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The current thesis seeks to examine the history of Aboriginal development policy and its correlation with the trajectory of an indigenous business class in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. In particular, the study focuses on the period beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s when, following the large-scale social and economic upheaval caused by the collapse of the once dominant pastoral industry (previously the economic mainstay and largest employer of the region), the policy popularly known as self-determination - and termed indigenous trusteeship in this thesis) - came into play. The former policy of state trusteeship, in operation since colonial times, was devised in more prosperous times (as a means to, among other thing, facilitate land and labour to pastoral operations) but was unable to cope with the quickly changing economic conditions. In an attempt to resolve the growing economic and economic crisis - including rapidly increasing unemployment, impoverishment and social dislocation - the new policy of indigenous trusteeship transferred the responsibility for the provision of indigenous welfare to a nascent Aboriginal political and commercial leadership. To assist in ameliorating the escalating rates of Aboriginal unemployment and poverty much government subvention, including land, labour and finance, was transferred to Aboriginal control and specifically to those existing (albeit on a small scale) Aboriginal business operations. In doing so, much economic space was opened to Aboriginal commercial operations, which, during the previous policy regime of state trusteeship, had been purposefully stymied. This thesis aims to tackle some of the misconceptions concerning the history of Aboriginal economic development and the course of an indigenous commercial class. As well, there is recognition of the major contribution made by an emerging Aboriginal leadership to the evolving policy of indigenous trusteeship. In short, there is a critical re-evaluation of the origins of, and support for, successful indigenous owned business operations in the Kimberley region of Western Australia / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / It is difficult to understand petitions as a particular aspect of the Trusteeship System without knowledge of the historical forces which helped to shape the modern concept of trusteeship. It is easy, in fact, to think of trusteeship as a purely contemporary phenomenon. The opening statement of the Secretary-General of the United Nations at the first session of the Trusteeship Council highlights this point: "This is an occasion of historic significance. For the first time in the world's history a permanent international body, whose membership is composed solely of official representatives of Governments, is assembled to deal exclusively with the problems of non-self-governing peoples." The statement of the Secretary-General is, of course, correct, but it does not tell the lay reader any of the precedents behind the formation of this August body. If one accepts the principle that the protection of native rights is the cornerstone of modern trusteeship, there is evidence that ever since the 16th century there seems to have been a logical progression toward the evolution of the philosophy eventually advanced in the Covenant of the League of Nations and presently in the Charter of the United Nations. [TRUNCATED]

Trata-se de estudo sobre a tutela judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação profissional. Com a crise de representatividade dos sindicatos, passou-se a discutir a necessidade de robustecer de forma concorrente e não excludente a legitimidade ativa das associações, de forma não colidente e excludente à atuação sindical na esfera judicial. Para a análise do tema proposto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo versa sobre a crise do sindicalismo e as respostas dadas para explicar tal situação. O segundo capítulo esmiúça o que se entende por associação profissional a partir de sua evolução e previsão legal na CLT em confronto com a Constituição Federal de 1988. O terceiro capítulo versa sobre os direitos de defesa coletiva, de maneira a analisar detidamente os direitos difusos, coletivos stricto senso e individuais homogêneos. O quarto e último capítulo versa sobre a atuação judicial das associações profissionais na defesa de direitos de defesa coletiva, nesta análise é estudada a legitimidade ativa, a definição e atuação dos corpos intermediários, para a partir daí adentrar em específico na defesa judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação. Por fim, enfrenta-se o que se entende por autorização expressa. / It is a study on the legal protection of collective defense rights by the professional association. With the crisis of representation of trade unions, went to discuss the need to strengthen concurrently and not excluding the active legitimacy of professional associations, not colliding and exclusionary form of union action in court. For the analysis of the theme, the work was divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the crisis of unionism and the answers given to explain this situation. The second chapter scrutinizes what is meant by professional association from its evolution and legal provisions in the Labor Code in conflict with the Federal Constitution of 1988. The third chapter deals with the rights of collective defense, in order to carefully analyze the diffuse rights, collective and individual homogeneous strict sense. The fourth and final chapter deals with the judicial role of professional associations in defense of collective defense rights in this analysis is studied the active legitimacy, the definition and role of intermediary bodies, for from there enter in particular the legal defense of rights collective defense by the association. Finally, it faces what is meant by permission.

