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Commercial recordings - CDs, LPs - are familiar objects. However, discussion about them has often attempted to conceal the fact that, as communicating objects, recordings pose special problems due to the fact that they unite text, image, and sound in a material commodity. This thesis examines the role of the visual in the production, circulation and use of recordings. The album cover is the primary category of study, with an emphasis on its functioning in relation to the recording as a sonic and material commodity. The label ECM, a German company which has been producing recordings since 1969, provides the main focus in this analysis. The basis of this investigation lies in the questioning of the assumptions and categories that have historically guided the activity of cover design and the discourse about it. Traditionally, recordings have been understandably seen primarily as sound-carriers; their visual aspects, even when celebrated, are most often relegated to a peripheral status, despite the fact that in certain contexts the importance of the visual can overwhelm that of sound. The usual hierarchical opposition between these elements is here questioned through an examination of both the marketing of recordings and their circulation and use. ECM provides a pertinent case through which such questions can be elaborated. Its visual marketing strategies can be characterised in terms of a desire for difference. ECM's attempt to set itself apart has resulted in a "look" which rejects many conventions. It has also resulted in a complex, conceptual group of visual strategies. In its particular use of landscape photography, blank space, and gestural markings, ECM constructs ideas of space which relate to the potential for performativity and creativity. Through the combination of these strategies, the label deemphasises creative personality of the musical performer and emphasises the space occupied by the looker/listener. In doing this, it also questions the traditional boundaries between music and the visual. ECM's covers cause these categories to become indistinct and allow new conceptions of the recording as a material commodity to emerge. One effect of this is a construction of the apprehender's subjectivity that fails to fit within the marketplace's traditional categories. The thesis considers how the visual has been implicated in more concrete processes such as the negotiation of taste and practices of consumption and use. The niche that ECM attempts to carve out for itself is considered in relation to the tension in the marketplace between the desire for distinction and the recording as a massproduced commodity.

Commercial recordings - CDs, LPs - are familiar objects. However, discussion about them has often attempted to conceal the fact that, as communicating objects, recordings pose special problems due to the fact that they unite text, image, and sound in a material commodity. This thesis examines the role of the visual in the production, circulation and use of recordings. The album cover is the primary category of study, with an emphasis on its functioning in relation to the recording as a sonic and material commodity. The label ECM, a German company which has been producing recordings since 1969, provides the main focus in this analysis. The basis of this investigation lies in the questioning of the assumptions and categories that have historically guided the activity of cover design and the discourse about it. Traditionally, recordings have been understandably seen primarily as sound-carriers; their visual aspects, even when celebrated, are most often relegated to a peripheral status, despite the fact that in certain contexts the importance of the visual can overwhelm that of sound. The usual hierarchical opposition between these elements is here questioned through an examination of both the marketing of recordings and their circulation and use. ECM provides a pertinent case through which such questions can be elaborated. Its visual marketing strategies can be characterised in terms of a desire for difference. ECM's attempt to set itself apart has resulted in a "look" which rejects many conventions. It has also resulted in a complex, conceptual group of visual strategies. In its particular use of landscape photography, blank space, and gestural markings, ECM constructs ideas of space which relate to the potential for performativity and creativity. Through the combination of these strategies, the label deemphasises creative personality of the musical performer and emphasises the space occupied by the looker/listener. In doing this, it also questions the traditional boundaries between music and the visual. ECM's covers cause these categories to become indistinct and allow new conceptions of the recording as a material commodity to emerge. One effect of this is a construction of the apprehender's subjectivity that fails to fit within the marketplace's traditional categories. The thesis considers how the visual has been implicated in more concrete processes such as the negotiation of taste and practices of consumption and use. The niche that ECM attempts to carve out for itself is considered in relation to the tension in the marketplace between the desire for distinction and the recording as a massproduced commodity. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

