Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Environmental Studies. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-100). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url%5Fver=Z39.88-2004&res%5Fdat=xri:pqdiss &rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR11861

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 13, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Η λεκάνη του Αμυνταίου-Πτολεμαΐδας είναι μέρος μιας τεκτονικής τάφρου που εκτείνεται από την πόλη του Μοναστηρίου (FYROM) μέχρι την Κοζάνη, με μέσο απόλυτο υψόμετρο +600 m και με γενική διεύθυνση ΒΒΔ-ΝΝΑ. Η Νεογενής λεκάνη της Πτολεμαϊδας είναι το κύριο ενεργειακό κέντρο της Ελλάδας, φιλοξενώντας ένα από τα μεγαλύτερα λιγνιτικά κέντρα του κόσμου. Τα ιζήματα που μελετήθηκαν είναι από τα ορυχεία του Νότιου Πεδίου και του Τομέα 6. Ορυκτολογικές αναλύσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν σε δείγματα λιγνίτη και εργαστηριακής τέφρας (350oC and 750oC). Τα δείγματα αναλύθηκαν σε διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες,με σκοπό τον προσδιορισμό των πεδίων σταθερότητας των ορυκτών. Επιπλέον πραγματοποιήθηκαν γεωχημικές αναλύσεις στα δείγματα λιγνίτη και εργαστηριακής τέφρας 350,550,750,950οC για να μελετηθεί η κινητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων κατα την καύση. Προσδιορίστηκαν οι συγκεντρώσεις των στοιχείων Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ga, Se, Sr, U, V, Zn, Hg και Hf με χρήση του ICP-MS. / The Amyntaion – Ptolemais basin is a NNW – SSE trending graben system that extends over a distance of 250km from Monastiri, in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia to Servia, southeast of Kozani Greece. The Neogene basin of Ptolemais is the main energy centre of Greece, hosting one of the biggest lignite centers of the world. The sediments under study are from the areas Notio Field and Tomeas-6 open pits. Mineralogical analysis of lignite and ashed samples (350oC and 750oC) was carried out using Bruker D8 Advance x-ray diffractometer. Four samples (NP2,NP4, T6-2 and T6-4) analysed in different temperatures to carry out conclusions about the fields of stability of minerals. Geochemical analysis of the Notio – field and Tomeas -6 field were carried out in order to predict the mode of occurrence of trace elements and their mobility during coal combustion. The lignite and ash samples (350oC, 550oC, 750oC, 950oC) were digested in microwave furnace using acids. The concentrations of Ag, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ga, Se, Sr, U, V, Zn, Hg and Hf were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP – MS).

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Modern coal preparation facilities incorporate a wide array of solid-solid and solid-liquid separation processes for rejecting mineral matter to meet market specifications. The coarse mineral matter is typically placed into engineered refuse piles whereas the fine refuse is either stored in impoundments or co-disposed with the coarse refuse. The discharge water from the refuse material represents an environmental concern due to the potential release of trace elements, and the subsequent elevation of total dissolved solids and conductivity. The research findings reported in this dissertation addresses sustainable coal processing waste disposal through using strategies aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts. To provide an accurate and inexpensive method to assess the potential environmental effects of a given waste material, a conductivity screening-level test was modified to incorporate the impact of particle surface area. The test was used on various waste streams as well as the particle size and density fractions of each waste stream to identify environmentally sensitive components that can be separated from the bulk and isolated to prevent negative environmental impacts. The results were subsequently evaluated for long term mobility of trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) static leaching tests designed to simulate the quiescent conditions in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere in variable wet/dry storage conditions. The results indicated that liberating, separating and isolating the highest density fractions (>2.68 SG) which represents less than 5% of the coal refuse materials results in significant abatement of total dissolved solids and conductivity. Required modifications of the coal processing plants were suggested to segregate and subsequently isolate the environmentally sensitive fractions from the remaining refuse material.

