This small study concerns occurrences of metaphor, metonymy and conceptual metaphor in the Old English poem Beowulf. The first 224 lines of Beowulf were searched for non-literal passages. Thefound passages were sorted into the groups conventionalized metaphor, metonymy and innovativemetaphor. The conceptual metaphors were in turn sorted into target domains and source domains and grouped within the domains. These were then compared to Modern English and Modern Swedish metaphors and conceptual metaphors with the help of dictionaries and corpus studies. Beowulf was also looked at as a small corpus. Words which were suspected to be used inmetaphorical senses were searched for in the full text and the results were examined and comparedwith modern language usage. It was found evident that Old English and Modern English, as well as Modern Swedish, have many conceptual metaphors in common both when in comes to experiential metaphors and culturally grounded metaphors.

M. Phil. (Personal, Interpersonal and Professional Leadership) / Orientation: Personal experience of the phenomenon of transcendence and a preliminary literature review indicates that the phenomenon of transcendence can be better integrated within the Personal, Interpersonal and Professional Leadership (PPL) framework as well as within other leadership theories. Research purpose: The aim of the study is to conceptualise transcendence within PPL and leadership in general using auto-ethnography research methodology. Motivation for the study: Current leadership literature within PPL does not include the integration of the phenomenon of transcendence as a model towards spirituality and leadership. This gap can contextualise spirituality and leadership through transcendence. Research design: The research approach within this study was based a postmodernist qualitative philosophy. Auto-ethnography was used as methodology and also included a life history of another person to verify the auto-ethnographic data. Main findings: The study yielded an auto-ethnographic story with a rich and varied description of how a person can experience transcendence within the personal leadership field. The analysis of the collected data has revealed themes that can possibly contribute towards spirituality and leadership. Practical implications: The findings of this study might bring insight into the human ability of transcendence despite difficulty or suffering, and that can contribute to spirituality and leadership. Anticipated contribution: The study provides some understanding of how a person can still develop into a leader despite difficulties or hardship. This understanding can contribute to leadership development interventions, which can also be explored further in future.

A need to develop creative practices in child therapy, which address elements of environmental and therapeutic sustainability, is evident. Practices that are accessible, affordable, adaptable, and cross cultural offer therapeutic options that are applicable in a range of contexts. This study explored the potential for nature-based material used in therapy, to facilitate narrative identity development. The therapy process preceding the study entailed the use of an Embodiment Projective Role (EPR) ideas for narrative play therapy, incorporating nature as metaphorical material in exploring identity. As a descriptive qualitative study the collaborative narrative inquiry allowed for an account of identity development through the co creation of a significant statement of self research document. The inquiry into six children's identity documents, differing in age and gender, yielded intentional states of being as identity conclusions. Statements of what was done, statements of knowledge about self, and statements of how their identity informed decision making, were made. Identity conclusions were reached by every participant and the knowledge that was co created resulted in rich feelings across all participants. Participants acknowledged the sustainability of the therapeutic process through concrete natural reminders. When engaging in revisiting conversations with their caregivers, it was evident that each participant had experienced changes that enriched their daily life experiences following the research. The research fulfilled objectives of contributing knowledge of alternative, sustainable therapeutic resources and creates opportunities for continued research and practice in narrative nature based play therapy. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

The aim of this study is to investigate how chemistry teachers at secondary school anduniversities work with learning strategies and models of perception. This thesis leans on theworks of Lev Vygotskij and his likes but also on the theory of conceptual metaphors by GeorgeLakoff and Mark Johnson as a tool to analyze the collected data.The Empirical data that this study is based upon have been collected through semi-structuredinterviews with teachers as primary respondents.The study has resulted in a two practical assignments for secondary school which are builtaround the concept of open assignments. This thesis has also generated a suggestion for a newstructure of the bachelor programme in chemistry at KTH.

In convention speeches and inaugural addresses, presidential candidates and newly-elected presidents attempt to persuade listeners to vote for and support them. One persuasive tool that they use in these speeches is metaphor, considered a fundamental form of reasoning (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The present study focuses on three conceptual metaphors (POLITICS IS WAR, POLITICS IS A JOURNEY, and POLITICS IS LOVE) used in 40 speeches given by American presidents from 1944 to 2021 in order to see if there are differences in metaphor usage across political party (i.e., Democrat and Republican) and across speech type (i.e., nomination acceptance and inaugural address). All speeches were double-coded for the three metaphors by a group of trained raters, and the average count for each metaphor type per speech was found using a many-facet Rasch measurement. Mixed-effects regressions were then conducted to determine differences across political party and speech type. No quantitative differences were found in the use of these metaphors, suggesting the possibility that these speeches represent a genre of political discourse with particular patterns of metaphor usage. Some qualitative differences between political party and speech type are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions for research.