Könsstereotyper är något som finns i alla kulturer och påverkar både män ochkvinnor redan från barnsben. Inte minst musikindustrin kantas avkönsstereotyper som gör sig synliga i allt från låttexter till musikvideor. Menmycket lite tycks vara skrivet om hur artister framställs på sina skivomslag medkönsstereotyper som utgångspunkt.Syftet med föreliggande studie var därför att analysera och jämföra skivomslagför kvinnliga och manliga artister för att identifiera vad som skiljer dem åt, medvikt på vilka könsstereotyper som förekommer. Syftet var även att se om någonförändring har skett med tiden vad gäller utformningen av skivomslag samtundersöka hur eventuella könsstereotyper tar sig uttryck i olika kulturer ochgenrer.En visuell innehållsanalys gjordes på 100 skivomslag, hälften utgivna2006/2007 och andra hälften utgivna 2016/2017. Hälften av omslagen från varjeår var för kvinnliga respektive manliga artister.Resultatet visade att en del av de könsstereotyper som är vanliga vidfotograferandet av män och kvinnor även förekom på skivomslag. Men på endel punkter frångick omslagen traditionella könsstereotyper. Resultatet visadeäven att förekomsten av stereotyper har förändrats en del under tioårsperioden.En del skillnader kunde också identifieras vid en jämförelse av amerikanska ochsvenska artister, samt vid en jämförelse av olika genrer.Slutsatserna som kunde dras utifrån studiens resultat var att det finns skillnaderi hur manliga och kvinnliga artister porträtteras på sina skivomslag. Menskivomslagsbilder avviker en del från de stereotyper som gör sig synliga i andrasammanhang när män och kvinnor fotograferas. / Gender stereotypes exists in all cultures and affects both men and women froman early age. The music industry is not an exception and stereotypes can be seenand heard in everything from lyrics to music videos. However, very little seemsto be written about gender stereotypes on album covers.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze and compare how albumcovers for female and male artists differ, with focus on gender stereotypes. Thepurpose was also to examine whether a change over time have occurred when itcomes to gender stereotypes present on album covers. Additionally, this studyexamined how gender stereotypes takes form in different cultures and genres.A visual analyze were made on 100 album covers. Half of them were releasedin 2006/2007 and the other half was released in 2016/2017. The number of maleand female artist were equally divided across the different years.The result showed that some of the gender stereotypes that normally occurwhen males and females are photographed, also occurred on album covers.Other gender stereotypes were uncommon on album covers. Some changescould be seen over the ten-year period. Moreover, the result showed somedifferences when comparing Swedish and American artists’ album covers, andwhen comparing different genres.The conclusions that could be drawn from the result was that there aredifferences in how male and female artists are portrayed on their album covers.However, album cover pictures differ to a certain extent from how males andfemales are photographed in other situations.

Könsstereotyper är något som finns i alla kulturer och påverkar både män och kvinnor redan från barnsben. Inte minst musikindustrin kantas av könsstereotyper som gör sig synliga i allt från låttexter till musikvideor. Men mycket lite tycks vara skrivet om hur artister framställs på sina skivomslag med könsstereotyper som utgångspunkt. Syftet med föreliggande studie var därför att analysera och jämföra skivomslag för kvinnliga och manliga artister för att identifiera vad som skiljer dem åt, med vikt på vilka könsstereotyper som förekommer. Syftet var även att se om någon förändring har skett med tiden vad gäller utformningen av skivomslag samt undersöka hur eventuella könsstereotyper tar sig uttryck i olika kulturer och genrer. En visuell innehållsanalys gjordes på 100 skivomslag, hälften utgivna 2006/2007 och andra hälften utgivna 2016/2017. Hälften av omslagen från varje år var för kvinnliga respektive manliga artister. Resultatet visade att en del av de könsstereotyper som är vanliga vid fotograferandet av män och kvinnor även förekom på skivomslag. Men på en del punkter frångick omslagen traditionella könsstereotyper. Resultatet visade även att förekomsten av stereotyper har förändrats en del under tioårsperioden. En del skillnader kunde också identifieras vid en jämförelse av amerikanska och svenska artister, samt vid en jämförelse av olika genrer. Slutsatserna som kunde dras utifrån studiens resultat var att det finns skillnader i hur manliga och kvinnliga artister porträtteras på sina skivomslag. Men skivomslagsbilder avviker en del från de stereotyper som gör sig synliga i andra sammanhang när män och kvinnor fotograferas. / Gender stereotypes exists in all cultures and affects both men and women from an early age. The music industry is not an exception and stereotypes can be seen and heard in everything from lyrics to music videos. However, very little seems to be written about gender stereotypes on album covers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze and compare how album covers for female and male artists differ, with focus on gender stereotypes. The purpose was also to examine whether a change over time have occurred when it