Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2013. / This paper analyses the provision of development finance to oil and gas exploration and production (E&P) firms through Development Finance Institutes (DFIs) in Africa. The paper aims to determine the state of equity markets and development finance in Africa and the level at which they contribute to the financing of oil and gas projects in Africa. The main question to be answered: is small firm participation sustainable in the oil and gas industry if equity markets do not develop to meet the financing needs in Africa? It is found that development finance contributes a small proportion of capital into oil and gas deals and financial equity markets play an even smaller role in garnering finance for capital intensive projects in the oil and gas industry as most finance is sourced externally or from internal cash flows. Small firms tend to reduce their interest in oil and gas projects based on lack of access to domestic finance through equity markets and limited development finance availability.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo estimar a renda de informação apropriada pelos vencedores dos leilões para exploração e produção de petróleo e gás natural no Brasil. Assume-se um modelo estrutural de leilão de valor privado independente. Foram estimadas as distribuições dos lances e dos valores privados dos lançadores de forma não-paramétrica, assumindo assimetria entre os participantes (Petrobras+OGX versus outros). Para isso, explorou-se um banco de dados construído a partir de informações de todos os leilões realizados entre 1999 e 2008. Tal estudo é relevante por tentar avaliar o sucesso do governo brasileiro e das empresas licitantes nestes leilões, principalmente diante da discussão do novo marco regulatório do pré-sal. Os resultados sugerem que a Petrobras e a OGX obtiveram rendas de informação significativamente maiores que as demais concorrentes. Tais rendas variam entre 14% e 63%, dependendo do número de competidores e de seu tipo. De maneira geral, o governo tende a extrair maior parte do preço de reserva do vencedor do leilão quando este não é a Petrobras ou a OGX e quanto maior for o número de concorrentes. / This dissertation aims to estimate the information rent grabbed by the winners of auctions for exploration and production of oil and natural gas in Brazil. It assumes a structural model of independent private values for the auctions. We estimated non-parametrically both the distributions of bids and the distribution of private values from bidders, assuming asymmetry between the participants (Petrobras + OGX versus others). For this, we explored a database with information about all the auctions held between 1999 and 2008. This study is relevant since it tries to assess the success of the Brazilian government and bidders in these auctions, especially before the discussion on the new regulatory framework of pre-salt. Results suggest that Petrobras and OGX obtained information rents significantly higher than other competitors. These rents vary between 14% and 63%, depending on the number of competitors and on their types. In general, the government tends to capture most of the reserve price of the winning bidder when it is not Petrobras or OGX and the greater the number of competitors.

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Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / This thesis is a story of Oman. It will lightly touch the rich fabric of Oman's history. It will chart through some of Oman's modernization as a cohesive Arab state into the new era under the reign of Sultan Qaboos bin Said. The thesis will emphasize Oman's potential as a young entrepreneur, and discuss the pathways and decisions made over the last two decades bringing Oman to the forefront of economic progress and social development while maintaining its cultural heritage. As Oman continues to look for revenue sources other than oil through industrialization, the thesis will focus on Oman's Fisheries industry and discuss the gradual depletion of its marine food resources--a consequence of over-fishing. The thesis will debate whether an aquaculture industry is the next step up from Oman's Fisheries sector and can Oman used the development of its aquaculture sector to increase its revenues. The analysis of an aquaculture sector for Oman will involve evaluating the economic, scientific, environmental and ecological factors dictating the success of entering this industry. It will focus on aquaculture of shrimp and the reasons why Oman would consider using this species to develop its aquaculture sector. The thesis will lay out various approaches to practicing sustainable aquaculture and focus on three potential options to develop the aquaculture sector. This section will canvass the critical factors that should drive the decision making process in selecting the optimal aquaculture approach that will yield Oman the revenue sources it seeks while minimizing any damage to the environment. The three choices are developed with an across the border measuring device with which Oman can evaluate the socio-economical and ecological pros and cons of selecting any of the three options. / 2031-01-02

