The aim of this study is to investigate how chemistry teachers at secondary school anduniversities work with learning strategies and models of perception. This thesis leans on theworks of Lev Vygotskij and his likes but also on the theory of conceptual metaphors by GeorgeLakoff and Mark Johnson as a tool to analyze the collected data.The Empirical data that this study is based upon have been collected through semi-structuredinterviews with teachers as primary respondents.The study has resulted in a two practical assignments for secondary school which are builtaround the concept of open assignments. This thesis has also generated a suggestion for a newstructure of the bachelor programme in chemistry at KTH.

In convention speeches and inaugural addresses, presidential candidates and newly-elected presidents attempt to persuade listeners to vote for and support them. One persuasive tool that they use in these speeches is metaphor, considered a fundamental form of reasoning (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). The present study focuses on three conceptual metaphors (POLITICS IS WAR, POLITICS IS A JOURNEY, and POLITICS IS LOVE) used in 40 speeches given by American presidents from 1944 to 2021 in order to see if there are differences in metaphor usage across political party (i.e., Democrat and Republican) and across speech type (i.e., nomination acceptance and inaugural address). All speeches were double-coded for the three metaphors by a group of trained raters, and the average count for each metaphor type per speech was found using a many-facet Rasch measurement. Mixed-effects regressions were then conducted to determine differences across political party and speech type. No quantitative differences were found in the use of these metaphors, suggesting the possibility that these speeches represent a genre of political discourse with particular patterns of metaphor usage. Some qualitative differences between political party and speech type are discussed, as well as limitations and future directions for research.

Awareness of metaphors brings awareness to how language is structured in a text. This study, based on Lakoff & Johnson’s theory of conceptual metaphors, will discuss the different types of metaphorical concepts found in the source text and target text during the translation of two articles by the author Mohsin Hamid. The quantitative part of the study will present different types of metaphors and how they translate into Swedish. The qualitative part will focus on how the author uses, and constructs his own, structural metaphors as a rhetorical device. Newmark and Schäffner’s translation strategies for metaphors will be considered and applied in combination with two translation theories: Nord’s theory of text functions alongside Venuti’s foreignisation theory. The findings will suggest that an increased awareness of metaphorical concepts can be beneficial for translators and assist them in understanding how the author of the source text has structured the language and thought content in the text.

nÃo hà / This research analyzes in which ways the conceptual metaphors based in âlifeâ, âdeathâ and âresurrectionâ, presents in the John`s Gospel of the Bible in Portuguese language, were translated into Brazilian Sign Language (Libras). Firstly, I do a mapping of the metaphors, and later on I check how the cognitive aspects underlying each one of them are structured, both in the source language as in the translation of them. In this regard, I use the postulates of the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor, designed by Lakoff and Johnson (2003), the postulates of Fauconnier and Turner (2002) about the conceptual blending and the postulates of KÃvecses (2005, 2010) about the role of cultures upon their own conceptualizations. In order to explain some phenomena, specifically from translation, such as the new implicit information, I bring some discussion about some views of the Relevance Theory, from Sperber and Wilson (2001), whereby I also check in which ways the translator`s inferences keep or change the conceptual metaphors from a religious sensitive text in the Brazilian deaf culture. As it can be seen, the research upon this thesis connects the Translation Studies and the Cognitive Linguistics, and some of the results propose that the same embodied experience can generate distinct conceptual metaphors in two also distinct cultures. As I am analyzing the translation of the Bible as a sensitive text, some of the results also point to changes in the conceptual metaphors, due to the translation, may cause changes in the chains of significances related to the Christian symbols. / Este trabalho analisa de que forma as metÃforas conceituais baseadas em âvidaâ, âmorteâ e âressurreiÃÃoâ, presentes no evangelho de JoÃo da BÃblia em lÃngua portuguesa, foram traduzidas para a LÃngua Brasileira de Sinais (LIBRAS). Primeiro eu faÃo um mapeamento das metÃforas, e depois verifico como os aspectos cognitivos subjacentes a cada uma delas estÃo estruturados, tanto na lÃngua-fonte quanto na traduÃÃo. Para isso, utilizo os pressupostos da Teoria da MetÃfora Conceitual, de Lakoff e Johnson (2003), as proposiÃÃes de Fauconnier e Turner (2002) sobre a mesclagem conceitual e o entendimento de KÃvecses (2005, 2010) sobre o papel das culturas diante de suas prÃprias conceitualizaÃÃes. Para explicar alguns fenÃmenos especÃficos da traduÃÃo, tais como as novas informaÃÃes implÃcitas, trago para a discussÃo alguns entendimentos da Teoria da RelevÃncia, de Sperber e Wilson (2001), por meio da qual eu verifico tambÃm de que forma as inferÃncias do tradutor mantÃm ou modificam as metÃforas conceituais de um texto sensÃvel religioso na cultura surda brasileira. Como pode ser percebido, a pesquisa desta dissertaÃÃo conecta os Estudos da TraduÃÃo à LinguÃstica Cognitiva, e alguns dos resultados sugerem que uma mesma experiÃncia corporificada pode gerar metÃforas conceituais distintas em duas culturas tambÃm distintas. Como estou analisando a traduÃÃo da BÃblia como texto sensÃvel, alguns dos resultados tambÃm apontam que as mudanÃas nas metÃforas conceituais, em virtude da traduÃÃo, podem acarretar mudanÃas na rede de significÃncias envolvida com os sÃmbolos cristÃos.