Trata-se de estudo sobre a tutela judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação profissional. Com a crise de representatividade dos sindicatos, passou-se a discutir a necessidade de robustecer de forma concorrente e não excludente a legitimidade ativa das associações, de forma não colidente e excludente à atuação sindical na esfera judicial. Para a análise do tema proposto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo versa sobre a crise do sindicalismo e as respostas dadas para explicar tal situação. O segundo capítulo esmiúça o que se entende por associação profissional a partir de sua evolução e previsão legal na CLT em confronto com a Constituição Federal de 1988. O terceiro capítulo versa sobre os direitos de defesa coletiva, de maneira a analisar detidamente os direitos difusos, coletivos stricto senso e individuais homogêneos. O quarto e último capítulo versa sobre a atuação judicial das associações profissionais na defesa de direitos de defesa coletiva, nesta análise é estudada a legitimidade ativa, a definição e atuação dos corpos intermediários, para a partir daí adentrar em específico na defesa judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação. Por fim, enfrenta-se o que se entende por autorização expressa. / It is a study on the legal protection of collective defense rights by the professional association. With the crisis of representation of trade unions, went to discuss the need to strengthen concurrently and not excluding the active legitimacy of professional associations, not colliding and exclusionary form of union action in court. For the analysis of the theme, the work was divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the crisis of unionism and the answers given to explain this situation. The second chapter scrutinizes what is meant by professional association from its evolution and legal provisions in the Labor Code in conflict with the Federal Constitution of 1988. The third chapter deals with the rights of collective defense, in order to carefully analyze the diffuse rights, collective and individual homogeneous strict sense. The fourth and final chapter deals with the judicial role of professional associations in defense of collective defense rights in this analysis is studied the active legitimacy, the definition and role of intermediary bodies, for from there enter in particular the legal defense of rights collective defense by the association. Finally, it faces what is meant by permission.

Trata-se de estudo sobre a tutela judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação profissional. Com a crise de representatividade dos sindicatos, passou-se a discutir a necessidade de robustecer de forma concorrente e não excludente a legitimidade ativa das associações, de forma não colidente e excludente à atuação sindical na esfera judicial. Para a análise do tema proposto, o trabalho foi dividido em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo versa sobre a crise do sindicalismo e as respostas dadas para explicar tal situação. O segundo capítulo esmiúça o que se entende por associação profissional a partir de sua evolução e previsão legal na CLT em confronto com a Constituição Federal de 1988. O terceiro capítulo versa sobre os direitos de defesa coletiva, de maneira a analisar detidamente os direitos difusos, coletivos stricto senso e individuais homogêneos. O quarto e último capítulo versa sobre a atuação judicial das associações profissionais na defesa de direitos de defesa coletiva, nesta análise é estudada a legitimidade ativa, a definição e atuação dos corpos intermediários, para a partir daí adentrar em específico na defesa judicial de direitos de defesa coletiva pela associação. Por fim, enfrenta-se o que se entende por autorização expressa. / It is a study on the legal protection of collective defense rights by the professional association. With the crisis of representation of trade unions, went to discuss the need to strengthen concurrently and not excluding the active legitimacy of professional associations, not colliding and exclusionary form of union action in court. For the analysis of the theme, the work was divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the crisis of unionism and the answers given to explain this situation. The second chapter scrutinizes what is meant by professional association from its evolution and legal provisions in the Labor Code in conflict with the Federal Constitution of 1988. The third chapter deals with the rights of collective defense, in order to carefully analyze the diffuse rights, collective and individual homogeneous strict sense. The fourth and final chapter deals with the judicial role of professional associations in defense of collective defense rights in this analysis is studied the active legitimacy, the definition and role of intermediary bodies, for from there enter in particular the legal defense of rights collective defense by the association. Finally, it faces what is meant by permission.

This thesis examines some epistemic defences of democracy put forward by David Estlund, Michael Fuerstein, Cheryl Misak, and Fabienne Peter, as well as a critique of democracy raised by Jason Brennan. It then develops an epistemic defence of a moderately non-egalitarian system, which it proposes to call liberal trusteeship. According to the proposed theory, the power to draft laws ought to be separated from the power to enact those drafts into law. The former power ought to be vested in trustees, who are essentially specialists that have inquired extensively into a given matter, and the latter power ought to be vested in a democratically elected parliament. Subsequently, this thesis argues that parliament should nevertheless have the prerogative to ultimately override trustees on ethics and pass its own legislation regulating moral matters; that the criteria for selecting trustees should be determined by jury courts; and that parliament and jury courts should be given some powers to influence the composition of trustee committees, so that the political process can guard against the risk that trustees might be biased or corrupt. The above proposal is grounded on three principal claims. Firstly, this thesis argues that moral authority and legitimacy ought to be reserved for the political system that strikes the best balance between competence and equality. Secondly, it argues that liberal trusteeship is more likely than democracy to determine correctly what ought to be done in light of the progress of open and vigorous inquiry into a given matter. Thirdly, and as a result, it argues that liberal trusteeship is likely to exercise power sufficiently more competently than democracy, such that its moderate deviation from political equality will be justified. In the light of this, the thesis concludes that liberal trusteeship would strike a better balance between competence and equality than democracy.