Submitted by ANTONIO MÁRCIO SOUZA ROCHA (antoniomarcio.sr@gmail.com) on 2017-12-13T09:44:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Antonio_Márcio_Souza_Rocha.pdf: 1190191 bytes, checksum: 015bfe55661c0bd6c2afde0caba596ba (MD5) / Submitted by ANTONIO MÁRCIO SOUZA ROCHA (antoniomarcio.sr@gmail.com) on 2017-12-14T11:24:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Antonio_Márcio_Souza_Rocha.pdf: 1190191 bytes, checksum: 015bfe55661c0bd6c2afde0caba596ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2017-12-14T12:15:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1190191 bytes, checksum: 015bfe55661c0bd6c2afde0caba596ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T12:15:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rocha_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1190191 bytes, checksum: 015bfe55661c0bd6c2afde0caba596ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presença de elementos traços no lodo de esgoto (LE) é uma das restrições quanto ao seu uso em áreas agrícolas. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do lodo, aos dezoito anos, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico sobre a concentração pseudototal e disponível de Ba, Cd e Cr na profundidade de 0 - 0,2 m, bem como quantificar os mesmos metais na parte aérea de plantas de milho. O experimento foi desenvolvido em condições de campo, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: 0 Mg ha-1 controle (sem lodo de esgoto e com fertilização mineral), 5; 10 e 20 Mg ha-1 de LE, base seca. Os teores pseudototais e disponíveis de Ba não foram influenciados pelas doses de LE, na profundidade de 0 - 0,2 m. A concentração média de Cd pseudototal foi aproximadamente 1,784 mg kg-1, enquanto que o teor Cr foi maior na dose de 20 Mg ha-1. Esta dose proporcionou, ainda, uma maior disponibilidade para Cd e Cr. Os teores de Ba, Cd e Cr na planta de milho não foram incrementados pelas doses de lodo de esgoto no décimo oitavo ano de aplicação. / The presence of trace elements in sewage sludge (SS) is one of the restrictions on its use in agricultural areas. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of application of sewage sludge supplemented with K, at eighteen, in Haplortox on pseudototal concentration and available Ba, Cd and Cr in the depth of 0.2 m, and to quantify the same metals in the whole plant corn. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, using the experimental randomized block design with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions. The treatments were: 0 Mg ha-1 = control (without sewage sludge and mineral fertilization), 5; 10:20 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge, dry basis. The pseudototais and available levels of Ba were not affected by LE doses at a depth of 0.2 m. The average concentration was approximately 1,784 Cd pseudototal mg kg , while the Cr content was greater in the 20 mg h-1. This dose provided also a greater willingness to Cd and Cr. The Barium, Cd and Cr in corn plant were not incremented by sewage sludge doses in the eighteenth year of application.

Esta tese interpreta o registro ambiental de um testemunho de gelo antártico pela análise de elementostraço. Esse testemunho de gelo, daqui em diante chamado Mount Johns (MJ), foi coletado no manto de gelo da Antártica Ocidental (79°55’28”S e 94°23’18”W; 91,20 m de comprimento) no verão austral de 2008/09. O testemunho foi descontaminado e subamostrado no Climate Change Institute (University of Maine – Maine /EUA). As primeiras 2137 amostras, correspondentes aos 45 m superiores do testemunho, foram analisadas no espectrômetro de massas Element 2 do CCI para 24 elementos-traço (Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Pb, Bi, U, As, Li, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, Mg e K). Essa parte do testemunho representa 125 anos (1883–2008) de registro, segundo datação relativa baseada na variação sazonal nas concentrações de Na, Sr e S e na identificação dos principais eventos vulcânicos ocorridos no período. A taxa de acumulação média no local de amostragem foi 0,21 m a-1 em eq. H2O no mesmo período de tempo. As concentrações são controladas pelas variações climáticas sazonais (verão/inverno), por mudanças na circulação atmosféricas, por anomalias de temperatura, pela distância de transporte e pelas fontes naturais e antrópicas desses aerossóis. Baseada na análise dos fatores de enriquecimento crustal e marinho e em correlações de Pearson, as concentrações de Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Sr e Ti são de origem natural. Poeira e solo de fontes continentais, oriundas principalmente de áreas áridas na Austrália, Nova Zelândia e Patagônia, são consideradas