Contribution à l'approche inferentielle pour l'introduction de la notion de type en Prolog. Cette approche consiste à déduire automatiquement d'un programme les types des prédicats. Le programmeur peut ainsi s'assurer de la conformité du programme à ses intentions. Une méthode d'inférence de type pour Prolog est présentée. Elle se base sur une simulation de l'unification et une simulation de la résolution, avec un traitement particulier sur les appels récursifs

Dans cette thèse on détermine les fonctions sphériques définies sur l'espace des matrices hermitiennes infinies à coefficients réelles, complexes ou quaternions. <br /><br />Dans le chapitre 1, on rappelle quelques résultats qui sont démontres par J.Faraut et A. Koranyi et on en donne un développlement d'une certaine intégrale orbitale en série de taylor sphérique.<br /><br />Le chapitre 2 est consacré pour traiter le comportement asymptotique d'une intégrale orbitale. La démonstartion repose sur un résultat qui généralise un théorème de Poincaré sur la sphère unité.<br /><br /><br />Le chapitre 3 généralise le chapitre 2. On traite un problème sur les mesures ergodiques. On généralise le résultat suivant prouver par G. Olshanski et A. Vershik: déterminer toutes les mesure ergdiques définies<br />sur l'espace des matrices hermitiennes infinies à coefficients complexes, qui sont invariantes par l'action du groupe unitaire infini. La généralisation de ce résultat est de remplacer les matrices hermitiennes à coefficients complexes par les matrices symetriques<br />réelles ou les matrices hermitiennes à coefficients quaterniones.<br /><br />Dans le chapitre 4 on rappelle le résultat suivant démontré par Olshanski et Borodin et qui reste valable dans notre cas:toute mesure de probabilités définies sur l'espace des matrices hermitinnes infinies qui est invariante par le groupe unitaire est se décompose en une combinaison continue et convexe des mesure ergodiques sous l'action par conjugaison du groupe unitaire, en suite on donnera quelques compléments. <br /><br />Dans le chapitre 5 qui est une suite du chapitre 4, on donne une représentation de Lévy-Khinchine des fonctions de type négatif définies sur l'espaces des matrices hermitiennes Hilbert-Schmidt de dimension inifinie et qui sont invariantes par le groupe unitaire infini.

<p>The thesis presents a type system for a substantial fragment of XML query language Xcerpt. The system is descriptive; the types associated with Xcerpt constructs are sets of data terms and approximate the semantics of the constructs.</p><p>A formalism of Type Definitions, related to XML schema languages, is adopted to specify such sets. The type system is presented as typing rules which provide a basis for type inference and type checking algorithms, used in a prototype implementation. Correctness of the type system wrt. the formal semantics of Xcerpt is proved and exactness of the result types inferred by the system is discussed.</p><p>The usefulness of the approach is illustrated by example runs of the prototype on Xcerpt programs.</p><p>Given a non-recursive Xcerpt program and types of data to be queried, the type system is able to infer a type of results of the program. If additionally a type specification of program results is given, the system is able to prove type correctness of a (possibly recursive) program. Type correctness means that the program produces results of the given type whenever it is applied to data of the given type. Non existence of a correctness proof suggests that the program may be incorrect. Under certain conditions (on the program and on the type specification), the program is actually incorrect whenever the proof attempt fails.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2006:9

<p>The demand for more accurate measurements is increasing in today’s industry. One reason for this is to optimize production and thus maximize profits. Another reason is that in some cases government regulations dictate that supervision of certain parameters must be followed. At Preemraff Lysekil there are basically four reasons for measuring skin temperatures inside fired process heaters, namely; because of government regulations, in order to estimate the load of the fired process heater, to estimate the lifetime of the tubes inside the fired process heater and finally, to determine the need of decoking. However, only the first three of these reasons are applied to H2301/2/3. The current skin thermocouple design has been in use for many years and now the question of how well it measures surface temperature has risen. Furthermore a new weld-free design is under consideration to replace the old skin thermocouple design. Another question is therefore how well the new design can measure the surface temperature under the same operating conditions as the old one. In order to evaluate this, three–dimensional computer simulations were made of the different designs. As this thesis will show, the differences in calculated skin thermocouple temperature and calculated surface temperature is about the same for the two designs. However, the current design will show a lower temperature than the surface temperature, while the new design will show a higher temperature. Regarding the core of the skin thermocouple designs, namely the thermocouple, no hard conclusions can be drawn, although the industry appears to favor type ’N’ over type ’K’.</p>

Quasars are among the most luminous and the most distant objects in the Universe. Consequently they are particularly interesting to probe its origin and to understand its evolution. However, the huge distances at which these objects are generally found prevent us from resolving their central regions so that we cannot directly check the validity of the geometrical as well as the dynamical models accounting for their observational properties (spectral energy distribution, line profiles, presence or absence of radio jets etc). In our thesis, we use two indirect observational techniques in order to constrain the existing models. These techniques which are particularly sensitive to the geometrical structure of the quasar emission regions are polarimetry and gravitational microlensing. In the first part of our thesis we study the correlation between the direction of the linear polarization and the orientation of the host galaxy/ extended emission that we determined on the basis of high resolution HST images. We show how this study enables us to bring new clues favoring the existence of a unification model for the Type 1 and Type 2 quasars. In the second part, we show how gravitational microlensing allows to constrain the geometry and size of the regions at the origin of the broad absorption lines observed in the spectrum of 10 to 20 % of quasars. For this purpose we build a radiative transfer code allowing to simulate the line profiles produced in a variety of realistic wind models. These models are then used to study the variations of line profiles induced by the transit of a gravitational microlens. This technique is finally applied to the case of the quasar H1413+117 in order to determine the geometry of the regions which produce the broad absorption lines.

