Atuadores Piezelétricos Flextensionais consistem de uma estrutura flexível atuada por cerâmicas piezelétricas (ou “pilhas” de cerâmicas). A estrutura flexível conectada a piezocerâmica deve gerar deslocamentos e forças em diferentes pontos específicos do domínio, para uma direção especificada. Estes atuadores são usados em aplicações de mecânica de precisão, tal como, sistemas microeletromecânicos (MEMS), manipulador de células, interferometria laser, equipamentos de nanotecnologia, equipamentos de microcirurgias, nanoposicionadores, sonda de varredura microscópica, e etc. Porém, devido ao fato destes atuadores consistirem principalmente de um mecanismo flexível, seu projeto é complexo. A estrutura flexível comporta-se como um transformador mecânico pela amplificação para converter, direcionar e amplificar os pequenos deslocamentos gerados pela piezocerâmica (ordem de nanômetros). A estrutura flexível é projetada distribuindo-se flexibilidade e rigidez no domínio de projeto, o que pode ser obtido usando a otimização topológica. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é implementar um método sistemático baseado no método de otimização topológica para projetar atuadores piezelétricos flextensionais. Essencialmente, o método de otimização topológica consiste em encontrar a distribuição ótima de material perfurando o domínio de projeto com infinitos microfuros. O material em cada ponto pode alterar de vazio a total presença de material, também assumindo material intermediário (ou compósito). A implementação do método de otimização topológica é baseado no modelo de material SIMP (Simple Isotropic Material with Penalization). O problema de otimização é posto como a maximização dos deslocamentos gerados (ou força de blocagem) em diferentes pontos e direções especificadas do domínio. Considerando o comportamento linear da piezocerâmica. Alterando a flexibilidade e a rigidez da estrutura flexível conectada a piezocerâmica obtém-se diferentes tipos de atuadores piezelétricos flextensionais, que podem ser projetados para determinadas aplicações. Para ilustrar o método, os exemplos mostrados são modelos bidimensionais (2D), uma vez que a maior parte das aplicações envolve dispositivos planos. Estes atuadores são fabricados usando corrosão química em chapas de cobre abaixo de 200 μm de espessura através do método de litografia. Técnica de corrosão química tem um baixo custo e permite-nos fabricar diversos protótipos para testes. Esta técnica pode ser facilmente utilizada no LNLS (Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron – Campinas). Análise experimental destes protótipos são procedidas para medição de deslocamentos usando uma Probe Station. Como trabalho futuro, estes protótipos serão construídos em escala de MEMS. / Flextensional Piezoelectric Actuators consist of a flexible structure actuated by piezoelectric ceramics (or a stack of piezoceramics). The flexible structure connected to the piezoceramic must generate displacements and forces in different specified points of the domain, according to a specific direction. These actuators are applied to precision mechanic applications such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), cell manipulators, laser interferometers, nanotechnology equipment, microsurgery equipment, nanopositioners, scanning probe microscopy, etc. However, due to the fact these actuators essentially consist of a compliant mechanism their design is complex. The compliant structure behaves as a mechanical transform by amplifying and changing the direction of small output displacements generated by piezoceramics (order of nanometer). The flexible structure is designed by distributing flexibility and stiffness in the design domain, which can be archieved by using topology optimization. Therefore, the objective of this work is to implement a systematic method based on topology optimization method to design flextensional piezoelectric actuators. Essentially, the topology optimization method consists of finding the optimal material distribution in a perforated design domain with infinite microvoids. The material in each point can change from void to full material, also assuming intermediate (or composite) material. The implemented topology optimization method is based on the SIMP (Simple Isotropic Material with Penalization) material model. The optimization problem is posed as maximization of output displacements (or grabbing forces) in different specified directions and points of the domain. A linear behavior of piezoceramic is considered. By changing the flexibility and stiffness of flexible structure connected to the piezoceramics different types of flextensional piezoelectric actuators can be designed for a desired application. To illustrate the method, examples presented herein are limited to two-dimensional (2D) models once in most part of applications of these actuators they are planar devices. These actuators are manufactured by using chemical corrosion on a 200 um thickness copper plate through lithography method. Chemical corrosion technique has a low cost and it allow us to manufacture several prototypes for testing. For this technique, facilities of the micromachining laboratory of National Sincroton Light Laboratory (LNLS - Campinas) are used. Experimental analysis of these prototypes are conducted by measuring displacements using a probe station. As a future work, these prototypes will be built in a MEMS scale.