comes to gender stereotypes present on album covers. Additionally, this study examined how gender stereotypes takes form in different cultures and genres. A visual analyze were made on 100 album covers. Half of them were released in 2006/2007 and the other half was released in 2016/2017. The number of male and female artist were equally divided across the different years. The result showed that some of the gender stereotypes that normally occur when males and females are photographed, also occurred on album covers. Other gender stereotypes were uncommon on album covers. Some changes could be seen over the ten-year period. Moreover, the result showed some differences when comparing Swedish and American artists’ album covers, and when comparing different genres. The conclusions that could be drawn from the result was that there are differences in how male and female artists are portrayed on their album covers. However, album cover pictures differ to a certain extent from how males and females are photographed in other situations.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2359059 bytes, checksum: 63873d1da8ab460889db4579b9db0d7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Tropicalia emerged in late 1967 with the songs ―Alegria, Alegria‖ (Caetano Veloso) and ―Domingo no Parque‖ (Gilberto Gil). But it was in 1968 that the musical movement left his major works recorded. In that year were released records by Tom Zé, Os Mutantes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil and the collective record Tropicália ou panis et circensis. These albums represented a new moment in the Brazilian Music: opening the explicit cultural dialogues with other countries and with different artistic languages. Our work investigates how was, parallely, turned towards the Brazilian graphic design, from the analysis of the covers of these records, discussing the images with the songs. We started from Luiz Tatit s studies on song and the concept of cultural dialogue according to the Semiotics of Culture. / A Tropicália surgiu no final de 1967, com as canções ―Alegria, alegria‖ (Caetano Veloso) e ―Domingo no parque‖ (Gilberto Gil). Mas foi em 1968 que o movimento musical deixou registrado em disco suas principais obras. Naquele ano foram lançados os discos de Tom Zé, Mutantes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil e o disco coletivo Tropicália ou panis et circensis. Estes álbuns representaram um novo momento na canção brasileira: da abertura explícita aos diálogos culturais com outros países e com diversas linguagens artísticas. Nosso trabalho investiga como se deu, paralelamente, a virada de rumo no design gráfico brasileiro, a partir da análise das capas destes discos, dialogando as imagens com as canções. Partimos dos estudos de Luiz Tatit sobre canção e do conceito de diálogo cultural segundo a Semiótica da Cultura.

CAPES / A pesquisa buscou investigar o Tropicalismo (1967-1968) e analisar de que forma sua linguagem gráfica repercutiu nas capas de disco de 1969 a 1978, ou seja, nos dez anos seguintes ao término oficial do movimento. A dissertação procurou pensar nas características estéticas e culturais presentes nos projetos gráficos, considerando o contexto histórico desses anos, as propostas da canção tropicalista, tal como as influências entre as sonoridades e visualidades do período. Para isso, foram estudadas as capas de disco do Brasil da segunda metade dos anos de 1960, com ênfase na Tropicália. Foram selecionadas dez capas de discos do período posterior, com o intuito de estabelecer comparações e discutir as principais referências. Foi desenvolvida uma análise visual com base na semiótica peirceana - a partir da proposta de Martine de Joly (2006) - de capas de eixos fonográficos diversos de 1969 a 1978, apontando de que maneira construiu-se um diálogo entre o design tropicalista e as peças selecionadas. A partir disso, foi possível verificar que o Tropicalismo teve significativa importância para a criação e implantação de uma nova linguagem visual no design brasileiro e influenciou, em diferentes aspectos, o desenvolvimento de capas de disco da década posterior. / The research sought to investigate the Tropicalismo (1967-1968) and analyse how its graphic language reflected in the album covers from 1969 to 1978, in other words, in the ten years following the official end of the movement. The dissertation attempted to think about the esthetic and cultural characteristics present in graphic projects, considering the historical context of those years, the proposals of the Tropicália’s songs and the influences between sounds and visualities of period. Thus, the research was studied the album covers of Brazil in the second half of the 1960s, with an emphasis on Tropicália. Ten album covers of the period subsequent were selected, to compare and discuss the main references. It was developed a visual analysis based on Peircean semiotic - from the proposed of Martine Joly (2006) - of album covers of different phonograph axes from 1969 to 1978, pointing how was constructed a dialogue between Tropicalismo’s design and the selected pieces. From this, it was possible to verify that the Tropicalismo had significant importance for the creation and implementation of a new visual language in Brazilian design and influenced, in different aspects, the development of album covers in the next decade.

