<p>Sedan 2001 har skivindustrin förlorat en tredjedel av sin totala försäljning och framtiden för musikkonsumering är näst intill dagligen debatterad i media. På ena sidan finner man förespråkare för fri nedladdning och fildelning över Internet, medan den andra sidan består av artister och skivbolag som förklarar att man inte kan klara sig utan intäkter för musiken som produceras. Ett försenat lagförslag, ämnat att träda i kraft i juli 2005, som skulle förbjuda nedladdning av otillåtet material på Internet behandlas just nu av riksdagen. Framtiden är oviss, men det råder inga tvivel om att musikindustrin just nu undergår stora förändringar.</p><p>Syftet och avsikten med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur stora skivbolag i Sverige hanterar de omvärldsförändringar som skett till följd av nedladdning över Internet. Vårt fokus ligger på strategiska val, aktiviteter och organisatoriska förändingar som implementeras av ledningsgrupperna på respektive företag.</p><p>Vi har använt oss av tidigare studier och teorier inom strategi och change management som en plattform för att analysera företagens aktiviteter och inställning till nedladdningsfeno-menet sedan problemet identifierades. På deras respektive huvudkontor i Stockholm intervjuade vi representanter från de tre största skivbolagen i Sverige; EMI, Universal Music och Sony BMG. Datan som samlades in baserades på de frågor vi formulerat med hänvisningar till olika delar av managementteorin som behandlar diskontinuerlig förändring.</p><p>En slutsats som vi dragit är att skivbolagen reagerat för sent för att till fullo ta tillvara på möjligheterna som musikdistribution over Internet trots allt besitter. Anledningarna är många, men deras relativt statiska strukturer och det faktum att man varit fast i gamla mönster är en stor del av förklaringen. Trots att man från skivbolagens sida reagerade ganska sent på förändringen så har man nu hunnit i kapp utvecklingen avsevärt och efter att ha tagit många strategiska steg på rätt väg är man nu till en större utsträckning förberedd att möta framtida behov. Den här uppsatsen innehåller mer detaljer och specifika element av deras strategiska respons, bland annat personalbyten, tydligare omvärldsanalyser och strategiförändringar.</p> / <p>Since 2001 the recording industry has lost a third of its total sales and the future of music consumption is almost daily debated in media. On one side there are voices proclaiming free downloading and music sharing over the Internet and on the other side there are artists and record companies explaining that they need the revenues to survive. A currently delayed law proposal to illegalise unauthorized downloading, planned to be implemented from July 2005, is being considered by the Parliament. The future outcome is uncertain, but the music industry is currently and unquestionably experiencing big change.</p><p>The purpose and intention with this thesis is to examine how major record companies in Sweden are managing the environmental change, imposed by downloading over the Internet, focusing on strategic choices, actions and organizational change implemented by subsidiary level top management.</p><p>We have used previous research and theories within the area of strategy and change management as a platform for analyzing what approach these companies have to this phenomenon and also what measures have been implemented since the problem was first recognized. In Stockholm we met with representatives from the three largest record companies in Sweden; EMI Sweden, Universal Music and Sony BMG. Our data was collected from these interviews, which were based on our questions referring to different parts of the management process when experiencing big change.</p><p>One conclusion we have drawn is that the reaction from the recording industry has been too slow in order to fully capitalize on the possibilities in music distribution over the Internet. The reasons for this are many, but their relatively static structure and the fact that they have been caught up in old patterns are certainly part of the explanation. However, even though the record companies were somewhat slow from the beginning, they have now caught up substantially and since many of the measures suggested by previous research have been implemented, they are now to a larger extent equipped to meet the future needs. This thesis contains more specific elements on what responses to downloading the record companies are currently working with, such as restaffing procedures, rethinking the operational environment and reshaping strategies.</p>

