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Many texts we encounter in our everyday lives are lexically and syntactically very complex. This makes them difficult to understand for people with intellectual or reading impairments, and difficult for various natural language processing systems to process. This motivated the need for text simplification (TS) which transforms texts into their simpler variants. Given that this is still a relatively new research area, many challenges are still remaining. The focus of this thesis is on better understanding the current problems in automatic text simplification (ATS) and proposing new data-driven approaches to solving them. We propose methods for learning sentence splitting and deletion decisions, built upon parallel corpora of original and manually simplified Spanish texts, which outperform the existing similar systems. Our experiments in adaptation of those methods to different text genres and target populations report promising results, thus offering one possible solution for dealing with the scarcity of parallel corpora for text simplification aimed at specific target populations, which is currently one of the main issues in ATS. The results of our extensive analysis of the phrase-based statistical machine translation (PB-SMT) approach to ATS reject the widespread assumption that the success of that approach largely depends on the size of the training and development datasets. They indicate more influential factors for the success of the PB-SMT approach to ATS, and reveal some important differences between cross-lingual MT and the monolingual v MT used in ATS. Our event-based system for simplifying news stories in English (EventSimplify) overcomes some of the main problems in ATS. It does not require a large number of handcrafted simplification rules nor parallel data, and it performs significant content reduction. The automatic and human evaluations conducted show that it produces grammatical text and increases readability, preserving and simplifying relevant content and reducing irrelevant content. Finally, this thesis addresses another important issue in TS which is how to automatically evaluate the performance of TS systems given that access to the target users might be difficult. Our experiments indicate that existing readability metrics can successfully be used for this task when enriched with human evaluation of grammaticality and preservation of meaning.

Orientador: Maria da Consolação G. C. Fernandes Tavares / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:45:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_CarolinadeOliveira_M.pdf: 1642289 bytes, checksum: acbe311e1790098ea45d54923c951123 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A carência de instrumentos para avaliar a imagem corporal de mulheres com câncer de mama validados no Brasil tem dificultado o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre o tema. A validação do instrumento "Body Image after Breast Cancer Questionnaire" para o português do Brasil tem como objetivo diminuir essa carência e ampliar as possibilidades de avaliação da Imagem Corporal em mulheres com câncer de mama, auxiliando em seus tratamentos. O processo de tradução e a adaptação cultural do instrumento envolveu 9 profissionais e uma voluntária da população alvo nas seguintes fases: Tradução, Reunião de Síntese, Retrotradução e Comitê de Peritos. Foram realizados pré-testes com a população alvo até que se obtivesse uma versão clara do instrumento. Foram realizados 3 pré-testes com um total de 20 mulheres até que se chegasse à versão final do instrumento. Um total de 383 questionários foram respondidos por mulheres com câncer de mama, pacientes de hospitais, clínicas e ONG's dos estados de Alagoas, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco e São Paulo. A Análise Fatorial Confirmatória confirmou o modelo original do instrumento, porém nove itens foram eliminados por apresentarem baixas cargas fatoriais. Após a eliminação desses itens, o ajuste do questionário teve a seguinte configuração... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The lack of instruments to assess body image in women with breast cancer validated in Brazil has hampered the research development on the subject. The validity of the "Body Image after Breast Cancer Questionnaire" to the Portuguese of Brazil has the purpose of reducing this gap and extending the possibilities of evaluation in women with breast cancer, aiding in their treatment. The process of translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument involved nine professionals and a volunteer of the target population in the following phases: translation, meeting for summary, back-translation and the committee of experts. Pre-tests were performed with the target population until achieving a clear version of the instrument. Three pre-tests were conducted with a total of 20 women until the final version of the instrument had been reached. A total of 383 questionnaires were filled out by women with breast cancer, patients in hospitals, clinics and NGOs in the states of Alagoas, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco and São Paulo. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original model of the instrument, however, nine items were eliminated because they had low factor loadings. After the removal of these items, the adjustment of the questionnaire had the following configuration ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

This interdisciplinary work which draws on translation studies, semiotics, aesthetics, literary and film science deals with intersemiotic translation. The thesis will attempt to describe, explain and classify this kind of translation within the current translation theory and apply this knowledge to a specific translational situation. This situation is a comparison of an interlingual translation from English into Czech and an intersemiotic translation, which is the film adaptation of the novel. The theoretical starting point of this work is in particular the work of Anton Popovič, followed by Roman Jakobson, Jan Mukařovský, Jiří Levý and Patrick Cattrysse (see bibliography).According to Anton Popovič's theory, literary work and film adaptation can be described as two types of metatext. Semiotically, these metatexts consist of content (story) and form (expression). In the product of translation, shifts can be found at both of these levels and they serve as a source for an in-depth analysis. This thesis does not aim to evaluate but to describe the shifts in the intersemiotic and interlingual translation. The main hypothesis whose validity is supposed to be verified in this work is the assumption that some shifts are common to both types of transfer while others occur only within one of them....