Yes / In this paper we introduce Morgan’s (1986, 1997) eight metaphors for making sense of entrepreneurs’ motives and their view of ‘reality’. Employing Burrell and Morgan’s (1979, 2003) four paradigms for the analysis of organisational theory, we propose a methodology to capture the ‘longitudinal’ journey of minority ethnic entrepreneurs’ original motives for setting up business; and, current and future perceived image. We use a deductive approach by developing a multiple-choice questionnaire based on eight metaphors. The data is collected from 30 small business owner managers/entrepreneurs based in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Our initial findings show that the assumptions of most of the respondents conform to the “functionalist” paradigm that place emphases on order, objectivity, rationality and tangible view of ‘reality’. Accordingly most of the respondents selected the functionalist metaphors like ‘Brain’, ‘Machine’ and ‘Psychic Prison’. Interestingly, most of the respondents selected and re-selected functionalist paradigm to indicate their past and future aspirations, perhaps due to their need for business stability and to subside any insecurity feelings with regards to their future. However, interestingly many respondents selected “radical Humanist” or “interpretivist” paradigms to map their current situation. These paradigms portray relatively more entrepreneurial and explorative mindset, perhaps mimicking unease with the current situation and a desire by the respondents to introduce some kind of a change in their current business and social settings. We believe that their metaphorical assumptions could determine their decision making, policy and strategy setting, and, actions. In our view our research instrument is appropriate for conducting ‘longitudinal’ studies for eliciting past, current and future assumptions of entrepreneurs.

This thesis investigates upper secondary students’ usage of scientific and colloquial language through a custom-designed game. The aim of the game is for the participants to, without any time limit, explain chemical concepts using other words than the one written on the playing card so that the partner is able to guess what the target concept is. During the audio recorded game sessions the students showed usage of scientific and colloquial language as well as a blend of these two linguistic resources. The students also used metaphors and helpwords in some measure together with a linguistic resource that seems to border to spontaneous metaphors and helpwords, here referred to as ‘phonetic metaphors’. These phonetic metaphors seem to lack a direct connection to the chemical meaning of the target concept in return for its phonetic connection to the concept. It though seems like the students’ usage of these different linguistic resources may support meaning making processes as well as memorization processes. The thesis concludes with a discussion according whether this game, if used professionally and thoughtfully, aligns with the guidelines for Assessment for Learning specified by the Assessment Reform Group and whether it may function as a tool for assessment for learning in practice.

