Retraining represents one of the most used instruments of the active employment policy. It can be used as instrument for solving individual handicaps to employability in the supply-side of labor market, or as an instrument, that responds to current market requirements. The purpose of this study is to assess how this instrument is used in conditions of local labor market in Trutnov. Specifically, it is evaluated the status of retraining among other instruments of active employment policy, is described the structure of realized retraining and is analysed the targeting of retraining. This study aslo suggests, how to evaluate the effectiveness of retraining, which has been realised. The conclusion summarizes the results of the analysis and evaluate the use of retraining by Employment agency in Trutnov.

Unemployment rate is all time low in Europe and this results in shortage of skilled workers. At same time technology changes are on their boom which puts new requirements of skills including diversifying competencies. The companies like consultancy faces issues to find right people with right skills and at right time. This unavailability of resources impacts the strategic goal of company. Smaller companies need to compete with mid-size and large companies over the same skilled workforce. Due to the lack of branding and company recognition, this can cripple the companies to grow and gather a completive advantage. Previous work has failed to address this issue, especially related to the smaller IT consultancies which is the fastest growing segment. The 99% of all business in Europe represents by small or medium size companies. IT consultancy companies represented the most growing and major contributor in value creation in information and communication sector in Europe. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to answer in what way the low unemployment rate affects the strategical process and execution for small IT consultancy companies. Furthermore, this study looked into the role of recruitment process to attract and retain skilled employees. A qualitative approach combined with semi-structured interviews was used as the main methodology to gather empirical data and answer the key problems of this study. The semi-structured interviews were chosen due to the possibility to give the interviewers a freedom to speak and explain moderately, especially strategy processes, which are different from one company to other ones. This study found that small IT consultancy companies had little or no formal structure in the strategical processes in relation to the literature available in the topic, but still highlighted and expressed that strategy is important for the companies. Although if small IT companies want to grow, they must rethink the organizational structure. All studied companies are providing high salaries, freedom of work, technology learning, and job satisfaction as a key tool to attract talent. All companies in general asked the most critical questions on how to grow their business with the basis of their own limitations. Unfortunately, none of the companies reviewed and monitored their objectives on frequent and regular basis.  This study found that the low unemployment rate plays a critical role which can increase the profit margin, but cannot increase the number of employees and potentially minimize the importance of the strategical process. The study also found that low unemployment rate creates a healthy competitive environment where all large and small consultancy companies enables each other to grow instead of competing.

The main objective of this research paper is to find the association between unemployment rate and GDP growth which is presented empirically by Arthur Okun’s in early 1960s. For this purpose I have used annual time series data during the period 1981-2005 of Pakistan. I applied difference version of Okun’s law which is more appropriate to access results directly from empirical data. In order to find long run relation between the variables I used Engle-Granger cointegration technique and Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) to find the short term behavior of GDP growth to its long run value. This paper verifies negative relationship between unemployment rate and GDP growth and both variables have long run relation with each other. Moreover GDP growth will adjust more quickly towards equilibrium in the long run.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe remiantis užsienio ir Lietuvos autorių pateikta moksline medžiaga atskleidžiamos probleminės darbo rinkos grupės, kurios ilgiausiai patiria socialines ir ekonomines pasekmes. Teorinė analizė padeda atskleisti veiksnius darančius poveikį darbo rinkos segmentų nedarbo lygiui. Analitinėje-tiriamojoje darbo dalyje siekiama įvertinti ekonominių veiksnių poveikį skirtingiems darbo rinkos segmentams, siekiant sumažinti jų nedarbo lygį. / The thesis of foreign and Lithuanian authors provided scientific material disclosed problematic labor market groups that the longest experience in social and economic consequences. Theoretical analysis helps to reveal the factors affecting the labor market segments unemployment. The analytical part of the study-to assess the economic factors on different segments of the labor market in order to reduce the unemployment rate.