Orientador: José Irineu Gorla / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T01:59:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campana_MateusBetanho_D.pdf: 3388404 bytes, checksum: 432df691d254238467a9dc1e6a82596a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A Lesão da Medula Espinhal (LME) e considerada uma das mais graves incapacidades que podem acometer uma pessoal, podendo causar complicações motoras, sensitivas, metabólicas e psicossociais. Auto-eficácias, que pode ser definida como a convicção que uma pessoa tem em poder realizar certos comportamentos, e um dos fatores que auxiliam no processo de reabilitação da pessoa com LME na medida em que o convívio com outras pessoas que passam por situação semelhante promove a troca de informações e experiências e a imagem de incapacidade vai se transformando em uma imagem de potencialidade e produtividade, frente às experiências motoras significativas vivenciadas nesse novo corpo, alem de reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade por doenças secundaria decorrentes da LME. O objetivo desse estudo foi trazer para o contexto brasileiro um instrumento de medida para avaliar a Auto-eficácias numa população de pessoas com LME no Brasil. Para isso traduzimos, adaptamos culturalmente e validamos a Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) para o português no Brasil através da Analise Fatorial Exploratória. O processo de tradução e adaptação cultural seguiu as recomendações do guideline proposto por Beaton, Bombardier e Guillemin (2002). A partir da validação da MSES, que ocorreu através da Analise Fatorial Exploratória numa amostra não probabilística de 71 sujeitos com LME, pudemos encontrar uma solução composta por 4 fatores que explicavam 65,25% da variância da escala. Acreditamos que a versão em português do Brasil da MSES possa ser utilizada em uma população de homens que praticam atividade física regular, podendo contribuir para que haja um melhor juízo sobre a Auto-eficácias das pessoas com LME no Brasil. Recomendamos que a escala devesse passar por outros processos de validação para ser utilizada em outras populações, como homens e mulheres não praticantes de atividade física / Abstract: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is considered one of the most severe disabilities that can affect a person, and may cause motor, sensory, metabolic and psychosocial dysfunctions. Self-efficacy, which can be defined as the belief that a person has to be able to perform certain behaviors, is one of the factors that assist in the rehabilitation of people with SCI once that the socializing with others who go through similar situation promotes the exchange of information and experience and the image of disability is transformed into an image of potentiality and productivity in the face of significant motor experiences lived in this new body, reducing morbidity and mortality from secondary diseases resulting from SCI. The aim of this study was to bring to the Brazilian context a measurement tool to assess Self-Efficacy in a population of persons with SCI in Brazil. For that we translate, culturally adapted and validated the Moorong Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) to Brazilian Portuguese through an Exploratory Factor Analysis. The process of translation and cultural adaptation followed the guideline proposed by Beaton, Bombardier and Guillemin (2002). From the validation of MSES, which occurred through Exploratory Factor Analysis in a non-probabilistic sample of 71 subjects with SCI, we found a solution composed by 4 factors that explained 65.25% of scale's variance. We believe that the Brazilian version of MSES MSEs can be used in a population of men who have regular physical activity, helping to have a better judgment on the Self-Efficacy of people with SCI in Brazil. We recommend that the scale should go through other processes of validation for use in other populations, such as men and women are not physically active / Doutorado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Doutor em Educação Física