Adults commonly use spatial motion to talk about time. These metaphors are of at least three different types: moving-time, moving-ego, and sequence-as-relative-position-on-a-path. But when children grasp the meaning of spatial metaphors for time and what cognitive factors account for this understanding? In this study, we aim to answer these questions by studying young children’s comprehension of three different spatial metaphors for time. Our findings show that children begin to understand metaphors for time by age five and to explain the meaning of these different metaphors by age 6. Additionally, children’s comprehension varied by metaphor type, with moving-time and moving-ego metaphors being mastered earlier than sequence-as-relative-position-on-a-path metaphors. Moreover, we found children’s comprehension ability to be associated with their understanding of the time concept. Overall, these results suggest that comprehension of time metaphors is an early emerging linguistic ability that has strong ties to children’s cognitive understanding of the time concept.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O discurso pode ser compreendido como um sistema dinÃmico complexo, que se adapta de acordo com as necessidades contextuais. Desse modo, as metÃforas presentes nos discursos parecem emergir a partir de uma negociaÃÃo de conceitos durante a interaÃÃo conversacional. Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008) chama estes tipos de metÃforas de sistemÃticas, pois percorrem diversas falas, apontando para uma construÃÃo colaborativa. A emergÃncia destas metÃforas significa uma estabilidade temporÃria no discurso, resultante da interaÃÃo entre diversos agentes: pragmÃticos, sociais, culturais, histÃricos e cognitivos. Contudo, Cameron nÃo especifica que recursos cognitivos podem ter sido usados para fazer emergir estas estabilizaÃÃes. Esta pesquisa sugere que o sistema dinÃmico discursivo à tambÃm constituÃdo de estruturas conceituais esquemÃticas derivadas das experiÃncias bÃsicas corpÃreas comuns a todos (ou pelo menos a maioria) dos seres humanos: os esquemas imagÃtico-cinestÃsicos (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987) e as metÃforas conceituais primÃrias (GRADY, 1997). Assim, entendemos que a metÃfora sistemÃtica nÃo emerge somente do discurso, mas tambÃm da cogniÃÃo, em uma dupla direcionalidade (discurso-cogniÃÃo e vice-versa). A fim de confirmar este pensamento, foi utilizada a tÃcnica de investigaÃÃo de grupo focal, formado por jovens adultos universitÃrios, que discorreram sobre violÃncia urbana. O discurso foi gravado em Ãudio e vÃdeo, depois transcrito segundo os procedimentos listados por Cameron et al. (2009). A pesquisa à de natureza qualitativa, portanto os dados sÃo interpretados utilizando os seguintes referenciais teÃricos: Teoria Integrada da MetÃfora PrimÃria (LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), esquemas imagÃtico-cinestÃsicos (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987; LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), Teoria dos Sistemas DinÃmicos Complexos Adaptativos e a anÃlise do discurso à luz da metÃfora (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON ET AL., 2009, CAMERON & MASLEN, 2010). As metÃforas sistemÃticas foram identificadas e relacionadas aos esquemas e metÃforas primÃrias, sendo possÃvel inferir que a emergÃncia de linguagem figurada no discurso ocorre dinamicamente em duas vias. AlÃm disso, verificamos que esquemas e metÃforas primÃrias parecem ser alguns dos agentes cognitivos envolvidos nestas emergÃncias, e os tÃpicos discursivos sÃo os agentes que motivam o uso de certos esquemas e metÃforas primÃrias em detrimento de outros. / The discourse can be seen as a complex dynamic system, which adapts itself according to contextual needs. Thus, the metaphors in the discourse seem to emerge out of a conceptual negotiation along the conversational interaction. Cameron (2003, 2007, 2008) calls these types of metaphors systematic, since they permeate different talks, signaling a collaborative construction. The emergence of these metaphors means a temporary stability, due to the interaction between different agents: pragmatic, social, cultural, historical and cognitive. However, Cameron does not specify which cognitive elements could have been used to emerge these stabilizations. This research suggests the dynamic discursive system is also made of conceptual schematic structures as a result of embodied basic experiences common to every person (or at least to the vast majority): the image and kinesthetic schemas (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987) and conceptual primary metaphors (GRADY, 1997). Thus, it is understood that systematic metaphors do not emerge only from discourse factors, but also from cognition, in double directionality (discourse-cognition and vice-versa). In order to confirm this thought, it was used the focal group investigation technique. The group was made of college students who talked about urban violence. The discourse was recorded in audio and video, then transcribed according to the procedures listed by Cameron et al. (2009). The research is qualitative, so the data analysis is guided by the following theoretical references: Primary Metaphor Integrated Theory (LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), image and kinesthetic schemas (LAKOFF, 1987; JOHNSON, 1987; LAKOFF & JOHNSON, 1999), Complex Adaptive Dynamic System Theory and the metaphor-led discourse analysis approach (CAMERON, 2003, 2007, 2008; CAMERON ET AL., 2009, CAMERON & MASLEN, 2010). The systematic metaphors identified in the data were matched to schemas and primary metaphors, inferring then the emergence of figurative language in the discourse occurs in two ways. Furthermore, schemas and primary metaphors seem to be some of the cognitive agents present in those emergences, and the discourse topics are at least one of the agents which motivate the use of certain schemas and primary metaphors instead of others.

<p>This study examines how the meanings of onomatopoeic phrasal verbs are created and in which register these verbs are most frequently used. Through the study of previous research on the subject qualities of onomatopoeia and phrasal verbs are identified. Based on this a framework for identifying phrasal verbs and categorizing the meanings of onomatopoeic verbs and particles was created. Using the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), a study of concordance lines and frequency in different registers was carried out on 50 onomatopoeic phrasal verbs. These verbs were constructed from ten mono-syllabic onomatopoeic verbs and three opposite pairs of spatial adverbs. The study found that several metaphorical meanings of the onomatopoeic verbs examined were not listed in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). The meanings of the particles were strongly linked to metaphorical structures.The conclusion of this study was that onomatopoeic verbs possess a flexibility that allows them to create a variety of different meanings. Furthermore, the types of meaning can be categorized after a pattern, although this pattern is often not found in the dictionary. The onomatopoeic phrasal verbs studied were most frequent in the fiction register, more so than other phrasal verbs. Understanding of the metaphorical nature of particles such as up and down is imperative to understand how the meaning of a phrasal verb is created. This should be taken into consideration when teaching English as a second language or creating a dictionary.</p>