Finding a product with high quality and reasonable price online is a difficult task due to the fuzzy nature of data and queries. In order to handle the fuzzy problem, a new type-2 fuzzy reasoning based decision support system, the Web Shopping Expert for online users is proposed. In the Web Shopping Expert, an interval type-2 fuzzy logic system is used and a fuzzy output can be obtained using the up-low limit technique, which offers an opportunity to directly employ all the rules and methods of the type-1 fuzzy sets onto the type-2 fuzzy sets. To achieve the best performance the fuzzy inference system is optimized by the least square and numerical method. The key advantages of the least square method are the efficient use of samples and the simplicity of the implementation. The Web Shopping Expert based on the interval type-2 fuzzy inference system provides more reasonable conclusions for online users.

The demand for more accurate measurements is increasing in today’s industry. One reason for this is to optimize production and thus maximize profits. Another reason is that in some cases government regulations dictate that supervision of certain parameters must be followed. At Preemraff Lysekil there are basically four reasons for measuring skin temperatures inside fired process heaters, namely; because of government regulations, in order to estimate the load of the fired process heater, to estimate the lifetime of the tubes inside the fired process heater and finally, to determine the need of decoking. However, only the first three of these reasons are applied to H2301/2/3. The current skin thermocouple design has been in use for many years and now the question of how well it measures surface temperature has risen. Furthermore a new weld-free design is under consideration to replace the old skin thermocouple design. Another question is therefore how well the new design can measure the surface temperature under the same operating conditions as the old one. In order to evaluate this, three–dimensional computer simulations were made of the different designs. As this thesis will show, the differences in calculated skin thermocouple temperature and calculated surface temperature is about the same for the two designs. However, the current design will show a lower temperature than the surface temperature, while the new design will show a higher temperature. Regarding the core of the skin thermocouple designs, namely the thermocouple, no hard conclusions can be drawn, although the industry appears to favor type ’N’ over type ’K’.

Due to its relative avascularity, low cellularity and lack of an undifferentiated cell reservoir, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair when damaged through trauma or disease. Articular cartilage impairment and the resultant reduced joint function affects millions of people at a substantial cost. In the U.S. alone, over 20 million adults are afflicted with osteoarthritis, costing more than $65 billion per year in health care and lost wages. Surgical techniques have been developed to address small, focal lesions, but more critical sized defects remain without a viable solution. Tissue engineering strategies produce cartilage-like constructs in vitro containing living cells in the hope of replacing damaged cartilage and restoring joint function. However, these constructs lack both sufficient integration into the surrounding tissue following implantation and the mechanical properties capable of withstanding the demanding and complex in vivo loading environment. Our central hypothesis is that exposure of engineered cartilage to fluid-induced shear stress increases the collagen content and mechanical properties (tensile and compressive). The overall objective of this project is to modulate the matrix composition and mechanical properties of engineered cartilage to be more like native tissue using a novel bioreactor. Improving the matrix components and mechanical stability of the tissue to be more similar to that of native tissue may aid in integration into a defect in vivo. The central hypothesis was proven in that shear stress potently altered the matrix composition, gene expression and mechanical properties of both thick and thin engineered cartilage. Modulation was found to be highly dependent on shear stress magnitude, duration, and waveform and affected different matrix constituents and mechanical properties in disparate ways. Our overall objective was satisfied on the basis that the bioreactor created stronger engineered tissues, but with the caveat that the tissues showed an increase in presence of type I collagen. Such an effect would be undesirable for articular cartilage engineered tissues, but could be very beneficial in fibrocartilaginous tissues such as that found in the temporomandibular joint. In conclusion, the novel bioreactor system provides a flexible platform technology for the study of three-dimensional engineered tissues, not just articular cartilage.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類:博士(医療技術学) (課程) 学位授与年月日:平成20年3月25日

Financial data, such as daily or monthly maximum log return of stock price usually possess heavy tail and skewness properties. In this thesis, we consider stock price data of computer hardware and money center banks. Heavy-tailed distributions including Pearson type IV, Pearson type VII and stable distribution were fitted to the daily log return of the data sets, and goodness of fit were compared. For the monthly maximum log return, nonlinear threshold time series models were fitted with heavy tailed innovation distributions. In addition, the value at risk and volatility of the data sets are derived from the fitted distributions.