Rising health care costs place increased burden on patients, health care personnel, administrators and policymakers. Decisions in health care are influenced by data which can be transferred into valuable information and knowledge. Data sets that facilitate data collection, information management and knowledge building are needed by nurse managers to support administrative decision- making. The Nursing Management Minimum Data Set (NMMDS,,¦) offers a standardized method to capture core data that can be collected in information systems, shared and reused for multiple purposes to support safe and cost-effective care. The purpose of this descriptive study was to adapt to Iceland and clinically test the NMMDS-ICE in all adult inpatient care units in the country of Iceland (excluding psychiatry). The aims of the study were to 1) translate the NMMDS from source language (English) to target language (Icelandic); 2) to validate the translated instrument; and 3) to describe the environment, nursing care resources, and financial resources across acute adult inpatient care units in Iceland. Instrument development consisted of translation, expert validation, and psychometric testing. The target population was all adult acute care units in hospitals in Iceland, and the nurse managers (n=38) representing these units. Data collection included a mailed survey. The sample equaled the population. Furthermore, 134 staff nurses on these units (excluding staff nurses at Landspitali) completed a job satisfaction survey. Return rate was 74% for nurse managers and 71% for staff nurses. Semantic and content equivalence of the NMMDS-ICE was established. Five of seven subscales of the instrument received Cronbach¡¦s alpha score of 0.70 or higher. Results indicated that it was feasible to collect the NMMDS-ICE in hospitals in Iceland, albeit, there was an issue with time commitment to do so. The specialty services that best described the patient population were medical-, surgical services, birthing, and geriatrics. Furthermore, nurse managers seem to perceive good control on their units, and both nurse managers and staff nurses are satisfied with their job. A positive correlation was found between autonomy and satisfaction with nursing management, nursing administration, and own level of autonomy. Statistical differences were identified in environmental and staffing resources between hospitals.

Orientador: Maria da Consolação Gomes Cunha Fernandes Tavares. / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T04:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caetano_AlethaSilva_D.pdf: 2182285 bytes, checksum: c98cbfee70be59532f606118ac84e5c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar a tradução, adaptação cultural e estudo da estrutura fatorial das escalas Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Body Esteem Questionnaire (BES) e Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) entre mulheres brasileiras na meia-idade. Para a realização da tradução e adaptação cultural dos instrumentos, foi utilizado um guia internacional para tradução e adaptação transcultural de escalas. A análise estatística descritiva foi aplicada para os dados demográficos e clínicos, e a Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) foi realizada para o estudo da estrutura fatorial dos instrumentos para a população alvo da pesquisa. Participaram deste estudo 500 mulheres entre 40 e 60 anos de idade residindo na cidade de Campinas (Estado de São Paulo) e região. Após a realização do AFE foram obtidos os seguintes resultados: BSQ - 1 fator que foi chamado de "Atitudes, pensamentos e sentimentos em relação ao corpo"; BES - 4 fatores denominados: "Características físicas que podem ser alteradas com o exercício físico e alimentação"; "Características físicas que não podem ser alteradas com o exercício físico e alimentação"; "Condição física"; e "Sexualidade"; e BAS - 1 fator denominado: "Apreciação corporal". Os resultados mostraram que as mulheres na meia-idade, apresentam diferenças em alguns aspectos da imagem corporal em relação à população de mulheres mais jovens, uma vez que os estudos das estruturas fatoriais das três escalas estudadas revelaram diferentes soluções considerando somente mulheres na meia-idade. Conhecer essas particularidades representa um conhecimento essencial para o profissional que trabalha com o corpo para a realização de uma intervenção adequada e coerente e que vá ao encontro das necessidades e desejos dessas mulheres / Abstract: The aim of this study was to make the translation, cultural adaptation and verify the factorial structure of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ); Body Esteem Scale (BES) and Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) among Brazilian middle-aged women. This study followed the steps from an international guide to translate and to make the cultural adaptation for scales. It was performed a descriptive statistical analysis was applied to the demographic and clinical data and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed in order to verify the factor structure of the scales to this specific population. Participants were 500 women between 40 and 60 years old from around Campinas (State of São Paulo). The results from EFA found 1 factor to BSQ that was called 'Attitudes, thoughts and feelings concerning