importantes fontes de Al, Mg e Ti. Aerossóis marinhos do Pacífico Sul, transportados para o continente antártico pelas massas de ar, são fontes predominantes de Na, Sr, K, S e Ca. Para os elementos Ba, Fe e Mn, tanto fontes crustais como marinhas são significativas. Adicionalmente, Mn e S apresentam um aporte considerável de origem vulcânica (variando de 20–30% na concentração total). Os resultados também mostram enriquecimento significativo nas concentrações de arsênio devido a atividades antrópicas. Foi observado concentrações médias da ordem de 1,92 pg g-1 antes de 1900, aumentando até 7,94 pg g-1 em 1950. Este enriquecimento está diretamente relacionado às emissões da mineração e fundição de metais não-ferrosos na América do Sul, principalmente no Chile. A queda na concentração de arsênio observado no século XXI (concentração média de 1,94 pg g-1 após 1999) é interpretada como uma consequência à introdução de leis ambientais (em 1994) para reduzir emissões desse elemento durante os processos de mineração e fundição de cobre no Chile. O modelo de trajetórias HYSPLIT mostra uma clara variação sazonal no transporte entre os meses de verão/outono e inverno/primavera, onde predomina o transporte de oeste durante o ano todo e um transporte secundário de nordeste durante o verão/outono. As correlações entre as concentrações médias dos elementos-traço estudados e o modelo de reanálises ERA-Interim para o período 1979–2008, indicam que as concentrações de aerossóis marinhos são fortemente influenciadas pelas condições meteorológicas, por exemplo, por anomalias na temperatura da superfície do mar e concentração de gelo marinho. / This thesis interprets the environmental record of an Antarctic ice core by the analysis of trace elements. This ice core, henceforward called Mount Johns (MJ), was collected in the West Antarctica ice sheet (79°55'28"S and 94°23'18"W; 91.20 m long) in the austral summer of 2008/09. The core was decontaminated and subsampled at the Climate Change Institute (CCI, University of Maine - Maine / USA). The first 2137 samples, corresponding to the upper 45 m of the core, were analyzed in the CCI's JRC Element 2 spectrometer for 24 trace elements (Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Pb, Bi, U, As, Li, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, Mg and K). This part of the core represents a 125 years (1883– 2008) record, according to relative dating based on Na, Sr and S seasonal variations and on the identification of major volcanic events in the period. The mean accumulation rate for the sampling site was 0.21 m-1 in eq. H2O in the same time period. The concentrations are controlled by seasonal climatic changes (summer/winter), by changes in atmospheric circulation, temperature anomalies, the transport distance and the natural and anthropogenic sources of these aerosols. Based on analysis of crustal and marine enrichment factors and Pearson correlations, the Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Sr and Ti concentrations have natural origin. Dust and soil from continental sources, primarily coming from arid areas in Australia, New Zealand and Patagonia, are considered important sources of Al, Mg and Ti. South Pacific marine aerosols, transported to the Antarctic continent by air masses, are predominant sources of Na, Sr, K, S and Ca. For the elements Ba, Fe and Mn, both crustal and marine sources are significant. In addition, Mn and S show a considerable contribution of volcanic origin (ranging from 20-30% of the total concentration). The results also show significant enrichment in arsenic concentrations due to human activities. Before 1900 the mean concentration was approximately 1.92 pg g-1, rising to 7.94 pg g-1 in 1950. This enrichment is directly related to mining emissions and casting of non-ferrous metals in South America, mainly in Chile. The decrease in the arsenic concentration, observed in the twenty-first century (mean concentration of 1.94 pg g-1 after 1999) is interpreted as a consequence of the introduction of environmental laws (in 1994) to reduce emissions of this element during the cupper mining and smelting in Chile. The HYSPLIT trajectories model show a clear seasonal variation in transport between the summer/autumn all and winter/spring months, where predominates an eastward transport throughout the year and a secondary transport from the northeast during the summer/fall. Correlations between the mean concentrations of the studied trace elements and the ERA-Interim reanalysis models for the 1979-2008 period indicate that marine aerosols concentrations are heavily influenced by weather conditions, for example, by sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration anomalies.