This paper proposes an examination of Creative Commons (CC) licensing and considerations for adoption or non adoption among musicians. According to the Creative Commons Web site, the licenses were created to work alongside current copyright law allowing rights holders a “some rights reserved” copyright (“What is CC?”, Creative Commons, 2010). However, despite its current uptick in adoption, many remain hesitant and refuse to adopt the licenses to protect their work. Moreover, for those who have adopted the licenses, little is known about why they chose to adopt the licenses. Thus, the study answers the need for further research in understanding why musicians choose to use or not to use CC licenses. The study attempts to answer the following question: What considerations determine whether musicians adopt CC licenses for their work? In the pages that follow, I survey the historic and current position of copyright law. Specifically, the paper begins by problematizing current copyright law by demonstrating its economic and social inefficiencies in light of new advancements in technology. In other words, current copyright favors incumbent cultural industries who demand increased economic incentives at the expense of the public’s right to access these works. Moreover, it favors existing content holders who insist on creating laws that retain maximum control over their property. It then questions whether Creative Commons licenses can successfully reconcile these inefficiencies. Moreover, the overarching goal of this research is to examine the perceived viability of these licenses and to consider whether current advocacy efforts adequately address concerns of potential adopters. It analyze information gathered from multiple in-depth interviews of musicians who have and have not adopted the licenses. It will also examine advocacy efforts. The study hopes to contribute qualitative data that will shape future discussions on copyright, culture and new technologies by considering adequacies and or inadequacies of current licenses & advocacy efforts. / text

The impact on the UK recorded music industry of digital music files distributed via the Internet has been studied using Clayton M. Christensen's Disruptive Innovation Theory. The study has identified that the recent innovation of Internet retail and distribution of digital music files was indeed disruptive (rather than sustaining) in nature in its impact on the established UK record manufacturers and retailers. Furthermore, Christensen's theories have been used to investigate the factors (assets, culture and capabilities) that impeded the established UK recorded music manufacturers from adopting and promoting the new technology to create a digital consumer proposition. The reluctance of the established record manufacturers to embrace and therefore control the new technology of digital music files distributed via the Internet allowed new retailers like Apple's iTunes to become the dominant providers to the new digital consumers. The study therefore considers and identifies the organisational assets, culture and capabilities that created the most successful Internet retailing operation for digital music and in so doing reveals how to incorporate and harness disruptive technology for commercial gain within the established recorded music industry. Finally, the study proposes a strategic framework for UK recorded music companies so that they can respond successfully to disruptive technologies that will in future alter their market sector, including consumer attitudes and music usage. This framework will give the record companies the opportunity to manage the impact of disruptive technologies, enabling them to adapt their business strategies and tactics to provide a service that meets consumer needs the next time an innovative technology impacts the established manufacturing and retailing paradigm.

The research engages the use of social media sites for musicians with a focus on Facebook. It determines which are the advantages the platform makes available for musicians, allowing them to employ Do It Yourself strategies of production, audience relationship management and self-management. The importance of audience response and demographics allow any musician integrate keen insight into the content delivery and thus, optimize their management accordingly. This thesis will establish the affordances that engage what aspects and uses of Facebook are changing the way amateurs operate. The research appropriates the context of professionalism to the variable of knowledgeability, know-how, and Stebbins’ (1977) seven variables (confidence, perseverance, continuation commitment, preparedness and self-conception) in order to note a definition of the modern amateur in contrast to professionals.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής είναι η μελέτη της πειρατείας στην μουσική βιομηχανία και η συμπεριφορά του «καταναλωτή» απέναντί της. Θα ξεκινήσει με την ανάλυση του Μάρκετινγκ και την ανάλυση του περιβάλλοντος της μουσικής βιομηχανίας σήμερα. Θα αναφέρει τους τρόπους και τις τεχνικές προώθησης και το πως εφαρμόζεται το Μάρκετινγκ στην συγκεκριμένη βιομηχανία. Θα παρουσιάσει την ιστορία της πειρατείας και την φιλοσοφία που κρύβεται πίσω από αυτή. Στο τέλος θα συνδέσει το ρόλο της πειρατείας στα παραπάνω, με έρευνες που έχουν γίνει στο παρελθόν. Επιπλέον, θα εξετάσει την συμπεριφορά του καταναλωτή γενικότερα και στην συνέχεια θα παρουσιάσει τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας που έγινε, η οποία εξετάζει την συμπεριφορά του καταναλωτή απέναντι στην διαδικτυακή αγορά της μουσικής, νόμιμα ή παράνομα, στην πειρατεία της μουσικής βιομηχανίας και την συμμετοχή του σε αυτήν καθώς στους λόγους που το κάνει. Τέλος, θα παρατεθούν τα συμπεράσματα της έρευνας, προτάσεις πάνω στο θέμα της πειρατείας και θέματα προς συζήτηση. / The purpose of this paper is to study the piracy in music business today, and to examine the consumer behaviour towards music piracy.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2002. / Härtill sju uppsatser.

