Successful management of conversations can bind human beings together in linguistic communication. Learning how to manage conversations in a second language is as important as learning the language’s grammatical structures. Among the conversational management strategies commonly employed is the use of pauses to buy time keeping conversational channels open, organize thoughts, or search for a suitable response. This study described and compared these pauses, called wait-time, as they were used with other conversational management strategies by first- and second-year students and by third-year students engaged in conversations in three different conversational settings: a teacher-controlled conversation setting, a student-controlled planning setting, both in Spanish; and a researcher-controlled setting in English to compare and contrast patterns of interaction in the target language and English. Audio recordings made during the 1986 Virginia Tech Foreign Language Camps were transcribed and coded using a listing of conversational management strategies by Kramsch (1981) and the Observational System for Instructional Analysis IV (OSIA IV) developed by Hough (1980). The following results were obtained from the study: (a) two kinds of wait-time are present in conversations: inter-speaker (2.41 seconds mean duration) and intra-speaker (1 .57 seconds mean duration); (b) speakers pause more frequently and for shorter periods of time within their own utterances than they do between the utterances of different speakers; (c) advanced Spanish students accord each other longer pauses between utterances than first- and second-year students; and (d) conversational management strategies of taking the floor, linking to previous points and reactive listening were used most as participants gave and asked for information. / Ed. D.

This thesis investigates upper secondary students’ usage of scientific and colloquial language through a custom-designed game. The aim of the game is for the participants to, without any time limit, explain chemical concepts using other words than the one written on the playing card so that the partner is able to guess what the target concept is. During the audio recorded game sessions the students showed usage of scientific and colloquial language as well as a blend of these two linguistic resources. The students also used metaphors and helpwords in some measure together with a linguistic resource that seems to border to spontaneous metaphors and helpwords, here referred to as ‘phonetic metaphors’. These phonetic metaphors seem to lack a direct connection to the chemical meaning of the target concept in return for its phonetic connection to the concept. It though seems like the students’ usage of these different linguistic resources may support meaning making processes as well as memorization processes. The thesis concludes with a discussion according whether this game, if used professionally and thoughtfully, aligns with the guidelines for Assessment for Learning specified by the Assessment Reform Group and whether it may function as a tool for assessment for learning in practice.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:40:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 331049 bytes, checksum: fdea5fa1b6a755fedcd2a8b5cafb2a6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work proposes a reading of Paulo Leminski´s poetry departing form the idea of capricho e relaxo and articulating semiotic consciousness and lirism., humour and meta-language. The analysis is made based on the melopoeia, phanopoeia, and logopoeia, categories developed by Ezra Pound, the entrangement (ostranenie) concept (Victor Chklovski) and the sound identity concept (Roman Jacobson). The context in which the poems are inserted is the new rising of the verse after the explicit dialogue between Leminski s poetry and the Concrete Poetry Movement in Brazil. In that sense, Leminski s diction, rooted on what we call condensation craftsmanship , it conciliates formal strictness and unruliness, the consciousness of the materiality of signs and colloquial language. Key words: meta-language, semiotic consciousness, colloquial language. / Esta dissertação faz uma leitura da poesia de Paulo Leminski a partir da idéia de capricho e relaxo , articulando consciência semiótica e lirismo, humor e metalinguagem. A análise é realizada apoiando-se nas categorias de melopéia, fanopéia e logopéia desenvolvidas por Ezra Pound, além dos conceitos de estranhamento (Vítor Chklóvski) e identidade sonora (Roman Jakobson). O contexto em que se insere os poemas é o da retomada do verso após o diálogo mais explícito da produção leminskiana com a Poesia Concreta. Neste sentido, a dicção de Leminski, radicada em artesanato de condensação, concilia rigor formal e desregramento, consciência da materialidade dos signos e linguagem coloquial.