A Música Popular Brasileira teve um papel fundamental na disseminação de mensagens contra o sistema político opressor que vigorou no Brasil entre 1964 e 1985. No período do regime militar, qualquer forma de manifestação contra o sistema vigente era considerada subversiva, e seus veiculadores poderiam sofrer sanções como censura, prisão, tortura, deportação, exílio e até a morte. Nesse contexto, muitos artistas foram perseguidos em nome da ordem nacional. Com o cerceamento cada vez mais implacável, restava aos artistas, principalmente, para efeito deste trabalho de pesquisa, aos compositores, buscar formas mais sutis de passar suas mensagens políticas. Uma das maneiras encontradas para furar o bloqueio da Censura foi por meio do uso da linguagem metafórica. Sob esse prisma, Chico Buarque de Hollanda se mostrou mestre. Ele era o artista mais perseguido da época, a ponto de sofrer pré-censura somente pelo fato de ser ele o compositor. Chico conseguia fazer com que suas letras, mesmo sofrendo cortes, ecoassem mensagens de repulsa ao sistema, e burlava de tal forma a Censura que uma de suas letras atingiu em cheio o então presidente da República sem que os militares percebessem. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, pretendemos verificar que tipo de mensagens havia nas músicas políticas de Chico Buarque. Partimos da concepção de que a MPB era uma depositária das angústias e da insatisfação dos compositores com o sistema vigente e de que a linguagem metafórica utilizada apontava para o momento presente sufocado pelo regime militar. Para tal, analisamos 20 músicas compostas por Chico Buarque de Hollanda com base no estudo de metáforas conceptuais desenvolvido por Lakoff & Johnson (2002). / The Brazilian musical movement known as MPB (Música Popular Brasileira Brazilian Popular Music) has had a fundamental role in getting across messages against the oppressive political system which prevailed in Brazil between the years of 1964 and 1985. During this period, any kind of manifestation against the military regime was considered subversive and its representatives could be subject to penalties such as censorship, prison, torture, deportation, exhile and even death. In this context, certain artists were persecuted in the name of national peace and order. Some, music composers mainly, could not help but try subtler ways of getting their political messages across. One of the ways to break the walls of the Brazilian Censorship was to use metaphoric language. In doing this, Chico Buarque de Hollanda has proven a genius. He was the most often persecuted artist at the time and his compositions were previously censored just because he was the one that had written them. Even though his lyrics had to be altered many times, Chico Buarque managed to make them echo the disgust towards the government; he was so good at fooling the censors that one of his songs actually caused the president serious harm without the military noticing. In this research, we intend to investigate what kind of messages are to be found in Chico Buarques political songs. Our starting point is that MPB can be seen as a repository of the composers anguish and dissatisfaction with the political regime at the time and that the metaphorical language present in the lyrics depicted that moment as suffocated by the military regime. In order to do so, we have based the analysis of 20 songs written by Chico Buarque de Hollanda on the study of conceptual metaphors developed by Lakoff & Johnson (2002).

