This paper is an analysis of the translation of metaphors in an English informative text and its Swedish translation. The English source text is entitled The Madonna of Stalingrad: Mastering the (Christmas) Past and West German National Identity after World War Two,and the Swedish target text is entitled Madonnan från Stalingrad: att behärska det (nazistiska) förflutna och västtysk identitet efter andra världskriget.The aim of this essay is to investigate how metaphors in an English informative text can be translated to Swedish. The analysis is based on translation strategies suggested by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), and Newmark (1988). The understanding of metaphors is based on theories by a number of scholars, such as Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and Knowles and Moon (2006). In this paper, metaphors are divided into two groups, referred to as “literal metaphors” and “aesthetic metaphors”. The point is to convey that metaphors are not always “poetic” but actually very common in everyday language; we usually do not reflect upon the fact that we use metaphors all the time. The result of the analysis shows that English and Swedish metaphors are often based on the same images, which indicates that English and Swedish Language cultures are similar. The analysis also shows that even though literal translation of English metaphors often is possible, in many cases transposition or especially modulation is required to make the metaphor idiomatic in Swedish. In most cases, the need for another solution than literaltranslation seems to be linked to context.

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This essay deals with translation issues arising when translating a German source text dealing with the field of riding history into Swedish. More specifically, the analysis focuses on translation problems and solutions in regard to figures of speech, namely metaphors, metonymies and similies. The metaphors in the source text were divided into three categories depending on their origin, whether they were lexical, conventional or private metaphors. Also the translations of the figures of speech were divided into three categories depending on how the translations were made. The first is called sensu stricto, because the image in the source and the target language correspond here. The second category is called substitution because the image in the source language is shown with another image in the target language. The last category is called paraphrase because the image in the source language is translated with a non figurative expression.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-66).

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The knowledge we have about older women-the images we have of them, the things we say about them-serves to render them socially invisible and to produce the discursive 'little old lady'. However, it can be shown that the notions we have about older women are produced by the relations that obtain between ideology, discourse and are reproduced, resisted, and contradicted by older women themselves at the level of everyday talk. This thesis is concerned with exposing these relations and re-thinking older women in their complexity. An examination is carried out of the discourses within which the subject positions of older women are generated. In particular the western epistemological discourses concerning body, self, women and ageing are examined. Interviews with 20 women between the ages of 61-104 were carried out in order to explore the differences in the strategies used by older women in negotiating identity within the context of a sexist and ageist society. In particular the differences among and between ages, class, marital status, colour, and sexual orientation was of interest. The transcripts resulting from the interviews were analyzed for the range of positions the women took up or resisted within dominant discourses (ageist, femininity) and peripheral discourses (feminism and postmodemist discourses of the body, leisure and difference). Notions of older women as socially dependent, inactive, unhealthy and asexual were not supported. Further the method deployed enabled a view of the movement in speech where there was a dilemma between ideological positions (what is supposed to be) and everyday practices (what is). The conclusion is that the words and lives of older women disrupt the simple categorization of the 'discursive' little old lady. Rather older women were shown to be more diverse and complex than our current knowledge about them implies.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-66). Also available in print.

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Master of Arts - Arts / Genetics and immunology presently hold tremendous possibilities for changing the future through their biotechnological applications. To comprehend such complex subjects metaphor is generally employed. It is my contention that as these scientific concepts are repeatedly reinforced in both scientific and mass media representations, the metaphors suffuse our conceptual system to such an extent that they are no longer recognised as metaphors. Instead, they tend to be viewed as scientific ‘fact’. I have termed such pervasive metaphors, ‘concept metaphors’. I argue that the predominant concept metaphors regarding genetics and immunology are ‘information coding’ and ‘militarization’, respectively. Through this research, the origins of these concept metaphors as well as the extent to which they influence our current perceptions of life and health, become startlingly patent. I conclude by demonstrating how the utilisation of novel metaphors can significantly alter our conceptualisations and consequently, perceptions of these areas of molecular biology.