CAPES / A pesquisa buscou investigar o Tropicalismo (1967-1968) e analisar de que forma sua linguagem gráfica repercutiu nas capas de disco de 1969 a 1978, ou seja, nos dez anos seguintes ao término oficial do movimento. A dissertação procurou pensar nas características estéticas e culturais presentes nos projetos gráficos, considerando o contexto histórico desses anos, as propostas da canção tropicalista, tal como as influências entre as sonoridades e visualidades do período. Para isso, foram estudadas as capas de disco do Brasil da segunda metade dos anos de 1960, com ênfase na Tropicália. Foram selecionadas dez capas de discos do período posterior, com o intuito de estabelecer comparações e discutir as principais referências. Foi desenvolvida uma análise visual com base na semiótica peirceana - a partir da proposta de Martine de Joly (2006) - de capas de eixos fonográficos diversos de 1969 a 1978, apontando de que maneira construiu-se um diálogo entre o design tropicalista e as peças selecionadas. A partir disso, foi possível verificar que o Tropicalismo teve significativa importância para a criação e implantação de uma nova linguagem visual no design brasileiro e influenciou, em diferentes aspectos, o desenvolvimento de capas de disco da década posterior. / The research sought to investigate the Tropicalismo (1967-1968) and analyse how its graphic language reflected in the album covers from 1969 to 1978, in other words, in the ten years following the official end of the movement. The dissertation attempted to think about the esthetic and cultural characteristics present in graphic projects, considering the historical context of those years, the proposals of the Tropicália’s songs and the influences between sounds and visualities of period. Thus, the research was studied the album covers of Brazil in the second half of the 1960s, with an emphasis on Tropicália. Ten album covers of the period subsequent were selected, to compare and discuss the main references. It was developed a visual analysis based on Peircean semiotic - from the proposed of Martine Joly (2006) - of album covers of different phonograph axes from 1969 to 1978, pointing how was constructed a dialogue between Tropicalismo’s design and the selected pieces. From this, it was possible to verify that the Tropicalismo had significant importance for the creation and implementation of a new visual language in Brazilian design and influenced, in different aspects, the development of album covers in the next decade.

Orientadores: Edson do Prado Pfützenreuter, Anna Paula Silva Gouveia / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:52:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rezende_AndreNovaesde_D.pdf: 133268389 bytes, checksum: e0ce46145e8906cad7a46c671ea5c52e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: No fim do século XIX, o diálogo entre as artes visuais e a música abriu precedentes para que as artes aplicadas, ou comerciais, incentivassem o consumo do espetáculo musical. Paralelamente, com o desenvolvimento tecnológico da indústria fonográfica, a música passou a ser gravada e comercializada. A comercialização da música gravada, por sua vez, também foi beneficiada por um interesse de explorar-se uma conexão visual com o conteúdo da gravação. Em 1940, este interesse foi diretamente manifestado pelo designer gráfico norte-americano Alex Steinweiss, quando começou a projetar capas de álbuns de discos de 78rpm para a gravadora Columbia Records. Steinweiss não foi o primeiro artista comercial ou designer gráfico a projetar uma capa ilustrada para álbuns de discos de 78rpm mas, ao projetar capas, foi pioneiro na intenção de exercer uma correspondência semântica com o conteúdo musical dos discos. Esta tese tem como grande objetivo o resgate das principais condições históricas e culturais que ajudaram a caracterizar o trabalho de Steinweiss e que possibilitaram fosse ele incorporado com sucesso pela indústria fonográfica. Por meio do levantamento de tais condições e também do próprio método de projeto de Steinweiss, observou-se que seu sucesso proporcionou o estabelecimento de um paradigma, na medida em que as soluções propostas por ele foram, posteriormente, tomadas como modelo e substituíram as regras vigentes para o projeto gráfico das capas dos álbuns de discos / Abstract: By the end of the nineteenth century, the dialog between visual arts and music was a great influence on the applied arts, or commercial arts, in its own task of promoting the music spectacle. Meanwhile, with the technological development of the music industry, music started to be recorded and commercialized. The recorded music business, moved by its own interests, also explored a visual connection with the recorded musical content of their product. In 1940, the early work of the American graphic designer Alex Steinweiss was a consequence of this interest, as he started to design album covers for 78rpm records while working at Columbia Records. Steinweiss was not the first commercial artist or graphic designer to design illustrated album covers for 78rpm records, but he was the first one who expected to achieve semantic correspondence with the musical content of the record. The main goal of this thesis is to retrieve key historical and cultural conditions that influenced Steinweiss' work and allowed him to succeed as a graphic designer inside the recorded music business. By doing so, and by setting up aspects of Steinweiss' design methods, we have come to the conclusion that his success characterized a paradigm. The solutions he offered were taken as models and replaced the rules that determined how an album cover should be designed / Doutorado / Artes Visuais / Doutor em Artes