to body image'; 4 factors to BES which were called 'characteristics which are modifiable from exercising and eating'; 'Physical characteristics which are not modifiable by the exercise and eating'; Physical Condition' and 'Sexuality' and finally 1 factor to BAS that was called 'Body Appreciation'. The results of this study have showed that middle aged women present a different perception of body image in relation to younger population, once studies of the factorial structures for those three scales revealed different solutions considering only women in middle age. Knowing about body image perception among middle-aged women is essential for the professional who works with the body to conduct an adequate and successful intervention that meets the needs and desires of these women / Doutorado / Atividade Fisica, Adaptação e Saude / Doutor em Educação Física

A mensuração do desenvolvimento sensorial tem se tornado um componente necessário na avaliação clínica e no planejamento terapêutico ocupacional para intervenções com bebês e crianças pequenas. Estudos sobre traduções, adaptações culturais e validação de instrumentos para obtenção de medidas válidas e confiáveis tem sido incorporado mais frequentemente em pesquisas no campo da terapia ocupacional. Este estudo metodológico, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, teve como objetivo descrever o processo de tradução, adaptação cultural e validação das propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos Infant Sensory Profile 2 (ISP 2) e Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (TSP 2) para crianças brasileiras. A pequisa foi conduzida em ambulatório pediátrico e em laboratórios de pesquisas vinculados à Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. A amostra total incluiu 303 pais/cuidadores de crianças de 0 a 35 meses com desenvolvimento típico e atípico. Métodos: O desenvolvimento das versões para o português do Brasil constou de duas etapas, a primeira consistiu do processo de tradução, retrotradução, estudo de validade de conteúdo e de fase pré-teste em estudo piloto; na segunda etapa, foram realizados estudos psicométricos por meio da consistência interna, fidedignidade teste-reteste, análise fatorial confirmatória, e análise de pontos de corte de escores. Para a primeira etapa, os resultados mostraram que, a partir da validade de face, houve adequação semântica e compreensibilidade de ambos os instrumentos por parte dos respondentes. Para a etapa dois, o software STATA auxiliou nas análises, e o ISP 2 apresentou consistência interna total > 0.70, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi < que 0.70. Com relação ao TSP 2, apresentou consistência interna total > 0.80, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi < que 0.70 com exceção das áreas auditiva e visual, e em relação aos quadrantes, todos os valores de alfa foram < que 0.70. Sobre o teste-reteste, para ambos os instrumentos, houve alta concordância com valor de Kappa ponderado na categoria quase perfeita. Entretanto, a análise fatorial confirmatória não confirma a estrutura atual dos instrumentos. A rotação da matriz mostrou que itens poderiam ser alocados em domínios diferentes aos que pertencem originalmente, demonstrando correlações distintas entre os itens e dimensões. Os pontos de corte dos escores brasileiros foram diferentes dos americanos. Destaca-se, como considerações finais, a importância em analisar e testar a estrutura fatorial exploratória e confirmatória de ambos os instrumentos uma vez que houve diferenças significantes ente as versões brasileiras do ISP 2 e TSP 2 para a população brasileira de crianças de 0 a 3 meses de idade, verificar as equivalências das cargas fatoriais, as quantidades de itens por domínios, as covariâncias entre os fatores dos instrumentos e os erros de medida. Ainda seria importante verificar a invariância das medidas, seja através da análise fatorial ou da teoria de resposta ao item / Sensory development measurement has become a necessary component in clinical assessment and occupational therapy planning for interventions with infants and young children. Studies related to translations, cultural adaptations and validation of instruments to obtain valid and reliable measures have been incorporated more frequently in researches in the occupational therapy field. This cross-sectional methodological study, with a quantitative approach, aimed to describe the process of translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the psychometric properties of the Infant Sensory Profile 2 (ISP 2) and Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (TSP 2) to brazilian children. The research was conducted in a pediatric outpatient clinic