<p>This essay is to find out how men and women use compliments in English conversations in TV-series. The compliments will be analyzed as to their frequency, form topic and function.</p>

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Il lavoro è dedicato all'analisi del nuovo testo televisivo nell'epoca della convergenza. Un testo espanso perché capace di dilatarsi su altri media, viaggiando così com'è per più piattaforme; un testo espanso perché capace di generare altri testi su altri media, espandendo il proprio universo narrativo. Le dinamiche di questo testo sono più che mai evidenti nell'industria statunitense, da sempre la più avanzata e organizzata. Proprio al panorama statunitense è quindi dedicata la nostra analisi. Il testo espanso è una tendenza ravvisabile in modo più o meno evidente per tutti i generi televisivi, e più in generale fa parte di una propensione alla crossmedialità presente in ogni media. Abbiamo però focalizzato la nostra attenzione sul telefilm americano, che meglio di altri racchiude, esemplifica, esaspera le caratteristiche del testo espanso. / This study analyses the television text of the Convergence Age, an expanded text as it can be utilized by the other media besides being able to run on different platforms without requiring any editing. It is an expanded text because it can generate other media texts, thus expanding its narrative universe. The potentials residing in this kind of text are well-known to the American television industry, the leader of the sector as well as the most organized and advanced worldwide. Therefore my analysis investigates the American production. The expanded text is a recognizable trend as far as all television genres are concerned, and belongs to an overall tendency to crossmediality which is noticeable in all media. My work focuses on the American TV series as it best displays, exemplifies, and emphasizes the features of the expanded text.

This essay examines how witches are portrayed in American produced TV-series in the year 2000 and forward, what elements could have effected that portrayal in the series and also how this portrayal differs itself from witches within Wicca. The material used for this examination are the TV-series Charmed, The Vampire Diaries and Witches of East End and as comparing literature; Living Wicca, The Spiral Dance and Witchcraft Today. The methods used for this process are discourse analysis and content analysis. I used theories of Pierre Wiktorin about religion and popular culture. I used three themes (Characteristics, Practice and mode of thinking) for the processing of the material and to structure the result. The results showed that the witches in the TV-series had a lot in common such as they were all women, they were born with their powers and the human life is sacred in comparison to other creatures that exist in the series. The comparison showed that there are significant differences between the witches in the TV-series and the witches in Wicca. Practicing witches within Wicca is part of a religion where rituals are of high importance and the Goddess and God are worshiped. These are the most important discrepancies that are not a part of witches in TV-series.  The question about why the series are so similar has been analyzed with theories about moral panic and post-feminism to show how social structures can play a part in how TV-series are written. The conclusions that I have reached is that the witches in the series are portrayed very similar. They are all women, they have inherited their abilities as witches and they keep searching for love and are in a constant battle with evil. Elements that could have effected this portrayal are the theories about moral panic, that discusses the fighting against evil, and postfeminism, that discusses the love aspect and the fact that they are all women.  The witches in the series and the witches within wicca are very different. The biggest one is the fact that wicca is a religion that involves rituals for the God and Goddess. This has no part of the portrayal of witches in the TV-series.

The dissertation is based on the analysis of thirty episodes of the American television series Friends with the focus on the CSIs (Culture Specific Items) and how these differences have been handled by Chinese translators who produced the subtitles for the English-Chinese translation. The analysis was based on the assumption that Mainland China’s culture is different from the US culture so people in these two countries may have problems in understanding CSIs if they are translated literally and if the subtitle translation is not adapted to the target audience. Such adaptation is normally known as localisation. The cultural differences that are ingrained in CSIs might have to be handled with caution in the production of subtitles. The main objective of the dissertation has been to analyse different translation choices which are currently used by the translators in questions, dealing with CSIs where cultural differences between mainland China and the US arise. The research discovered that repetition of CSIs is a strategy which underperformed, failing to help the Chinese audience to comprehend the cultural connotations associated with the CSIs. The paper has provided some recommendations as to how the subtitle translation of such CSIs might be handled in such a way that the audience will have a better understanding of the same.