A Música Popular Brasileira teve um papel fundamental na disseminação de mensagens contra o sistema político opressor que vigorou no Brasil entre 1964 e 1985. No período do regime militar, qualquer forma de manifestação contra o sistema vigente era considerada subversiva, e seus veiculadores poderiam sofrer sanções como censura, prisão, tortura, deportação, exílio e até a morte. Nesse contexto, muitos artistas foram perseguidos em nome da ordem nacional. Com o cerceamento cada vez mais implacável, restava aos artistas, principalmente, para efeito deste trabalho de pesquisa, aos compositores, buscar formas mais sutis de passar suas mensagens políticas. Uma das maneiras encontradas para furar o bloqueio da Censura foi por meio do uso da linguagem metafórica. Sob esse prisma, Chico Buarque de Hollanda se mostrou mestre. Ele era o artista mais perseguido da época, a ponto de sofrer pré-censura somente pelo fato de ser ele o compositor. Chico conseguia fazer com que suas letras, mesmo sofrendo cortes, ecoassem mensagens de repulsa ao sistema, e burlava de tal forma a Censura que uma de suas letras atingiu em cheio o então presidente da República sem que os militares percebessem. Neste trabalho de pesquisa, pretendemos verificar que tipo de mensagens havia nas músicas políticas de Chico Buarque. Partimos da concepção de que a MPB era uma depositária das angústias e da insatisfação dos compositores com o sistema vigente e de que a linguagem metafórica utilizada apontava para o momento presente sufocado pelo regime militar. Para tal, analisamos 20 músicas compostas por Chico Buarque de Hollanda com base no estudo de metáforas conceptuais desenvolvido por Lakoff & Johnson (2002). / The Brazilian musical movement known as MPB (Música Popular Brasileira Brazilian Popular Music) has had a fundamental role in getting across messages against the oppressive political system which prevailed in Brazil between the years of 1964 and 1985. During this period, any kind of manifestation against the military regime was considered subversive and its representatives could be subject to penalties such as censorship, prison, torture, deportation, exhile and even death. In this context, certain artists were persecuted in the name of national peace and order. Some, music composers mainly, could not help but try subtler ways of getting their political messages across. One of the ways to break the walls of the Brazilian Censorship was to use metaphoric language. In doing this, Chico Buarque de Hollanda has proven a genius. He was the most often persecuted artist at the time and his compositions were previously censored just because he was the one that had written them. Even though his lyrics had to be altered many times, Chico Buarque managed to make them echo the disgust towards the government; he was so good at fooling the censors that one of his songs actually caused the president serious harm without the military noticing. In this research, we intend to investigate what kind of messages are to be found in Chico Buarques political songs. Our starting point is that MPB can be seen as a repository of the composers anguish and dissatisfaction with the political regime at the time and that the metaphorical language present in the lyrics depicted that moment as suffocated by the military regime. In order to do so, we have based the analysis of 20 songs written by Chico Buarque de Hollanda on the study of conceptual metaphors developed by Lakoff & Johnson (2002).

The purpose of this study is to analyse how three idioms, in English, French and Swedish, despite different lexical compositions are capable of conveying the same meaning. The idioms in question are a thorn in the side, une épine au pied/dans le pied and en nagel i ögat. This study is concerned with how different metaphorical images are used to express the same meaning. Furthermore, it examines what it is in the semantics of the lexical items that enables these idioms to express the same idiomatic meaning. Using a cognitive linguistic approach the analysis is conducted at a linguistic and a conceptual level. The analysis shows that these three different idioms are capable of conveying the same idiomatic meaning because they are motivated by the same conceptual metaphor.