This thesis examines the joint venture relationship in the context of the exploration phase of the development of an oil and gas field in Great Britain and Australia. It considers a number of issues relating to the relationship between the Participants of a typical Joint Operating Agreement within the legal regimes of Great Britain and Australia. Against this background the main issues addressed in this thesis are- 1. the nature of the joint venture?; 2. the relationship between the Participants inter se; and 3. the relationship between the Operator and the Participants. In addressing these issues the following questions are addressed: - (i) what is a joint venture?; (ii) is a joint venture a separate legal relationship?; (iii) how is a joint venture distinguished from a partnership?; (iv) what is the relationship between the participants inter se?; (v) what rights does a participant of a joint venture have in relation to the joint venture and the other participants of a joint venture?; (vi) what interest, contractural or proprietary, does a participant of a joint venture have in the joint venture and the property thereof?; vii) what duties does a participant of a joint venture have to the joint venture and the other participants of the joint venture?; and (viii) what is the legal position when a participant of a joint venture defaults in complying with its duties?

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Esta tese teve como objetivo analisar o processo de geração e apropriação da renda petrolífera nos modelos de organização adotados pela indústria brasileira de petróleo. O interesse pelas jazidas de petróleo tem sua origem nas altas rendas geradas na cadeia produtiva, principalmente na fase de exploração, as quais podem ser apropriadas por quem exerce a propriedade sobre o recurso. O entendimento da moderna indústria petrolífera brasileira em um contexto de altos preços de petróleo, de incremento da produção e da descoberta de grandes acumulações de petróleo no pré-sal, leva à discussão em torno da disputa da riqueza gerada, o modelo de organização da indústria e o papel da empresa estatal, PETROBRAS. Tais aspectos foram avaliados seguindo uma perspectiva histórica, baseada no estudo da renda marxista e na aplicação de categorias concretas de análise à indústria petrolífera, abrangendo no período de estudo o pré-monopólio do petróleo, a consolidação da indústria petrolífera com bases estatais, o modelo de concessão e o modelo misto para explorar o pré-sal. A indústria petrolífera mexicana e venezuelana foram estudadas como referencia. Realizada a análise, identificou-se - dada a disponibilidade de recursos petrolíferos orientados a atender o abastecimento interno - o predomínio de excedente econômico gerado no mercado nacional e em menor medida uma renda petrolífera, diferencial e absoluta conseguida no mercado internacional. Também se constatou que dentro do estado nacional moldou-se um processo de disputa do excedente econômico nas suas várias etapas históricas, já que, uma vez definida a hegemonia sobre o petróleo, a disputa pelos excedentes se dá no seio do próprio Estado, entre os estados e os municípios. Concluiu-se que o modelo de organização da indústria petrolífera brasileira é resultado da disputa pelas forças envolvidas na apropriação da renda petrolífera. / This thesis aims to analyze the process of generation and appropriation of oil rent in the organizational models adopted by the Brazilian oil industry. Interest in owning of petroleum fields has its origin in the high rents generated in the production chain, especially in the exploration phase, which may be appropriated by whoever has the property rights on the resource. The understanding of modern Brazilian oil industry in a context of high oil prices; the increase of production and the discovery of large accumulations of oil in pre-salt, leads to discussions around the dispute of the wealth generated, the organizational model of the industry and the role of state-owned company, PETROBRAS. These aspects were evaluated following a historical perspective, based on the study of Marxist rent theory and the application of concrete categories of analysis specific to the oil industry, covering in the period of the study the pre-monopoly, the consolidation of the oil industry with state basis, the concession model and the mixed model to explore the pre-salt. Given the availability of oil resources geared to meet domestic supply during the analysis it was identified the predominance of economic surplus generated in the domestic market and to a lesser extent, a differential and absolute rent achieved in the international market. On the other hand, also within the national state a process of dispute of that economic surplus was shaped, once defined hegemony over oil the dispute for economic surpluses occurs within the state itself, between the states and municipalities. It was concluded that the organizational model of Brazilian oil industry is a result of the dispute by the forces involved in the appropriation of oil rents.