A Tomografia por Impedância Elétrica (TIE) é uma técnica recente de obtenção de imagens médicas para monitoração de tecidos biológicos. A TIE nos permite obter imagens que representam um plano transverso de qualquer seção do corpo humano (cabeça, tórax, coxa, etc.), onde cada “pixel” na imagem representa a sua impedância ou resistividade elétrica. As imagens são geradas através de valores de voltagens medidos em eletrodos posicionados em torno da seção do corpo humano. Estas voltagens são obtidas aplicando-se uma seqüência de corrente elétrica de baixa amplitude nos eletrodos, de acordo com um padrão da excitação elétrica (adjacente ou diametral). A TIE é baseada na solução de um problema inverso, onde dadas as voltagens medidas no exterior do corpo, essa técnica tenta encontrar a distribuição de condutividades no interior do corpo. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é aplicar o Método de Otimização Topológica (MOT) para obtenção de imagens da seção de um corpo na TIE. A Otimização Topológica (OT) busca a distribuição de material no interior de um domínio de projeto, retirando e adicionado material em cada ponto desse domínio de maneira a minimizar (ou maximizar) uma função objetivo especificada, satisfazendo dadas restrições impostas ao problema de otimização. Neste trabalho, o MOT é um método iterativo, cujo algoritmo computacional (implementado em linguagem C) combina o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) e um algoritmo de otimização conhecido por Programação Linear Seqüencial (PLS). O problema de obtenção da imagem usando MOT consiste em se obter a distribuição de material (ou de condutividade) na seção do corpo que minimize a diferença entre os potenciais elétricos medidos nos eletrodos e os potenciais calculados num modelo computacional. A principal vantagem do MOT, aplicado à obtenção de imagens na TIE, é permitir a inclusão de várias restrições no problema de otimização, reduzindo o espaço de solução e evitando imagens sem significado clínico. Neste trabalho, o MOT utiliza o modelo de material SIMP para relaxar o problema de OT e vários esquemas são implementados com o intuito de regularizar o problema inverso da TIE (resolvido pelo MOT), tais como parâmetro de sintonia da imagem (“tuning”), restrição baseada na condutividade média do domínio da imagem, filtro espacial de controle de gradientes, aumento gradual do fator de penalidade do modelo de material (método de continuação) e aproximação contínua da distribuição de material (“CAMD”). Este trabalho está inserido num projeto temático cujo objetivo é estudar técnicas de reconstrução de imagem aplicadas a um tomógrafo por impedância elétrica para monitorar de forma precisa a ventilação forçada do pulmão e diagnosticar quando alguma parte do pulmão estiver danificada (obstruída ou colapsada) durante o processo de ventilação forçada. Para ilustração, são apresentadas imagens obtidas utilizando-se dados numéricos e experimentais de voltagem de domínios 2D bem conhecidos. / The Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a recent monitoring technique on biological tissues. The EIT allows us to obtain images representing a transversal plane of any section of human body (head, thorax, thigh, etc). Each image pixel is related to its corresponding value of electrical impedance (or resistivity). The images are generated from voltage values measured on electrodes positioned around the section of human body. These voltages are obtained by applying to the electrodes an alternated sequence of low intensity electrical currents in according to an excitation pattern (adjacent or diametral). The EIT is based on an inverse problem, where given the voltages measured outside of body, this technique tries to find the conductivity distribution inside of the body. In this work, the main objective is to apply Topology Optimization Method (TOM) to obtain images of body section in EIT. Topology Optimization seeks a material distribution inside of a design domain, determining which points of space should be solid and which points should be void, to minimize (or maximize) an objective function requirement, satisfying specified constraints. In this work, the MOT is an iterative method whose computational algorithm (implemented in C language) combines Finite Element Method (FEM) and an optimization algorithm called Sequential Linear Programming (SLP). The topology optimization problem applied to obtain images consists of finding the material (or conductivity) distribution in the body section that minimizes the difference between electric potential measured on electrodes and electric potential calculated by using a computational model. The main advantage of TOM applied to image reconstruction in EIT is to allow us to include several constraints in optimization problem, which reduces the solution space and avoids images without clinical meaning. In this work, the MOT uses a material model based on SIMP to makes relaxation of topology optimization problem and several regularization schemes are implemented to solve inverse problem of EIT, such as image tuning control, weighted distance interpolation based on average conductivity of domain, spatial filtering technique for gradient control, graduated changing in penalty factor of material model during the optimization process (continuity method), and continuous approximation of material distribution (CAMD). This work belongs to a thematic project whose aim is to study reconstruction image algorithms that could be used in an EIT device to monitor accurately mechanical ventilation of lung and to diagnose when any portion of lung is damaged (obstructed or collapsed) during mechanical ventilation process. To illustrate the implementation of the method, image reconstruction results obtained by using voltage numerical and experimental data of well-know 2D domains are shown.