The dissertation is based on the analysis of thirty episodes of the American television series Friends with the focus on the CSIs (Culture Specific Items) and how these differences have been handled by Chinese translators who produced the subtitles for the English-Chinese translation. The analysis was based on the assumption that Mainland China’s culture is different from the US culture so people in these two countries may have problems in understanding CSIs if they are translated literally and if the subtitle translation is not adapted to the target audience. Such adaptation is normally known as localisation. The cultural differences that are ingrained in CSIs might have to be handled with caution in the production of subtitles. The main objective of the dissertation has been to analyse different translation choices which are currently used by the translators in questions, dealing with CSIs where cultural differences between mainland China and the US arise. The research discovered that repetition of CSIs is a strategy which underperformed, failing to help the Chinese audience to comprehend the cultural connotations associated with the CSIs. The paper has provided some recommendations as to how the subtitle translation of such CSIs might be handled in such a way that the audience will have a better understanding of the same.

This essay is to find out how men and women use compliments in English conversations in TV-series. The compliments will be analyzed as to their frequency, form topic and function.

En el presente trabajo de investigación se analiza y explora la presencia de los diferentes estereotipos y arquetipos con los que los guionistas, en su mayoría, trabajan y lo representan en los diferentes personajes hombres y mujeres de nivel principal y/o secundario de los diferentes programas de la televisión peruana, ya sea de ficción o de programas de entretenimiento. Es así que, mediante la pregunta y objetivos delimitados se podrá analizar si existe alguna estereotipación en los diferentes programas audiovisuales que se encuentran en la parrilla nacional. / This paper analyzes and explores the presence of the different stereotypes and archetypes with which the writers, for the most part, work and represent it in the different main and / or secondary level male and female characters of the different programs. of Peruvian television, either fiction or entertainment programs. Thus, by means of the question and delimited objectives, it will be possible to analyze if there is any stereotyping in the different audiovisual programs that are on the national grid. / Trabajo de investigación

Women in visual media are generally underrepresented and stereotypically portrayed.  It is a very undifferentiated image, that few women can actually identify with. Norm-breaking characters can have an essential part and a positive influence on humans identity formation, research shows. The purpose of this study is to examine eight women’s stories about how television shows had an impact on their identity formation, primarily focusing on Hannah from the very popular tv-series Girls. Hannah has been described as a plain and slightly overweight heroine, not suited for modern television. The study is built on a qualitative science-method through semi-structured interviews, with subjective stories as focal point. The selection of interviewees identify themselves as women and have seen Girls. The study shows that Hannah works as a role model by inspiring the interviewees to acknowledge and accept their self-view, in addition to increasing their bravery and place amongst other people. Thenceforth, they felt that there was a small representation of strong female characters on modern television and saw a necessity for Hannah in popular culture.

The goal of this study was to find out how TV series from the normalization era written by Jaroslav Dietl showed women and their issues. I focused on the 70's and 80's TV series, whose stories take place at the time when they were made. First, I set ten model situations based on the professional literature. Then I applied them on selected female characters from the chosen series and determined whether these model situations were used (heroine was not displayed stereotypically) or not (heroine was displayed stereotypically). I applied a similar system on ten films from the normalization era to compare the characters with each other, to compare Dietl's TV series with each other and to compare his work with other works. I found out that Jaroslav Dietl fulfilled the stereotypes about women at that time, but only to some extent. Ratio of female characters beyond stereotypes to stereotype characters was 26:34 (rounded 0.76). He also used very often a character of a submisive woman who is usually displayed in her home with her family. Another finding is that Dietl's work offers several distinctive heroines, namely Alžběta Čeňková, Dana Králová (both from TV series Nemocnice na kraji města) and Ivana Pešková (TV series Inženýrská odysea). Nemocnice na kraji města is also the only case which displays more...