This thesis presents three essays, each seeking to deepen our understanding of labour markets. The first essay studies the response of real wages and hours of new hires to the business cycle during the UK’s Great Recession. The second essay analysis in how far the assumption of rational expectations in the Mortensen-Pissarides model is required for the economy to converge to an equilibrium. In particular, it asks if it is possible for economic agents to use simple linear forecast rules and still ensure convergence to the rational expectations equilibrium. The final essay seeks to determine whether labour income shares at the sectoral level are constant across countries, as is usually assumed in the literature, and whether this assumption quantitatively matters. Therefore, it takes the input-output structures across countries into account, and conducts a development accounting exercise. Real wages and hours in the Great Recession: Evidence from firms and their entry-level jobs Using employer-employee panel data, I provide novel facts on how real wages and working hours within jobs responded to the UK’s Great Recession. In contrast to previous studies, my data enables me to address the cyclical composition of jobs. I show that firms were able to respond to the Great Recession with substantial real wage cuts and by recruiting more part-time workers. A one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate led to an average decline in real hourly wages of 2.8 per cent for new hires and 2.6 per cent for job stayers. Hours of new hires in entry-level jobs were also substantially procyclical, while job-stayer hours were nearly constant. My findings suggest that models assuming rigid labour costs of new hires are not helpful for understanding the behaviour of unemployment over the business cycle. Unemployment and econometric learning I apply well-known results of the econometric learning literature to the Mortensen-Pissarides real business cycle model. Agents can always learn the unique rational expectations equilibrium (REE), for all possible well-defined sets of parameter values, by using the minimum-state-variable solution to the model and decreasing gain learning. From this perspective, the assumption of rational expectations in the model could be seen as reasonable. But using a parametrisation with UK data, simulations show that the speed of convergence to the REE is slow. This type of learning dampens the cyclical response of unemployment to small structural shocks. Measuring sectoral income shares: Accounting for input-output structures across countries I use input-output tables to measure the labour income shares of the goods and the services sector for a large cross-section of mostly developed countries. I present two novel findings: sectoral labour income shares significantly increase with the level of development, and within-country differences between these income shares are uncorrelated with the level of development. These cross-country differences are not caused by variation in the input-output structure or final demand, but originate at the production-side of the economy. I measure sectoral total factor productivity using a development accounting framework to assess the quantitative importance of my findings. The goods sector of less developed countries is relatively less productive than the services sector; assuming that the values of the sectoral labour income shares across countries are identical to their corresponding U.S. values leads to an underestimation of productivity differences across countries. All findings are robust to different adjustments for the labour income of the self-employed.

Submitted by Daniela Parca Cavelagna Costa (danielacavelagna@gmail.com) on 2015-09-09T21:25:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Costa_versao_publicação.pdf: 1252987 bytes, checksum: 6ae5c60206b07ce4d103b6f40455c3b6 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Daniela, boa noite Seu trabalho foi rejeitado por não estar de acordo com as normas da ABNT. Segue abaixo o que deverá ser alterado: - CAPA: Retirar a formatação em negrito do título; Retirar SP que consta ao lado de SÃO PAULO. - CONTRA CAPA: Retirar SP que consta ao lado de SÃO PAULO. - Centralizar o título AGRADECIMENTOS e justificar o texto igual ao Resumo. Após alterações, submeter novamente o trabalho. Att on 2015-09-09T21:45:44Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniela Parca Cavelagna Costa (danielacavelagna@gmail.com) on 2015-09-09T22:14:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1252680 bytes, checksum: 3a5386e3807eead8e98d85237087e1c0 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Incluir a ficha catalográfica on 2015-09-09T23:18:10Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniela Parca Cavelagna Costa (danielacavelagna@gmail.com) on 2015-09-10T15:22:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1338144 bytes, checksum: 697872dce6c8a0be6c72a059095fa0a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-09-10T21:29:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1338144 bytes, checksum: 697872dce6c8a0be6c72a059095fa0a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-11T12:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Daniela_Parca_Cavelagna_Costa.pdf: 1338144 bytes, checksum: 697872dce6c8a0be6c72a059095fa0a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 / Em meio a um cenário de desaceleração do PIB e às incertezas sobre a inflação seria esperado que a taxa de desemprego aumentasse. Contudo, o mercado de trabalho apresentou resultados bastante satisfatórios nos últimos anos. Segundo dados do IBGE, no triênio 2011-2013, esse índice permaneceu, com uma certa 'estabilidade', no patamar de 6%. Ademais, é possível encontrar diferentes índices a partir de diversas fontes disponíveis para o mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Neste contexto, o presente estudo busca destacar as principais diferenças e semelhanças de cada uma das fontes de informação e avaliar a redução da taxa de desemprego ocorrida ao longo de mais de 10 anos. Para tanto, serão utilizadas as bases de dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2001 a 2013 a fim de analisar como se comporta a taxa de desemprego para os diferentes grupos componentes da força de trabalho. Os resultados indicam que os fatores populacionais foram mais importantes que os fatores econômicos, visto que a mudança na composição de faixa etária da PEA foi responsável por 25% da queda da taxa de desemprego de 2005/2006 para 2012/2013. / In a scenario of GDP slowdown and uncertainty about inflation it would be expected that the unemployment rate had increased. However, the labor market showed satisfactory results in recent years. According to IBGE data, on the triennium 2011-2013, this index remained, with some stability, around 6%. In addition, it is possible to find different rates according to several sources available for the Brazilian labor market. In this context, this study aims to emphasize the main differences and similarities of each information sources and evaluate the reduction occurred in the unemployment rate over more than 10 years. To do so, the National Sample Survey of Households databases, from 2001 until 2013, will be used in order to analyze how the unemployment rate behaves on each different group that compose the workforce. The results indicate that populational factors were more important than economic ones, since the change in the age composition of the labor force accounted for 25% the fall of the 2005/2006 unemployment rate to 2012/2013.