Dentre os personagens históricos ligados à execução, o curator bonorum é talvez o mais desconhecido, ou o menos estudado. Mas esse aparente \"desinteresse\" acerca da figura é incompatível com sua importância. Diversos são os textos doutrinários que apontam o curator como o antecessor histórico do síndico da falência, no direito anterior, e, nos dias atuais, do administrador judicial. No presente trabalho, apresenta-se a trajetória do curator bonorum e a influência que a curadoria teve no desenvolvimento dos meios de execução. Abordam-se, nesse sentido, a visão peculiar do romano sobre seu patrimônio, a importância da formação dos fundos de propriedade e os antecedentes da execução patrimonial. Demonstra-se também que o procedimento da bonorum venditio, costumeiramente ligado ao período clássico do direito romano, não foi exatamente substituído pela bonorum distractio, pois esta fazia, de certa forma, parte daquela. Com isso se procura comprovar que a atuação do curator, especialmente a que tinha por fim evitar a ruína do devedor, modificou os rumos da execução e do concurso de credores, inclusive de como se os conhecem ainda hoje. Em proposição aparentemente inédita, demonstrar-se-á que a mudança de enfoque dos modelos executivos posteriores às implicações de cunho fisico contra a pessoa, pelos quais se deixou de buscar a totalidade do patrimônio e se passou a preferir a alienação apenas de quanto fosse necessário ao pagamento do débito, está intrinsecamente ligada à atuação do curador do patrimônio. o trabalho se divide em três partes: na primeira, analisa-se o momento histórico da suposta origem do curator bonorum e os primórdios da execução patrimonial; na segunda, o âmbito de atuação e as características do curador; por fim, na terceira e última parte, estuda-se a evolução da figura até o âmbito do Direito Justinianeu. Apresenta-se, também, em apêndice, singela contribuição ao direito moderno. / Among the historical figures associated with bankruptcy, the curator bonorum is perhaps the most unknown, or the least studied. But this apparent indifference about the figure is not compatible with its importance, for there are several doctrinal texts that indicate the curator as the historical predecessor of the trustee in bankruptcy. In this paper, the trajectory of the curator bonorum and the influence that its actions had on the development of means of foreclosure are presented. It addresses, in this sense, the peculiar vision of the Roman about his estate, the importance of property funds, and the background of bankruptcy proceedings. It is also demonstrated that the bonorum venditio procedure, usually connected to the classical period of Roman law, was not exactly replaced by bonorum distractio, as this was, somehow, part of that. The paper also seeks to show that the performance of the curator, especially the one that was to prevent the ruin of the debtor, changed the course of bankruptcy proceedings and concurrent creditors, including how they are known nowadays. In an apparently unprecedented proposition a change of focus from the executive models will be shown, for which the fact that they no longer get the entire assets of the debtor, and happened to prefer a sale of just what was needed so the debt could be paid, is intrinsically linked to the work of the curator bonorum. The paper is divided in three parts: in the first the historical moment of the supposed origin of the curator bonorum and the beginnings of foreclosure are analyzed; in the second, the scope of acting and features of the curator. Finally in the third and final part, the evolution of the figure to the right under Justinian is studied. In Appendix, a simple contribution to modern law is presented.

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This dissertation offers a perspective through which we can explore the processes of joint development and security interventions in conflict-prone regions. In employing the experiences of the Northern Region of Ghana as my case study, this thesis examines the ways that the rationales of both development and security interventions are articulated in the field of practice. The central argument of the thesis is that most analyses of aid interventions, particularly those stemming from mainstream development literature, rarely interrogate the underlying rationales and assumptions behind the ideas, strategies and discourses employed in aid intervention. Notably, these rationales and assumptions tend to reduce the complexity of development and security challenges, and, as an end result, facilitate the implementation of technical solutions. The translation of development and security discourses and strategies into programmable practices as they encounter a local population is characterized by complex processes. Following the central argument of the thesis, the key research question interrogates the way that the rationales behind development aid and security interventions have been articulated in conflict- prone Northern Region and how they have been received by the local population. With the overarching aim of understanding the complexities associated with the joint articulation of development and security programmes, this study provides a unique and critical analysis of international development and security practices. The study also provides deeper understanding of the broad socio-economic and political contexts for the delivery of aid interventions. I scrutinize the rationales behind these interventions through the critical examination of colonial practices and three contemporary interventions: 1) Region-wide interventions, 2) the UN Human Security Program, and 3) Post-liberal interventions used as a panacea to prevailing implementation challenges. Based on the analysis of archival documents, alongside policy, program, and interview documents, my study reveals the ways that the development-security nexus perpetrates liberal practices in the declared conflict-prone Northern Region of Ghana. I also evaluate the way that the development-security nexus reconstitutes individuals as resilient subjects through practices of empowerment and entrepreneurialism, and demonstrates the contestations, contradictions, and colonial features that characterize interventions in the field of articulation.