O testemunho de firn IC-6 de 35,06 m de comprimento foi coletado no manto de gelo antártico (81°03’10,1”S e 79°50’09,1”W; 750 m de altitude) no verão austral de 2004/05. Este testemunho foi subamostrado usando um sistema de fusão contínua desenvolvido pela equipe do Climate Change Institute (University of Maine – Maine /EUA) em sala limpa (CLASSE 100). As 1380 amostras geradas foram analisadas em baixa, média e alta resolução no espectrômetro de massas Element 2 do CCI para 24 elementos traços (Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Pb, Bi, U, As, Li, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, Mg e K). O testemunho representa 68 anos (1934 – 2002) de registro, segundo datação relativa baseada na variação sazonal nas concentrações dos elementos Na, Mg, Sr e Ca e dos íons Cl-, Na+ e Mg2+. A taxa de acumulação média para o local de amostragem é calculada em 0,30 m a-1 em Eq. H2O. As concentrações medidas foram consideradas baixas, dentro do esperado para o continente antártico e são similares a de outros estudos. As concentrações são controladas pelas variações climáticas sazonais (verão/inverno), pela distância de transporte e pelas fontes naturais e antrópicas desses aerossóis. Contribuições naturais de poeira continental e solo, oriundas principalmente da região de Patriot Hills, são as principais fontes para os elementos césio, bário, alumínio, titânio, vanádio, cromo, ferro, cobalto, manganês e terras raras. Os aerossóis marinhos, oriundos da superfície da cobertura de gelo marinho e transportados pelas massas de ar são fontes importantes de sódio, magnésio, estrôncio e enxofre. Os elementos lítio, cálcio e potássio apresentaram aportes consideráveis tanto de poeira continental como de aerossóis marinhos. Emissões vulcânicas globais e regionais (Monte Erebus e Ilha Deception) são consideradas importantes fontes de elementos traços. Elementos como vanádio, cromo, manganês, cobalto, bismuto, arsênio, cádmio e chumbo apresentaram uma significativa contribuição dessas fontes, variando desde 20% (chumbo e manganês) até 70% (cádmio e bismuto). Os fluxos de deposição natural de chumbo, cádmio, bismuto e arsênio, representam apenas uma pequena fração do total depositado na neve. Para esses elementos, as atividades antrópicas constituem o principal fator responsável por sua mobilização e transporte. / This dissertation examines a 35.06 m long firn core (IC-6) obtained in the Austral summer of 2004/2005 in the West Antarctic Sheet (at 81°03’10.1”S, 79°50’09.1”W; 750 m above sea level). This core was subsampled using a continuous melting system at the Climate Change Institute (CCI, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA) under a Class 100 room conditions. At CCI, 1380 samples went through an Element 2 mass spectrometer to determine (at low, middle and high resolutions) the concentration of 24 trace elements (Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Pb, Bi, U, As, Li, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, Mg e K). The core records 38 years (1934 – 2002) of snow accumulation, as dated by seasonal variations of Na, Mg, Sr e Ca elements and Cl-, Na+ e Mg2+ ionic concentrations. The calculated mean annual accumulation is 0.30 m yr-1 (in H2O equivalent). Their mean concentrations are low and are similar to the ones found in other Antarctic ice core studies. Trace concentrations are controlled by seasonal variations (summer/winter), transport distance and by natural and anthropogenic sources. Cesium, barium, aluminium, titanium, vanadium, chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese and rare earths come from continental dust (mainly from the nearby Patriot Hills). Marine aerosols, from the pack ice surface and transported by air masses, are the sources for sodium, magnesium, strontium and sulphur. Both continental dust and marine aerosols contribute to the lithium, calcium and potassium concentrations. Global and regional (Mount Erebus and Deception Island) volcanic emissions are important trace elements sources, such as vanadium, chrome, manganese, cobalt, bismuth, arsenic, cadmium and lead, varying from 20% (lead and manganese) to 70% (cadmium e bismuth). Trace elements as lead, cadmium, bismuth e arsenic from natural sources have a minor contribution in the samples, human activities are thought to be the main cause for their mobilization and transport.

Asian carp have rapidly expanded their range through much of the Mississippi River Drainage over the past 10 to 15 years. Silver and bighead carp are now the dominant fish species present along several reaches of the Illinois River. The upper Illinois River and shipping canals entering Lake Michigan are of great concern as pathways for Asian carp to enter the Great Lakes. Knowledge of reproductive habitats and dispersal pathways for these species may be valuable for ongoing and future efforts to control these exotic invasives. Previous studies have successfully identified spawning areas of native riverine species via otolith microchemistry, but this technique has not yet been applied to Asian carps. Both stable isotope and trace element ratios have been found to differ significantly among the large rivers of the Mississippi River drainage, enabling identification of natal environment for individual fish. The primary objective of this study was to identify differences in natal river origin and floodplain habitat use through the incorporation of trace elements (Sr:Ca) and stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C). Silver and bighead carp were collected via electrofishing and trammel netting along four reaches of the Illinois River from the Mississippi-Illinois River confluence at Grafton, IL to the upper segment of the Illinois River upstream of Starved Rock State Park. Sagittal otoliths were removed from both silver and bighead carp collected from each of the four reaches of the Illinois River for analysis of stable isotope ratios and trace element concentrations. Water samples were collected seasonally from the four reaches of the Illinois River and several of its associated floodplain lakes in addition to the Missouri, Upper Mississippi and Middle Mississippi Rivers to validate water signatures of the various river reaches. Results indicated the majority of adult Asian carp caught in the Illinois River originated from the Illinois. However, there was strong evidence indicating roughly twenty percent of captured adults were in fact immigrants from other sources; primarily the Middle Mississippi river and, to a lesser extent, the Missouri River. Stable isotope results indicated that Asian carps primarily used river channel rather than floodplain lake habitats during early life. The findings of this study suggest current Asian carp removal efforts should continue to be primarily directed within the Illinois River, however, the evidence of immigrant silver carp indicate expanding the control efforts into other rivers (Middle Mississippi River and Missouri River) will further support the control of Asian carp within the Illinois River.

