Notre travail de recherche propose d'envisager et d'étudier la danse en tant qu'activité constructrice de sens. Cette notion complexe a été diversement thématisée et explorée au cours de l'histoire de la danse, mais n'a que rarement été questionnée frontalement. Nous nous appuyons, pour mener à bien cette entreprise, sur les travaux de Susanne Langer, philosophe américaine du XXe siècle dont les ouvrages explorent la question du symbolique. Elle a développé au sujet de la danse une pensée originale, et élaboré des concepts proposant de circonscrire au mieux les processus symboliques à l'oeuvre dans les pratiques non discursives, et en particulier dans l'art. Nous choisissons, plutôt que d’aborder la danse d’un point de vue ontologique, comme une catégorie en soi sous laquelle seraient subsumés certains mouvements, de la considérer comme un événement, dont la survenue peut être intermittente. Approcher la danse sous cet angle offre la possibilité de rendre compte de son éventuelle apparition dans toute forme de mouvement, de la danse artistique à la danse festive, du mime au cinéma, du rite à la création numérique. Ce choix de ne pas réduire a priori le champ d'étude permet a posteriori de redessiner une frontière nette entre la danse et les autres formes de mouvement ou de pratiques corporelles. En effet, notre travail tend à réaffirmer la spécificité fondamentale de la danse, quels que soient les environnements, moments et corps dans lesquels elle apparaît – une spécificité tenant à ses processus symboliques uniques, et aux sens qu'elle peut ainsi construire ou faire émerger. / The aim of our work is to consider and study dance as a sense-Building activity. Sense is a complex notion, which has been variously conceptualized in the course of dance history but merely investigated. In order to do so, we build upon the works of Suzanne Langer, a 20th century American philosopher whose writings explore the concept of “symbol”. She elaborated an original thought about dance and came up with concepts that allowed her to circumscribe the symbolic processes happening during the non-Discursive practices, in art especially. Rather than looking at dance from an ontological point of view or as a category that gathers certain types of moves, we choose to study it as something that may appear on an intermittent basis. Watching dance this way makes it possible for us to give an account of the possibility of its emergence in any kind of movement, whether it happens in the course of artistic dance, festal dance, mime, cinema, rite or within a digital creation. This decision not to reduce a priori the field of study allows us to draw a posteriori a clear distinction between dance and any other kind of moves or bodily practices. Indeed, our work tends to claim the fundamental specificity of dance, whatever environments, moments or bodies in or during which it occurs – a specificity that may be explained by its unique symbolic processes and the meanings or senses it may build or give birth to.

The purpose of this dissertation is to develop explanatory theory for the learning processes facilitated by art-based methods in management education (ABMs). Such theory is important because managerial educators increasingly use ABMs, and without a well-developed theory it may be difficult to realise these methods’ full potential. Current research on ABMs uses theories from other fields but generally sees ABMs as methods for making important information available for reflection, e.g. information about unconscious assumptions, aesthetic experience, or non-propositional or tacit knowledge. This shows that the field is grounded in a representationalist view of cognition. This view of cognition makes it difficult to explain certain themes in the research field, such as, the importance of staying with the senses without reflecting, aesthetic agency, and the process of making. I therefore asked: What insights can be gained from exploring ABMs, using theories grounded in the embodied view of cognition, in particular Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999) and simulation theories (Barsalou, 2008). For the empirical work, I used an experimental design with 60 managers from Danish companies. All participants selected problems from their work they perceived as important, yet unsolvable. They were randomly divided into three groups: Two groups using different ABMs to address problems and a comparison group where no ABM was used. The experiment indicated that 1) creating new metaphors for a problem based on different sensory metaphors enabled the participants to import behaviour from contexts unrelated to the problematic situation, and 2) focusing on sensory experience enabled participants to remove judgments about self or others. Furthermore, the experiment indicated that learning outcomes reflected participants’ experience of the concrete learning intervention. These findings contribute to CMT by suggesting that it is possible to formulate relationships between changes in metaphors and specific learning outcomes. They contribute to ABM by suggesting that experiences that participants have during ABMs are later used as tools for structuring other experiences – not merely as data for reflection.

Arts-based methods are increasingly used to facilitate meta-level learning in management education. Such increased use suggests that these methods are relevant and offer a unique contribution meeting a need in today’s management education. Yet, the literature is not clear on what this unique contribution may be even though it abounds with suggestions of varying quality. To explore this matter, I conduct a systematic literature review focused on arts-based methods, management education, and meta-level learning. I find that the unique contribution of arts-based methods is to foreground the process of making and expressing more refined perceptual distinctions, not to get accurate data, but as integral to our thinking/learning. This finding is important, because it imply that certain (commonly applied) ways of using arts-based methods may limit their potential. Finally, I suggest that future research regarding arts-based methods should focus on exploring the impact the process of learning to make and express more refined perceptual distinctions may have on managerial practice to further understand the relevance of these methods to managers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:07:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA LUCIA CASASANTA BRUZZI.pdf: 780827 bytes, checksum: 829f068d041e0d0caf80373a3e85b672 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-15 / This essay presents in its first chapter the concepts of images and symbols. In the second chapter, it deals with Gaston Bachelard s theories applied to examples from the poems of Fazendeiro do Ar, written by Carlos Drummond de Andrade. The metaphors are studied in the third chapter. They are based in Susanne Langer s theories and are also applied to examples from the poems of the same masterpiece. In its fourth chapter the conclusion is a deeper study of images, symbols and metaphors of two poems, namely Estrada and Elegia . / Esta dissertação apresenta, em seu primeiro capítulo, os conceitos de imagens e símbolos. No segundo, as teorias de Bachelard, aplicando-as a exemplos extraídos da obra poética Fazendeiro do Ar, de Carlos Drummond de Andrade. As metáforas são tratadas no terceiro capítulo. Orientam-se pelas teorias de Susanne Langer e também são aplicadas a exemplos extraídos da mesma obra poética. No quarto capítulo, conclui-se o trabalho, com uma análise mais aprofundada de imagens, símbolos e metáforas de dois poemas, Estrada e Elegia .