Em sentido geral, a quimiotaxia é o movimento dirigido que desenvolvem alguns seres vivos em resposta aos gradientes químicos presentes no seu ambiente. Uma bactéria é um organismo unicelular que usa a quimiotaxia como mecanismo de mobilização para encontrar os nutrientes de que precisa para sobreviver e para escapar de ambientes nocivos. Evoluída durante milhões de anos pela natureza, a quimiotaxia de bactérias é um processo altamente otimizado de busca e exploração em espaços desconhecidos. Graças aos avanços no campo da computação, as estratégias quimiotácticas das bactérias e sua excelente capacidade de busca podem ser modeladas, simuladas e emuladas para desenvolver métodos de otimização inspirados na natureza que sejam uma alternativa aos métodos já existentes. Neste trabalho, desenvolvem-se dois algoritmos baseados em estratégias quimiotácticas de bactérias: o BCBTOA (Bacterial Chemotaxis Based Topology Optimization Algorithm) e o BCMOA (Bacterial Chemotaxis Multiobjective Optimization Algorithm) os quais são um algoritmo de otimização topológica e um algoritmo de otimização multi-objetivo, respectivamente. O desempenho dos algoritmos é avaliado mediante a sua aplicação à solução de diversos problemas de prova e os resultados são comparados com os de outros algoritmos atualmente relevantes. O algoritmo de otimização multi-objetivo desenvolvido, também foi aplicado na solução de três problemas de otimização de projeto mecânico de eixos. Os resultados obtidos e os analise comparativos feitos, permitem concluir que os algoritmos desenvolvidos são altamente competitivos e demonstram o potencial do processo de quimiotaxia de bactérias como fonte de inspiração de algoritmos de otimização distribuída, contribuindo assim, a dar resposta à constante demanda por técnicas de otimização mais eficazes e robustas. / In general, chemotaxis is the biased movement developed by certain living organisms as a response to chemical gradients present in their environment. A bacterium is a unicellular organism that uses chemotaxis as a mechanism for mobilization that allows it to find nutrients needed to survive and to escape from harmful environments. Millions of years of natural evolution became bacterial chemotaxis a highly optimized process in searching and exploration of unknown spaces. Thanks to advances in the computing field, bacterial chemotactical strategies and its excellent ability in searching can be modeled, simulated and emulated developing bio-inspired optimization methods as alternatives to classical methods. Two algorithms based on bacterial chemotactical strategies were designed, developed and implemented in this work: i) the topology optimization algorithm, BCBTOA (Bacterial Chemotaxis Based Topology Optimization Algorithm) and ii) the multi-objective optimization algorithm, BCMOA (Bacterial Chemotaxis Multiobjective Optimization Algorithm). Algorithms performances were evaluated by their applications in the solution of benchmark problems and the results obtained were compared with other algorithms also relevant today. The BCMOA developed here was also applied in the solution of three mechanical design problems. The results obtained as well as the comparative analysis conducted lead to conclude that the algorithms developed were competitive. This also demonstrates the potential of bacterial chemotaxis as a process in which distributed optimization techniques can be inspired.