In this thesis, we identify the fundamental terms required for the analysis of American variants of Spanish. We briefly present the geographical and social-historical context of Mexican Spanish, and address the heterogeneity of approaches used in related studies. We characterize the nature of the influence of indigenous languages on Mexican lexis, and give an overview of theoretical knowledge on the Spanish colloquial language. The key chapter is dedicated to the lexical particularities of Mexican Spanish, focusing on the colloquial language. We describe our specific findings in eleven sub-chapters structured according to two different criteria. We base our analysis of particular Mexican Spanish expressions mainly on the evaluation and mutual comparison of relevant lexicon entries provided by a set of selected lexicographical sources. Keywords: Mexican Spanish, lexis, variance, colloquial language, language contact

Intéressée par la situation sociolinguistique de notre pays d'origine, la Pologne, où l'argot carcéral finit par pénétrer dans d'autres sociolectes, nous nous sommes aussi intéressée au cas français en vue d'explorer la même question. Pour ce faire, notre étude a été réalisée dans deux milieux de référence, à savoir celui des détenus d’une part et celui des non détenus d’autre part. Dans le cadre de la méthode d’enquête sociolinguistique nous avons soumis à ces deux milieux de référence un questionnaire comportant un ensemble choisi d’argotismes carcéraux. Notre travail de recherche nous a permis d’examiner la fiabilité du lexique recueilli et de confirmer l’existence d’une pratique langagière essentiellement carcérale, ce qui nous amène à définir la spécificité de l'argot des prisons utilisé dans un cadre carcéral. Par ailleurs est étudiée la perméabilité de la langue familière française au vocabulaire argotique carcéral, ce qui aboutit à mettre au jour les fonctions remplies par l'argot des prisonniers en milieu carcéral. De plus, la confrontation des deux publics permet de dégager les similarités et les différences dans les résultats, ainsi que d'établir une correspondance entre leur profil social et leur pratique linguistique. / The interest in the topic arose by dint of inspiration drawn from observing a sociolinguistic situation in my native country, Poland, where prison slang proves to permeate other sociolects, in particular youth slang, which turned out to be an excellent point of departure for embarking on a similar survey in France. The research was carried out in two different groups: prisoners and non prisoners. Within the framework of a sociolinguistic study, both of them were requested to complete a questionnaire containing 40 units of prison slang vocabulary. First of all, the research was designed to examine the reliability of a selected lexicon and to confirm a genuine prison slang usage in this particular environment. Furthermore, the paper was supposed to define the degree of permeability of the French colloquial language to prison slang vocabulary as well as to shed some new light on different roles played by this specific language within a prison community. Moreover, the comparison of two groups' performance revealed important similarities and differences and brought to light the correlation between social and linguistic variables.

Lietuvių šnekamosios kalbos deminutyvai dažniausiai padaromi iš daiktavardžio, kiek rečiau iš būdvardžio ir labai retai iš skaitvardžio. Daiktavardžių ir būdvardžių deminutyvai dažniausiai padaromi prie daiktavardžio / būdvardžio pridėjus bendras – tiek daiktavardžiams, tiek būdvardžiams būdingas - priesagas. Skaitvardžių deminutyvai yra išvedami iš trijų šaknų (milijon-, tūktant-, šimt-) pamatinių žodžių su trimis dažniausiomis šnekamosios kalbos deminutyvinėmis priesagomis ( -ėlis, -ė; -elis, -ė, -(i)ukas, -ė). Mažybiniai maloniniai žodžiai yra vartojami skirtingomis darybos reikšmėmis. Priklausomai nuo to, ką norima išreikšti, su tuo pačiu ar skirtingu afiksu sudaryti vediniai, šnekamojoje kalboje dažniausiai žymi mažumą ir (arba) teigiamą / neigiamą vertinimą. Deminutyvai yra viena ryškiausių šnekamosios kalbos ekspresyvinimo, priemonių, parodančių kalbėtojo santykį su įvardijamu objektų, atskleidžiančių sinonimiškumą, kalbėtojo charakterio savitumą. / In the Lithuanian colloquial language, diminutives are mostly made from nouns, less frequently from adjectives, and rarely from numeral. Diminutives of nouns and adjectives are offen formed from common suffixes. Diminutives of numerals are made from three roots – šimt-, tūkstant-, milijon- and three mostly used suffixes -elis, -ėlis, -(i)ukas. Diminutives are suffixal derivatives and they are used in different meanings of formation. In accordance with to what you want to express using the same or diferent affix, diminutives of colloquial language usually denotes smallness and (or) positive/negative evaluation. Diminutive is one of the most distinct means of expressiveness, which shows the relation between the speaker and named object, reveals synonymy and individuality of speakers character.