No description available.

Könsstereotyper är något som finns i alla kulturer och påverkar både män ochkvinnor redan från barnsben. Inte minst musikindustrin kantas avkönsstereotyper som gör sig synliga i allt från låttexter till musikvideor. Menmycket lite tycks vara skrivet om hur artister framställs på sina skivomslag medkönsstereotyper som utgångspunkt.Syftet med föreliggande studie var därför att analysera och jämföra skivomslagför kvinnliga och manliga artister för att identifiera vad som skiljer dem åt, medvikt på vilka könsstereotyper som förekommer. Syftet var även att se om någonförändring har skett med tiden vad gäller utformningen av skivomslag samtundersöka hur eventuella könsstereotyper tar sig uttryck i olika kulturer ochgenrer.En visuell innehållsanalys gjordes på 100 skivomslag, hälften utgivna2006/2007 och andra hälften utgivna 2016/2017. Hälften av omslagen från varjeår var för kvinnliga respektive manliga artister.Resultatet visade att en del av de könsstereotyper som är vanliga vidfotograferandet av män och kvinnor även förekom på skivomslag. Men på endel punkter frångick omslagen traditionella könsstereotyper. Resultatet visadeäven att förekomsten av stereotyper har förändrats en del under tioårsperioden.En del skillnader kunde också identifieras vid en jämförelse av amerikanska ochsvenska artister, samt vid en jämförelse av olika genrer.Slutsatserna som kunde dras utifrån studiens resultat var att det finns skillnaderi hur manliga och kvinnliga artister porträtteras på sina skivomslag. Menskivomslagsbilder avviker en del från de stereotyper som gör sig synliga i andrasammanhang när män och kvinnor fotograferas. / Gender stereotypes exists in all cultures and affects both men and women froman early age. The music industry is not an exception and stereotypes can be seenand heard in everything from lyrics to music videos. However, very little seemsto be written about gender stereotypes on album covers.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze and compare how albumcovers for female and male artists differ, with focus on gender stereotypes. Thepurpose was also to examine whether a change over time have occurred when itcomes to gender stereotypes present on album covers. Additionally, this studyexamined how gender stereotypes takes form in different cultures and genres.A visual analyze were made on 100 album covers. Half of them were releasedin 2006/2007 and the other half was released in 2016/2017. The number of maleand female artist were equally divided across the different years.The result showed that some of the gender stereotypes that normally occurwhen males and females are photographed, also occurred on album covers.Other gender stereotypes were uncommon on album covers. Some changescould be seen over the ten-year period. Moreover, the result showed somedifferences when comparing Swedish and American artists’ album covers, andwhen comparing different genres.The conclusions that could be drawn from the result was that there aredifferences in how male and female artists are portrayed on their album covers.However, album cover pictures differ to a certain extent from how males andfemales are photographed in other situations.

Könsstereotyper är något som finns i alla kulturer och påverkar både män och kvinnor redan från barnsben. Inte minst musikindustrin kantas av könsstereotyper som gör sig synliga i allt från låttexter till musikvideor. Men mycket lite tycks vara skrivet om hur artister framställs på sina skivomslag med könsstereotyper som utgångspunkt. Syftet med föreliggande studie var därför att analysera och jämföra skivomslag för kvinnliga och manliga artister för att identifiera vad som skiljer dem åt, med vikt på vilka könsstereotyper som förekommer. Syftet var även att se om någon förändring har skett med tiden vad gäller utformningen av skivomslag samt undersöka hur eventuella könsstereotyper tar sig uttryck i olika kulturer och genrer. En visuell innehållsanalys gjordes på 100 skivomslag, hälften utgivna 2006/2007 och andra hälften utgivna 2016/2017. Hälften av omslagen från varje år var för kvinnliga respektive manliga artister. Resultatet visade att en del av de könsstereotyper som är vanliga vid fotograferandet av män och kvinnor även förekom på skivomslag. Men på en del punkter frångick omslagen traditionella könsstereotyper. Resultatet visade även att förekomsten av stereotyper har förändrats en del under tioårsperioden. En del skillnader kunde också identifieras vid en jämförelse av amerikanska och svenska artister, samt vid en jämförelse av olika genrer. Slutsatserna som kunde dras utifrån studiens resultat var att det finns skillnader i hur manliga och kvinnliga artister porträtteras på sina skivomslag. Men skivomslagsbilder avviker en del från de stereotyper som gör sig synliga i andra sammanhang när män och kvinnor fotograferas. / Gender stereotypes exists in all cultures and affects both men and women from an early age. The music industry is not an exception and stereotypes can be seen and heard in everything from lyrics to music videos. However, very little seems to be written about gender stereotypes on album