and in research laboratories linked to the University São Paulo and the Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro. The total sample included 303 parents/caregivers of children aged 0-35 months with typical and atypical development. The development of the Brazilian Portuguese versions was done in two steps, the first one consisted of the translation process, back translation, content validity study and pre-test phase in a pilot study; in the second stage, psychometric studies were performed through internal consistency, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, and analysis of cut-off scores. For the first step, the results showed that, from the face validity, there was semantic adequacy and comprehensibility of both instruments by the respondents. For step two, the STATA software assisted in the analyzes, and the ISP 2 presented total internal consistency > 0.70, but when analyzed by sensory areas the consistency was < 0.70. Regarding TSP 2, it presented total internal consistency > 0.80, but when analyzed by sensory areas the consistency was < 0.70, except for auditory and visual areas, and in relation to the quadrants, all alpha values were lower than 0.70. On test-retest analysis, for both instruments, there was high agreement with weighted Kappa value in the almost perfect category. However, the confirmatory factor analysis does not confirm the current structure of this instrument. The rotation of the matrix showed that items could be allocated in domains other than those that originally belonged, showing distinct correlations between items and dimensions. The cut-off points of the Brazilian scores were different from the American ones. As final considerations, it is important to analyze and test the exploratory and confirmatory factorial structure of both instruments since there were significant differences between the Brazilian versions of ISP 2 and TSP 2 for the Brazilian population of children aged 0 to 3 months age; to verify the equivalence of factorial loads; the quantity of items by domains; the covariance between the factors of the instrument and the measurement errors. It is still important to verify the invariance of the measurements, either through factor analysis or item response theory

A mensuração do desenvolvimento sensorial tem se tornado um componente necessário na avaliação clínica e no planejamento terapêutico ocupacional para intervenções com bebês e crianças pequenas. Estudos sobre traduções, adaptações culturais e validação de instrumentos para obtenção de medidas válidas e confiáveis tem sido incorporado mais frequentemente em pesquisas no campo da terapia ocupacional. Este estudo metodológico, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, teve como objetivo descrever o processo de tradução, adaptação cultural e validação das propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos Infant Sensory Profile 2 (ISP 2) e Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (TSP 2) para crianças brasileiras. A pequisa foi conduzida em ambulatório pediátrico e em laboratórios de pesquisas vinculados à Universidade de São Paulo e Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro. A amostra total incluiu 303 pais/cuidadores de crianças de 0 a 35 meses com desenvolvimento típico e atípico. Métodos: O desenvolvimento das versões para o português do Brasil constou de duas etapas, a primeira consistiu do processo de tradução, retrotradução, estudo de validade de conteúdo e de fase pré-teste em estudo piloto; na segunda etapa, foram realizados estudos psicométricos por meio da consistência interna, fidedignidade teste-reteste, análise fatorial confirmatória, e análise de pontos de corte de escores. Para a primeira etapa, os resultados mostraram que, a partir da validade de face, houve adequação semântica e compreensibilidade de ambos os instrumentos por parte dos respondentes. Para a etapa dois, o software STATA auxiliou nas análises, e o ISP 2 apresentou consistência interna total > 0.70, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi < que 0.70. Com relação ao TSP 2, apresentou consistência interna total > 0.80, mas quando analisado por áreas sensoriais a consistência foi < que 0.70 com exceção das áreas auditiva e visual, e em relação aos quadrantes, todos os valores de alfa foram < que 0.70. Sobre o teste-reteste, para ambos os instrumentos, houve alta concordância com valor de Kappa ponderado na categoria quase perfeita. Entretanto, a análise fatorial confirmatória não confirma a estrutura atual dos instrumentos. A rotação da matriz mostrou que itens poderiam ser alocados em domínios diferentes aos que pertencem originalmente, demonstrando correlações distintas entre os itens e