Doctor of Philosophy / The apparent increase in market concentration and vertical integration in the Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) industry has led to concerns about the presence of market power. For the Indonesian CPO industry, such concerns attract more attention because of the importance of this sector to the Indonesian economy. CPO is used as the main raw material for cooking oil (which is an essential commodity in Indonesia) and it contributes significantly to export earnings and employment. However, dominant producers argue that the increase in economies of scale and scope lead to an increase in the efficiency, which eventually will be beneficial for the end consumers and export earnings. This research seeks to examine whether the dominant producers do behave competitively and pass the efficiency gains to the end consumers, or they enhance inefficiency through market power instead. In order to identify the most suitable model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry, different market power models are explored. These models can be divided into static and dynamic models. In general, all of them accept the price–cost margins as a measure of market power. However, static models fail to reveal the dynamic behaviour that determines market power; hence the dynamic models are likely to be more appropriate to modelling market power. Among these dynamic models, the adjustment model with a linear quadratic specification is considered to be a more appropriate model to measure market power in the Indonesian CPO industry. In the Indonesian CPO industry, producers can be divided into three groups, namely the public estates, private companies and smallholders. However, based on their ability to influence market price, smallholders are not considered as one of the dominant groups. By using the adjustment cost model, the market power of the dominant groups is estimated. The model is estimated using a Bayesian technique annual data spanning 1968–2003. The public estates and private companies are assumed to engage in a noncooperative game. They are assumed to use Markovian strategies, which permit firms to respond to changes in the state vector. In this case, the vector comprises the firms and their rivals’ previous action, implying that firms respond to changes in their rivals’ previous action. The key contribution of this thesis is the relaxation of the symmetry assumption in the estimation process. Although the existence of an asymmetric condition often complicates the estimation process, the different characteristics of the public estates and private companies lead to a need for relaxing such an assumption. In addition, the adjustment system—which can be seen as a type of reaction function—is not restricted to have downward slopes. Negative reaction functions are commonly assumed for a quantity setting game. However, the reverse may occur in particular circumstances. Without such restrictions, the analysis could reveal the type of interaction between the public estates and private companies. In addition, it provides insights into empirical examples of conditions that might lead to the positive reaction function. Furthermore, the analysis adds to the understanding of the impact of positive reaction functions to avoid the complicated estimation of the asymmetric case. As expected, the public estates act as the leader, while the private companies are the follower. Interestingly, results indicate that as well as the private companies, public estates do exert some degree of market power. Moreover, the public estates enjoy even higher market power than the private companies, as indicated by market power indices of -0.46 and -0.72, respectively. The exertion of market power by both the public estates and the private companies cast some doubts about the effectiveness of some current policies in the Indonesian CPO industry. With market power, the underlying assumption of a perfectly competitive market condition—that serves as the basis for the government interventions—is no longer applicable. Hence, many government interventions are unlikely to have the desired effect. The Indonesian competition law that has been imposed since 1999 might be effective in preventing firms to sign collusive contracts. In fact, even without such an agreement, firms in the CPO industry are likely to exert some degree of market power. As an alternative, eliminating the ‘sources’ of market power might be a better solution. If the public estates have the aim of maximising welfare, privatisation might improve their efficiency, hence they have ability to suppress the private companies’ market power. However, if in fact, the public estates deliberately reduce output to gain higher profit, privatisation might increase the degree of market power of both groups of companies even further. In such a condition, addressing the long term barriers of entry stemming from the requirement of high investment might be a better alternative to address the market power problem in the CPO industry.

Olive oil production in Australia has increased significantly in the past decade, and will soon reach about forty thousand tonnes per annum. While some Mediterranean countries have well established, modern olive oil industries, the Australian industry is still in its infancy. In order to compete in the world market, the Australian olive oil industry requires information on the response of olive cultivars in Australian conditions, especially when to harvest and irrigate to produce high quality olive oil. This study investigated the effect of harvest timing and irrigation on the quality of olive oil. It was conducted on a commercial olive grove in southern New South Wales over a three year period. It involved harvesting, extraction and analysis of the oil at 6 harvest times from early February to late July. A number of irrigation regimes were imposed in this study, although management was difficult due to drought conditions and lack of available water. The study provides very useful information and guidelines not only for the Australian olive industry, but also for the international olive oil producing community. / Master of Science (Hons)