Este estudo tem como principal objetivo a compreensão de dois dos principais métodos de otimização topológica disponíveis na literatura: o método SIMP e ESO. Estes métodos foram implementados computacionalmente utilizando a linguagem de programação FORTRAN 90. Utiliza-se o Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF) como parâmetro de solução mecânica neste trabalho, adotando-se a formulação baseada em deslocamentos para elasticidade linear. Ademais, visando avaliar o efeito da não linearidade geométrica na topologia ótima obtida, utiliza-se também o MEF posicional, o qual baseia-se nas posições nodais para solução do sistema não linear. Em conjunto com este método, adota-se a lei constitutiva de Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff, visando considerar os efeitos não lineares. Desta maneira, avalia-se a eficiência dos resultados obtidos por meio da aplicação de exemplos presentes na literatura. Conforme esperado, conclui-se que para exemplos cuja resposta apresenta pequenos deslocamentos, ambas as soluções se sobrepõem. No entanto, em se tratando de problemas em que a não linearidade geométrica tem influência, como estruturas constituídas de baixa densidade, a técnica do MEF posicional apresenta relevância na solução ótima. / This study has as main objective the understanding of two main topology optimization methods available in the literature: the methods SIMP and ESO. These methods were implemented computationally using the FORTRAN 90 programming language. The finite element method (FEM) is used as the mechanical solution parameter in this work, adopting the displacement-based formulation for linear elasticity. In addition, in order to evaluate the effect of geometric non-linearity in the optimal topology obtained, the FEM positional-based formulation is used, which uses the nodal positions for solution of the non-linear system. In conjunction with this method, the constitutive law adopted is the Saint-Venant-Kirchhoff in order to consider the nonlinearity. Hence, benchmarks presented in the literature are used to evaluate the efficiency of the obtained results. As expected, we conclude that the examples subjected to small displacements have similar solutions for both linear and nonlinear behavior. However, when problems that undergo geometrically nonlinear behavior, such as the ones modelled with soft materials, the FEM positional-based formulation has significant influence in the optimal solution.

In this study, an improved bit-array representation method for structural topology optimization using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is proposed. The issue of representation degeneracy is fully addressed and the importance of structural connectivity in a design is further emphasized. To evaluate the constrained objective function, Deb's constraint handling approach is further developed to ensure that feasible individuals are always better than infeasible ones in the population to improve the efficiency of the GA. A hierarchical violation penalty method is proposed to drive the GA search towards the topologies with higher structural performance, less unusable material and fewer separate objects in the design domain in a hierarchical manner. Numerical results of structural topology optimization problems of minimum weight and minimum compliance designs show the success of this novel bit-array representation method and suggest that the GA performance can be significantly improved by handling the design connectivity properly. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

Main objective of this study is to design a compliant mechanism with high frequency and high mechanical amplification ratio to be used for amplifying the stroke of a piezostack actuator. In this thesis, first of all, related literature is investigated and then alternative conceptual designs are established utilizing the mechanisms found in literature survey. Once best conceptual design is selected, detailed design of this mechanism is done. For detailed design of the compliant mechanism, topology optimization method is used in this study. To design the mechanism, first a design domain is defined and then a finite element model of the design domain is prepared to be used in topology optimization runs. After running the topology optimization model by using TOSCA with ANSYS, results are imported to ANSYS, where final performance of the mechanism design is checked. After finalizing design of the mechanism, it is produced and its performance is tested through experiments.

Main objective of this study is to design a compliant mechanism with high frequency and high mechanical amplification ratio to be used for amplifying the stroke of a piezostack actuator. In this thesis, first of all, related literature is investigated and then alternative conceptual designs are established utilizing the mechanisms found in literature survey. Once best conceptual design is selected, detailed design of this mechanism is done. For detailed design of the compliant mechanism, topology optimization method is used in this study. To design the mechanism, first a design domain is defined and then a finite element model of the design domain is prepared to be used in topology optimization runs. After running the topology optimization model by using TOSCA with ANSYS, results are imported to ANSYS, where final performance of the mechanism design is checked. After finalizing design of the mechanism, it is produced and its performance is tested through experiments.