Bendrinėje lietuvių kalboje yra labai daug žodžių, kurių kirčiavimas nėra nusistovėjęs. Ypač tokį kirčiavimą rodo vardažodžiai. Tad šiame darbe bus apžvelgti tokie vardažodžiai, tiksliau pirminiai daiktavardžiai, kurių kirčiavimo normas Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos Tarties ir kirčiavimo pakomisės buvo koreguotos ir teiktos Rekomendacijoje Dėl kai kurių pirminių (paprastųjų) daiktavardžių kirčiavimo. Taip pat ir tokie pirminiai daiktavardžiai, kurių kirčiavimo normos VLKK nebuvo tikslintos, tačiau gyvojoje kalboje labai dažnai pavartojamos ir jokiuose šaltiniuose nefiksuojami variantai. Įtraukiami ir tokie vardažodžiai, kurie norminamuosiuose leidiniuose nurodomi kaip turintys gretimybes. Šių paprastųjų daiktavardžių kirčiavimo normų paplitimas buvo tiriamas trijose skirtingose Lietuvos vietovėse, t. y. Lazdijų bei Molėtų rajone, Prienų mieste. Pirmajame tyrime, remiantis Valstybinės lietuvių kalbos komisijos teikta Rekomendacija buvo apklausta 500 respondentų. Antrajame iš tų pačių vietovių – 495 kalbos vartotojai. Gauti rezultatai turėjo parodyti, ar tikrai realioji vartosena remia VLKK sprendimą, ar šnekamojoje kalboje nebando įsitvirtinti kirčiavimo variantai, kuriuos normintojai laiko klaidomis. Prieš atliekant abu tyrimus buvo peržiūrėta bei išnagrinėta daug norminamosios literatūros. Lyginamojo metodo taikymas turėjo padėti nustatyti, kaip kito ar vis dar tebekinta tiriamų paprastųjų daiktavardžių kirčiavimo normos. Kiekvienam vardažodžiui, kuris buvo tiriamas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / There are many words in standard Lithuanian with unfixed stress. This is especially peculiar to nominal words. Thus this work will deal with such nominal words like simple nouns the stress of which has been corrected by the subcommittee dealing with the norms of stress of the State Committee on pronunciation and stress. These norms were presented in the recommendation called ‘Some simple noun stress’. The work will also deal with such simple nouns the stress of which hasn’t been specified by the State Committee on stress, but which are widely used in the existent language. Their variations of stress are not mentioned in any sources. The nouns having contiguity in standardization editions are also included in this work. The spread of standard stress of simple nouns was researched in three different locations: in Lazdynai and Moletai regions and in the town of Prienai. According to the first research based on the recommendations of the Lithuanian State Committee on language 500 respondents were questioned. During the second research 495 native speakers in the same regions were asked. The results were to show whether the real usage corresponds the standards of the State Committee on language. The results also had to show whether erratic stress variants are established in colloquial speech. Before carrying out both researches a lot of stuff on standardization had been studied and analysed. The method comparison had to help to define if the stress standards of the researched... [to full text]