Political speeches are complex in nature and call for a thorough exploration to unravel the underlying messages. Politicians tend to simplify their speeches by using conceptual metaphors as a means of taking a shortcut. When examining political speeches, an interesting factor to consider is how politicians utilise conceptual metaphors influenced by their gender, as gender impacts both our language usage and how we are perceived in the world. This research examines the impact of conceptual metaphors used in political discourse pertaining to gender in two African nations: South Africa and Liberia, where one male and one female politician is selected from each country. In order to examine and interpret the corpus, a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) was conducted, and metaphors were identified using the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). Broadly speaking, the research findings indicate that the four politicians established their identities through the utilization of conceptual metaphors. Furthermore, they commonly employed metaphors related to JOURNEY when discussing the progress and growth of their countries. In terms of gender distinctions, women tended to place a higher priority on establishing a sense of togetherness and connectedness with their community.

Šios disertacijos tyrimo objektas – kalbinės politinės konfliktinės komunikacijos išraiškos priemonės, būdingos Lietuvos ir Didžiosios Britanijos vadovų politiniame diskurse (1998–2008). Šis tyrimas atskleidžia faktą, jog kalbinės priemonės yra glaudžiai susijusios su kalbančiojo ideologija bei kultūros nulemtomis kalbinėmis praktikomis. Disertacijoje tiriamos tokios kognityvinės lingvistikos sąvokos, kaip konceptualiosios metaforos, domenas, prasmės sritis bei kalbinės priemonės – nominacijos. Žvelgiant iš siauros lingvistikos metodologijos perspektyvos, komparatyvinė analizė ir aprašomasis analitinis metodas naudojami Lietuvos ir Didžiosios Britanijos vadovų konfliktinės komunikacijos diskurso tyrime. Didžiosios Britanijos ir Lietuvos politiniame diskurse isreikštas konfliktas turi bendrų ir skirtingų bruožų. Bendrumą nulemia bendra konfliktinės komunikacijos esmė – politinių jėgų pozicijų ir interesų nesutapimai. Skirtumai remiasi įvairių politinių kultūrų ypatumais. Politinė konkurencija tiek Lietuvoje, tiek Didžiojoje Britanijoje remiasi domenais pokyčiai ir nauda. Tos pačios POLITIKA – TAI KARAS, POLITIKA – TAI KELIONĖ ir VALSTYBĖ – TAI PASTATAS metaforos Šios yra būdingos abiejų šalių politinei komunikacijai. Tačiau Didžiosios Britanijos politiniame gyvenime konfliktinė komunikacija turi ideologinį pobūdį, o Lietuvos vadovų konfliktinės komunikacijos diskurse politinis konfliktas išreikštas ne kaip ideologinis konfliktas. / The object of this research is the linguistic means of political conflict communication that are characteristic of the political discourse of the political leaders of Great Britain and Lithuania (1998–¬2008). This dissertation discloses the fact that linguistic means are closely related to the ideology of the speaker and linguistic practices are conditioned by culture. Such cognitive linguistic concepts as conceptual metaphors, domain, meaning field and such linguistic means as nominations are analysed in this dissertation. Looking from the narrow perspective of linguistic methodology, comparative analysis and descriptive-analytical methods are applied in the conflict communication discourse research of the political leaders of Lithuania and Great Britain. The conflict which is expressed in the political discourse of these countries has both similarities and differences. Resemblance is determined by the general essence of conflict communication, i.e., the discrepancy between positions taken by political forces and interests. Differences are based on the peculiarities of the two political cultures. Political competition in both Lithuania and Great Britain is based on the domains change and benefit. The same POLITICS IS WAR, POLITICS IS A JOURNEY and THE STATE IS A BUILDING conceptual metaphors are characteristic of political communication of both countries. However, conflict communication has an ideological nature in the political life of Great Britain while in the discourse... [to full text]

The MA paper analyzes the conceptual metaphors which were used in pre- and post-elective speeches of presidents Bill Clinton and Valdas Adamkus and how the choice of metaphorical expressions influenced the voters' choice. / Darbas analizuoja konceptualias metaforas Bilo Klintono ir Valdo Adamkaus prieš ir po rinkiminėse politinėse kalbose ir kaip metaforų naudojimas įtakojo rinkėjų pasirinkimą.