O Antropoceno é marcado pelo aumento da demanda populacional e pelo desenvolvimento industrial. Essas alterações antrópicas têm tido como consequência mudanças ambientais e climáticas, principalmente nos últimos 200 anos. O Rio Guaíba, localizado no Estado brasileiro do Rio Grande do Sul, é considerado de extrema importância por diferentes atributos: (1) principal fonte de abastecimento de água potável para a população de Porto Alegre; (2) importante via de navegação, que liga a região central do Estado com a Lagoa dos Patos e, consequentemente, com o Oceano Atlântico; e (3) abriga o setor industrial da capital Porto Alegre. Este trabalho apresenta como objetivo principal a realização de um estudo de reconstrução ambiental em três testemunhos coletados ao longo do Rio Guaíba. Para atingir este objetivo, determinaram-se níveis de elementos traço (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, P, Pb, Sc e Zn), em conjunto com a geocronologia recente, obtida por meio das atividades dos radionuclídeos 210Pb e 137Cs, utilizando o modelo CRS (Constant Rate of Supply). Foram calculados os índices de geoacumulação: Fator de Enriquecimento, Pollution Load Index e Sediment Pollution Index. As colunas sedimentares G1 e G2 demonstraram resultados que expressam as consequências da mineração de areia que ocorre no rio Jacuí, principal fonte de sedimento para o Rio Guaíba. A partir de aproximadamente 1998, houve uma maior fiscalização das dragas operantes neste rio, e a dinâmica deposicional desses testemunhos foi novamente alterada. A reconstrução realizada no testemunho G3 demonstrou-se diferente das demais. Alterações no perfil granulométrico foram explicadas por eventos climáticos (El Niño e La Niña); e o aumento na concentração de elementos traço, principalmente Cr, Pb, P e Zn, está ligado a possíveis fontes antropogênicas. Neste estudo de reconstrução ambiental, a utilização do modelo CRS, de proxies de metais e da granulometria de finos mostrou-se adequada, principalmente no caso das consequências relacionadas à mineração de areia no rio Jacuí. / The new epoch Anthropocene is marked by the increase of population and industrial development. These anthropic alterations have had as consequences environmental and climatic changes, especially in the last two hundred years. The Guaíba River, located at the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, is extremely important for different attributes: (1) it is the main source of potable water to the capital Porto Alegre; (2) it is an important navigation route, that connects the State central region with the Patos Lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean; and (3) it harbors the main industries of Porto Alegre. The principal objective of this study was to obtain environmental reconstructions for three sediment cores from Guaíba River. To accomplish this goal, we determined the concentrations of trace elements (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, P, Pb, Sc and Zn) and proceeded the analysis of recent geochronology, which was acquired through 210Pb and 137Cs activities with the CRS model. Furthermore, we calculated geoaccumulation indices: Enrichment Factor, Pollution Load Index and Sediment Pollution Index. The sediment cores G1 and G2 presented results that expressed the consequences of the sand mining that occurs at Jacuí River. Approximately after 1998, there has been better control of the dredges that operate on the river and the depositional dynamics were changed again. The G3 reconstruction had different conclusions compared with the others. Grain size alterations were explained by climatic events, like El Niño and La Niña; and the concentration increase of trace elements, mainly Cr, Pb, P and Zn, was connected with possible anthropogenic sources. In this study of environmental reconstruction, the utilization of the CRS model and of metals concentrations and grain size as proxies proved to be adequate, especially in the case of the sand mining at Jacuí River and its consequences.