The thesis consists of three empirical essays on the topics of self-employment, happiness and international trade. Essay 1 studies how immigrant self-employment entry is affected by the local business cycle in Sweden. Using the unemployment rate at the local labour market level as a proxy for the local business cycle, our study shows that the self-employment entry behaviour for native men and immigrant men is negatively affected by the unemployment rate, except for immigrants from Middle East. However, such a negative effect is quantitatively weaker among the non-European immigrants. Further, the result shows that immigrants from the Middle East are positively affected by the unemployment rate, meaning they are more likely to be pushed into self-employment in recessions. For women, we also find the unemployment rate has a negative impact on the self-employment decision of native women and immigrant women, except for the Middle East group. However, compared with men, the quantitative size of the unemployment rate effect on self-employment is smaller among women, implying the less important role of business cycle in determining females’ entry into self-employment. Essay 2 investigates the non-pecuniary return of self-employment in China. The results show that the life satisfaction of self-employed men is significantly higher than that of wage-employed men; the life satisfaction of self-employed women is not statistically significant different from that of wage-employed women. Moreover, we show that the life satisfaction of self-employed men in the informal sector is significantly higher than that of wage-employed men in the formal sector. The life satisfaction of wage-employed men in the informal sector is not significantly different from that of wage-employed men in the formal sector. For women, we find that there is no significant life satisfaction disparity between workers in the formal and informal sector. Finally, our job satisfaction data also concludes that self-employment in China is not inferior to wage employment. Essay 3 evaluates how Swedish manufacturing employment is affected by the increasing import competition from China. The results show that the growth of manufacturing employment is not statistically significant affected by the increasing import competition from China. Moreover, in general, the increasing import exposure from China does not significantly affect the employment growth of non-manufacturing sector either. Regarding the earnings, the analysis shows that the low wage earners in the manufacturing sector is not significantly affected by the increasing import penetration from China while median and high wage earners are positively affected.

The aim of the thesis is to identify the specific impacts of the global financial and economic crisis on the labour market of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The theoretical part deals with the problems of unemployment and presents the basic theoretical approaches to the functioning of the labour market. The paper then presents the underlying causes, development and spread of the economic crisis and its impact on economic performance and labour markets with an emphasis on the development of the unemployment rate in the European Union and Central European countries. The output is the analysis of effects on the labour market of the Czech Republic and Slovakia during the crisis, their evaluation and comparison.

The diploma thesis is focused on problematic of unemployment in the district of Kromeriz between 2005 and 2009. I have analysed unemployment per categories, for example age, sex, education etc. The goal of this thesis is to briefly review current situation and suggest improvements which could lead to reduction of unemployment rate in district of Kromeriz in 2010.

In the presented master's thesis, I analyse termination of employment. There are analysed factors affecting unemployment structure of expectanes from various categories aspects. The thesis includes also suggestions of solutions and precautions which should lead to reduction of unemployment rate in the district.