covers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze and compare how album covers for female and male artists differ, with focus on gender stereotypes. The purpose was also to examine whether a change over time have occurred when it comes to gender stereotypes present on album covers. Additionally, this study examined how gender stereotypes takes form in different cultures and genres. A visual analyze were made on 100 album covers. Half of them were released in 2006/2007 and the other half was released in 2016/2017. The number of male and female artist were equally divided across the different years. The result showed that some of the gender stereotypes that normally occur when males and females are photographed, also occurred on album covers. Other gender stereotypes were uncommon on album covers. Some changes could be seen over the ten-year period. Moreover, the result showed some differences when comparing Swedish and American artists’ album covers, and when comparing different genres. The conclusions that could be drawn from the result was that there are differences in how male and female artists are portrayed on their album covers. However, album cover pictures differ to a certain extent from how males and females are photographed in other situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:46:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo_hms_dr_arafcl.pdf: 3494951 bytes, checksum: 8f1d3f54a47fa0c64b292a12abf612c8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo desta tese é a análise da trilha sonora das telenovelas da TV Globo como meio privilegiado de difusão da canção nacional e também internacional no mercado fonográfico brasileiro. Produzida e divulgada pela TV Globo e por sua gravadora Som Livre, a trilha sonora se constituiu, desde o início de sua produção por essas empresas das Organizações Globo, em um produto específico da indústria fonográfica e, ao mesmo tempo, em um espaço de divulgação, por excelência, de artistas, canções e segmentos musicais que, em casos específicos, duraram apenas o tempo em que a respectiva novela da qual eram tema foi exibida. A proposta aqui é, justamente, analisar os impactos dessa relação entre dois dos mais importantes setores da indústria cultural – televisão e indústria fonográfica - ao redor de duas das mais significativas manifestações culturais brasileiras – novela e música, demonstrando como tal relação influenciou significativamente o mercado fonográfico nacional. Dessa forma, a pesquisa aborda o período compreendido entre 1969 (ano de divulgação da primeira trilha sonora produzida pela TV Globo) e 2005, quando, então, a gravadora Som Livre passa a diversificar sua atuação depois de quase duas décadas concentrada quase que exclusivamente na divulgação das trilhas sonoras. Definidos os segmentos, artistas e canções que compuseram o fundo musical da novela em todo esse período, a análise buscou cruzar essas informações com as listagens de discos mais vendidos (elaboradas pelo NOPEM e ABPD) e de músicas mais executadas anualmente nas rádios (de acordo com o ECAD), visando identificar a correlação entre a presença da canção e do artista na trilha com as outras formas de difusão da música. A pesquisa enfatiza, ainda, a importância da trilha sonora como meio de renovação... / The objective of this thesis is analysis of the soundtrack of TV Globo‟s soap operas as a means for promoting the national and also international songs in the Brazilian music industry. Produced and disseminated by TV Globo and its record company, Som Livre, the soundtrack is constituted, since the beginning of its production by such companies of Globo Organizations, in a specific product in the music industry and the same time, in a space for the promoting, par excellence, of artists, songs and musical segments that, in specific cases, lasted only the time that the soap opera, which they were subject of, was displayed. The proposal here is precisely to analyze the impacts of this relationship between two of the most important sectors of the cultural industry - television and music industry – the two of the most significant cultural events in Brazil – soap opera and music, demonstrating how this relationship significantly influenced the National Music Industry. The survey covers the period from 1969 (year of the release of the first soundtrack produced by TV Globo) to 2005, when then Som Livre starts to diversify its operations after nearly two decades focusing exclusively on the dissemination of soundtracks. Defined the segments, artists, and songs that made up the soap opera‟s background music throughout this period, the analysis sought to cross this information with the listings of the best selling albums (produced by NOPEM and ABPD) and the most played songs on the radio during the year (according with ECAD), to identify the correlation between the presence of the song and the artist on the soundtrack with other forms of dissemination of music. The study emphasizes the importance of the soundtrack as a means of renewing musical segments already consolidated and at the same time it also functions as a strategic field of intense diffusion of segments and ephemeral genres.