dimensões. Os pontos de corte dos escores brasileiros foram diferentes dos americanos. Destaca-se, como considerações finais, a importância em analisar e testar a estrutura fatorial exploratória e confirmatória de ambos os instrumentos uma vez que houve diferenças significantes ente as versões brasileiras do ISP 2 e TSP 2 para a população brasileira de crianças de 0 a 3 meses de idade, verificar as equivalências das cargas fatoriais, as quantidades de itens por domínios, as covariâncias entre os fatores dos instrumentos e os erros de medida. Ainda seria importante verificar a invariância das medidas, seja através da análise fatorial ou da teoria de resposta ao item / Sensory development measurement has become a necessary component in clinical assessment and occupational therapy planning for interventions with infants and young children. Studies related to translations, cultural adaptations and validation of instruments to obtain valid and reliable measures have been incorporated more frequently in researches in the occupational therapy field. This cross-sectional methodological study, with a quantitative approach, aimed to describe the process of translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the psychometric properties of the Infant Sensory Profile 2 (ISP 2) and Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (TSP 2) to brazilian children. The research was conducted in a pediatric outpatient clinic and in research laboratories linked to the University São Paulo and the Federal University of the Triângulo Mineiro. The total sample included 303 parents/caregivers of children aged 0-35 months with typical and atypical development. The development of the Brazilian Portuguese versions was done in two steps, the first one consisted of the translation process, back translation, content validity study and pre-test phase in a pilot study; in the second stage, psychometric studies were performed through internal consistency, test-retest reliability, confirmatory factor analysis, and analysis of cut-off scores. For the first step, the results showed that, from the face validity, there was semantic adequacy and comprehensibility of both instruments by the respondents. For step two, the STATA software assisted in the analyzes, and the ISP 2 presented total internal consistency > 0.70, but when analyzed by sensory areas the consistency was < 0.70. Regarding TSP 2, it presented total internal consistency > 0.80, but when analyzed by sensory areas the consistency was < 0.70, except for auditory and visual areas, and in relation to the quadrants, all alpha values were lower than 0.70. On test-retest analysis, for both instruments, there was high agreement with weighted Kappa value in the almost perfect category. However, the confirmatory factor analysis does not confirm the current structure of this instrument. The rotation of the matrix showed that items could be allocated in domains other than those that originally belonged, showing distinct correlations between items and dimensions. The cut-off points of the Brazilian scores were different from the American ones. As final considerations, it is important to analyze and test the exploratory and confirmatory factorial structure of both instruments since there were significant differences between the Brazilian versions of ISP 2 and TSP 2 for the Brazilian population of children aged 0 to 3 months age; to verify the equivalence of factorial loads; the quantity of items by domains; the covariance between the factors of the instrument and the measurement errors. It is still important to verify the invariance of the measurements, either through factor analysis or item response theory

The subject of this thesis is a two-part novel Heidi's Lehr- und Wanderjahre (1880) and Heidi kann brauchen, was es gelernt hat (1881) by Swiss author Johanna Spyri and its two Czech translations from 1933/34 and 1971. The theoretical part deals with the author's personality and her work. The original text is then put into cultural-historical and literary context of that time and is examined from literary scientific and linguistic points of view. Subsequently, the thesis describes translation norms of the given time periods, personalities of both translators and briefly presents their translations. In connection with the latter translation, text adaptation and text manipulation issues are also discussed. Further attention is paid to the specifics of translation of children's literature and the reception of both the original text and the translations. The empirical part of the thesis provides a translation analysis of selected parts of the original and the translations and concludes with a comparison of both Czech versions.