This diploma work is mainly a monography of a Czech author Pavel Zajicek. The base of this study is the analysis and the interpretation of his lifelong official and samizdat literary work. In the analysis of some of his prerevolutionary books as the main source I used mainly the critiques of the contemporary literary magazines. I also present the life of the author itself, especially in the context of the period he lived in. I will briefly mention two musical bands that are closely related to this personality {--} DG 307 and PPU. In my studies I use my personal e-mail with Pavel Z. and I do not forget to observe all accesible dialogues with this poet. This diploma work is mainly a monography of a Czech author Pavel Zajicek. The base of this study is the analysis and the interpretation of his lifelong official and samizdat literary work. In the analysis of some of his prerevolutionary books as the main source I used mainly the critiques of the contemporary literary magazines. I also present the life of the author itself, especially in the context of the period he lived in. I will briefly mention two musical bands that are closely related to this personality {--} DG 307 and PPU. In my studies I use my personal e-mail with Pavel Z. and I do not forget to observe all accesible dialogues with this poet. This diploma work is mainly a monography of a Czech author Pavel Zajicek. The base of this study is the analysis and the interpretation of his lifelong official and samizdat literary work. In the analysis of some of his prerevolutionary books as the main source I used mainly the critiques of the contemporary literary magazines. I also present the life of the author itself, especially in the context of the period he lived in. I will briefly mention two musical bands that are closely related to this personality {--} DG 307 and PPU. In my studies I use my personal e-mail with Pavel Z. and I do not forget to observe all accesible dialogues with this poet.

The aim of this study is to compare and contrast the use of hyperbole or exaggeration in spoken Czech and English language. The research is based on comparative approach to two samples accounting for 100 hyperbolic instances in Czech and 100 instances of hyperbole in English. The Czech sample has been randomly excerpted from the oral part of the Czech National Corpus ORAL2008, whereas the English sample has been randomly excerpted from the "spoken context-govern" and "spoken demographic" sections of The British National Corpus. The two samples are subject to analysis. Firstly, the formal realization of hyperbole is examined. Secondly, the occurrences are classified semantically (quantitative versus qualitative hyperbole) and, thirdly, the lexico-semantics is examined (hyperbolic source domains). By this, the present study tests the hypothesis of universal hyperbolic source domains by examining the situation in Czech and English. Finally, the occurrence of conventionalized instances of hyperbole as opposed to creative instances of hyperbolic nonce-usages is examined. Last but not least, it is the aim of this study to provide the overall frequency figures of hyperbole in both languages.

Vid ett laborativt arbete i undervisningen får eleverna möjlighet att samtala med varandra och dela med sig av tidigare erfarenheter, vilket har en positiv effekt på elevernas lärande. Att skriva i undervisningen har också visat sig ha en stor effekt på elevernas lärande, då de får utveckla och strukturera om sina tankar. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka hur elevernas kunskap inom kemisk bindning utvecklas, samt hur elevernas språk utvecklas vid kursmoment med laborativt inslag och laborationsrapportskrivning. För att undersöka detta har kommunikationen hos fyra elever, som gick första året på gymnasiet och läste kemi, spelats in och sedan transkriberats, när eleverna genomförde och efteråt presenterade en laboration. Det här materialet tillsammans med elevernas laborationsrapporter blev sedan analyserade dels med PEA, dels med fokus på ämnesspråk och vardagsspråk. Resultatet visar att under alla delar i kursmomenten finns det ett fokus på laborationsrapporten och hur den ska skrivas där eleverna får möjlighet att utveckla sina kunskaper inom kemisk bindning samt utveckla sitt ämnesspråk. / Laboratory work in science education gives students opportunity to have a conversation and share knowledge with other classmates, which have a positive effect on students learning. To be able to communicate by writing in science education, has also been proven to have an enhanced the learning process by helping students to organized and challenged their thoughts. Therefore, this study objective is to explore how students’ knowledge about chemical bonding and their scientific language develops with laboratory work and laboratory report writing. To explore this, the communication of four students in their first year of high school, studying chemistry were recorded and later transcribed, while they performed and afterwards presented a lab. This material together with the students’ final laboratory report has been analyzed with regards to PEA and the language used by students. The study indicates that the use of laboratory report writing has helped students to develop their knowledge about chemical bonding, but also their scientific language.