: This study offers the first systematic review on CLBP, CBP and CMSKP in SCI. It is unique in using SCIM III by self-report and into Greek. The results show that LBP is highly present in iSCI affecting both QoL and function. Both the GR-SCIM III and the SCIM III are reliable for use, however studies are needed to examine further their psychometric properties. The findings of the study fit with features of the currently used patients’ rehabilitation models.

Arts-based methods are increasingly used to facilitate meta-level learning in management education. Such increased use suggests that these methods are relevant and offer a unique contribution meeting a need in today’s management education. Yet, the literature is not clear on what this unique contribution may be even though it abounds with suggestions of varying quality. To explore this matter, I conduct a systematic literature review focused on arts-based methods, management education, and meta-level learning. I find that the unique contribution of arts-based methods is to foreground the process of making and expressing more refined perceptual distinctions, not to get accurate data, but as integral to our thinking/learning. This finding is important, because it imply that certain (commonly applied) ways of using arts-based methods may limit their potential. Finally, I suggest that future research regarding arts-based methods should focus on exploring the impact the process of learning to make and express more refined perceptual distinctions may have on managerial practice to further understand the relevance of these methods to managers.

Domestic violence is often experienced as a crisis period, and it may impact children’s well-being, everyday functioning and development. To promote these minors’ resilience, social intervention is extremely important. The support and responses attributed to these children are not always adequate for their needs and interests. Considering children’s perspectives on social intervention is crucial to improve and to provide complete social work responses. A systematic literature review was conducted, aiming to analyze how children exposed to domestic violence characterize the barriers and facilitators of social intervention. Through two databases, 8 articles were found, related to adolescents’ perspectives on social intervention in situations of domestic violence. The participants were children aged 12-18 years, who were witnesses of violence between parents or who suffered abuses from one/both parent(s). Findings demonstrated the main factors of social intervention that children recognized as being negative and unhelpful (barriers), and as being positive and helpful (facilitators). The identified barriers were lateness, mistrust, lack of child perspective, passivity, lack of value, malice, boredom, and inaccessibility. On the other hand, the established facilitators were protection, trust, child perspective, active listening, value, accessibility, sympathy, sharing, and information. Implications for social workers are provided, centered on specialized trainings and guidance, and on the use of appropriate methods when intervening with children. Also, the necessity to expand the quantity of research related to the child’s perspective on social intervention is highlighted.

Context: Developer’s within software companies work chosen choice of software development process. Choice of a particular Software Development Process impacts the work environment, end-product and might also have financial risks due to delay in delivering in the final software product. Objectives: we are investigating if the TDD could impact/applicable in large-scale industries. To achieve that we first identify the strengths and challenges while using TDD in large-scale industries. Identify what modifications can enhance the impact of TDD in large-Scale industries. Methods: Systematic Literature Review (SLR) has been used to investigate the application of TDD in large-scale industries. Using the info from SLR we conducted an online survey for validating the results obtained from SLR. As a last step we have conducted semi structured interviews to gather information from developers across industries practicing and practiced TDD. The data from the qualitative and quantitative methods is triangulated by identifying the strengths, challenges and modifications in applying TDD to large-scale industries. Results: The findings from our SLR, results validated from Survey and responses from interview participants show that TDD have both strengths, Challenges and modifications. Conclusions: Some challenges encountered when using TDD in large-scale industries are Negative test cases, linking test case modules of several developers, Communication, Overall idea about project, lack of TDD knowledge for developers practicing TDD, also lack of automation tools supporting the development of unit test-cases.