No description available.

Vibration control is inevitable in many fields, including mechanical and civil engineering. This matter becomes more crucial for lightweight systems, like those made of magnesium. One of the most commonly practiced methods in vibration control is to apply constrained layer damping (CLD) patches to the surface of a structure. In order to consider the weight efficiency of the structure, the best shape and locations of the patches should be determined to achieve the optimum vibration suppression with the lowest amount of damping patch. In most research work done so far, the shape of patches are assumed to be known and only their optimum locations are found. However, the shape of the patches plays an important role in vibration suppression that should be included in the overall optimization procedure. In this research, a novel topology optimization approach is proposed. This approach is capable of finding the optimum shape and locations of the patches simultaneously for a given surface area. In other words, the damping optimization will be formulated in the context of the level set technique, which is a numerical method used to track shapes and locations concurrently. Although level set technique offers several key benefits, its application especially in time-varying problems is somewhat cumbersome. To overcome this issue, a unique programming technique is suggested that utilizes MATLAB© and COMSOL© simultaneously. Different 2D structures will be considered and CLD patches will be optimally located on them to achieve the highest modal loss factor. Optimization will be performed while having different amount of damping patches to check the effectiveness of the technique. In all cases, certain constraints are imposed in order to make sure that the amount of damping material remains constant and equal to the starting value. Furthermore, different natural frequencies will be targeted in the damping optimization, and their effects will also be explained. The level set optimization technique will then be expanded to 3D structures, and a novel approach will be presented for defining an efficient 4D level set function to initialize the optimization process. Vibrations of a satellite dish will be optimally suppressed using CLD patches. Dependency of the optimum shape and location of patches to different parameters of the models such as natural frequencies and initial starting point will be examined. In another practical example, excessive vibrations of an automotive dash panel will be minimized by adding damping materials and their optimal distribution will be found. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method will be experimentally confirmed through lab tests on a rectangular plate with nonsymmetrical boundary conditions. Different damping configurations, including the optimum one, will be tested. It will be shown that the optimum damping configuration found via level set technique possesses the highest loss factor and reveals the best vibration attenuation. The proposed level set topology optimization method shows high capability of determining the optimum damping set in structures. The effective coding method presented in this research will make it possible to easily extend this method to other physical problems such as image processing, heat transfer, magnetic fields, etc. Being interconnected, the physical part will be modeled in a finite element package like COMSOL and the optimization advances by means of Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equation. Thus, the application of the proposed method is not confined to damping optimization and can be expanded to many engineering problems. In summary, this research: - offers general solution to 2D and 3D CLD applications and simultaneously finds the best shape and location of the patches for a given surface area (damping material); - extends the level set technique to concurrent shape and location optimization; - proposes a new numerical implementation to handle level set optimization problems in any complicated structure; - makes it possible to perform level set optimization in time dependent problems; - extends level set approach to higher order problems.

A compliant mechanism gains its motion from the deflection of flexible members or the deformation of one portion of materials with respect to other portions. Design and operation of compliant mechanisms are very important, as most of the natural objects are made of compliant materials mixed with rigid materials, such as the bird wings. The most serious problem with compliant mechanisms is their fatigue problem due to repeating deformation of materials in compliant mechanisms. This thesis presents a study on the computational framework for designing a compliant mechanism under fatigue strength control. The framework is based on the topology optimization technique especially ground structure approach (GSA) together with the Genetic Algorithm (GA) technique. The study presented in this thesis has led to the following conclusions: (1) It is feasible to incorporate fatigue strength control especially the stress-life method in the computational framework based on the GSA for designing compliant mechanisms and (2) The computer program can well implement the computational framework along with the general optimization model and the GA to solve the model. There are two main contributions resulting from this thesis: First one is provision of a computational model to design compliant mechanisms under fatigue strength control. This model also results in a minimum number of elements of the compliant mechanism in design, which means the least weight of mechanisms and least amount of materials. Second one is an experiment for the feasibility of implementing the model in the MATLAB environment which is widely used for engineering computation, which implies a wide applicability of the design system developed in this thesis.