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The Olympic Games are now characterized by overt displays of military personnel and hardware, the deployment of new surveillance technologies and policing techniques, and rapidly escalating budgets. Yet, most research on security at these urban events has been confined to the sociology of sport or the applied profession of sport management. This dissertation contextualizes the Olympic Games within current debates about security in the post-9/11 environment, and asks what the Games reveal about developments in security, surveillance, and urban governance. At the same time I also ask how the Olympics reinforce and extend these developments in socio-cultural ways. These questions are pursued through four analyses of different aspects of the Games: practices of socio-spatial regulation in Olympic host cities, ideas of resiliency and preparedness in urban governance, the performative dimensions of precautionary governance, and the production and globalization of security expertise. I conclude by suggesting that the Olympics provide a window into future directions in urban security governance.

The world is home to predominantly urbanized populations that continue to grow. In an increasingly urbanized world, cities suffer from various challenges, including urban poverty and food insecurity, which result in unsustainability, health concerns, and crime increase. Many reasons affect urban poverty, including controversial government policies, an imbalance between existing resources and demands, and inefficient urban management and planning. Integrating urban agriculture (UA) into development policies can alleviate urban poverty and food insecurity in cities. Therefore, a line of research seems necessary to gain a better understanding of various ways to boost food production and improve sustainability in cities. To this end, the present study attempts to investigate the role of urban planning and governance in community gardens in Victoria to examine how urban planning and governance can support food production. A qualitative research method with semi-structured interviews and community mapping workshops were used within three groups of governmental, non-governmental, and residential actors in Victoria, Canada. Eighteen participants were interviewed, and eight participants took part in workshops held in the James Bay and Fernwood neighbourhoods. The three proposed research questions in this study were analyzed by thematic analysis using NVivo 10 software. The findings revealed that nine themes should be considered to improve food production in Victoria. The themes include improving UA economic efficiency, increasing awareness, gaining community satisfaction, effective landuse policies, productive partnership, improving the long bureaucratic procedure, offering grants, providing resources and facilities for gardeners, and changes in existing zoning bylaws. In addition, the findings of the workshops show that the City of Victoria plays the most crucial role in UA projects. Study results reveal that the compost education center, residents, and community centres should create an active partnership with the City towards improving community gardens. / Graduate

A study on city brand perception and indicators construction in Penghu area Abstract Penghu governance are far more long record in the Annals of Penghu's local governance at all have different meanings and objectives. With the trend of globalization, city competitiveness has become the most important core indicators for the city managers. The competitiveness of the city not only represents a more encompassing hardware construction of the urban cultural literacy but the Government efficiency and other software elements as well. Penghu regional development, as has long been a lack of effective cooperation in the overall experience of planning and resources, so the city into the concept of brand management innovation, will help form a common goal, and public-private partnerships to attract participants and created urban vision, development out with the local characteristic culture of life, and better quality of residents' life. Effective administrative and public services are the main goal and function the government has to achieve. government's effectiveness and go hand in hand with city management .The changing world has pushed city to adapt globalization and provide multiple functions and services.Also local residents, foreign tourists and investors to live with the memory and perceptual image synonymous with unique, high quality business successful cities exhibit a variety of specific images, not only create a sense of honor residents, but also attract more new immigrants and investment companies stationed, as well as foreign tourists visiting the important factor. Los Angeles School Master Deere (Micheal Dear) proposed "urban planning is political", how to integrate inside and outside the city shape the characteristics of the natural advantages, while reducing the negative adjustment of urban disadvantage, is an important city managers and residents of a public affairs. Will be treated as urban management products for enterprise management products and services is the current trends, the brand meaning into public management, may activate the city's image as urban governance, upgrade to a higher level goals. In this study, the overall administrative area Penghu area Sannai city brand evaluation literature to distinguish between people, cultural heritage, investment immigration, government administration, customer services, tourism and other major aspects of six sub-order analysis, for Penghu city brand Perceptions of 330 dollars to complete the statistical dimensions of urban perception of the advantages of sequence spaces and the conditions of resource data to construct its own brand of local indicators of check systems. Style which contains elements of the environment, social and human elements of the three major projects and economic activities total 99 indicators, urban governance as a self-evaluation. Quantitative survey research data to analyze the implementation steps of city branding, verify assumptions and the proposed method. Provide local public affairs manager and the formation of urban development, public issues, as a reference value of academic research, and looks forward to the overall development of some local significance.

The Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) has had a political hegemony over Istanbul for more than a decade. Initiating rapid rates of development, the Turkish economy has nearly quadrupled under AKP leadership. The political party has also become notorious, though, for moving further away from a liberal democracy. Flirting with authoritarianism, recent governance trends include a weak rule of law, stringent social policies, extralegal policy execution, and substantial censorship. While Istanbul closely aligns with several emerging urban centers, the factors contributing to its patterns of growth are unique to both Turkish history and culture, and the city’s strategic regional position. Through a proposed self-sustaining cycle of neoliberal policy implementation, followed by institutional and political consolidation, the AKP has managed to maintain control of new engines for growth while facing increasing pushback from the residents of Istanbul. Though the past few years have been marked by unprecedented development, weaknesses in the AKP’s institutional structure are beginning to show. Istanbul is on the brink of an economic downfall. The government needs to take immediate action against a massive urban crisis if it wants to sustain legitimacy of authority. In leveraging the strategic location of the city, international institutions must partake in shifting Istanbul towards a more sustainable trajectory of urban growth.

The co-governance of crime and disorder and the involvement of the public within quasi-deliberative consultations of participatory forums to this end has been the subject of significant bodies of research (Clarke et al, 2007, Barnes, Newman and Sullivan: 2007). Such forums were applied to the micro-level of the neighbourhood during New Labour’s tenure in office in an attempt to reduce crime and disorder and to improve the responsiveness of service delivery. This has created situations whereby the governance of communities has been shifted to the micro-level of the neighbourhood (Stoker: 2004). Hughes and Edwards (2005) have proposed examining these micro-climates of crime and disorder co-governance in attempts to understand the importance of contextual factors in structuring of forms of community safety. My research utilises grounded theory to examine the impact of differing aspects of economic redevelopment within the context of the inner City, to both foster particular crime problems, and the typical solution-sets (Jones: 1998) utilised by practitioners in addressing them. In addition, I examine the structural role and impact of economic and cultural forces of urban redevelopment in creating and managing the ‘majorities’ (Stoker: 1998) amongst the public, and their perceptions of crime and disorder patterns. My research is conducted across three separate neighbourhood ‘localities’ within Plymouth City Centre with the intention being to understand how the individual particularisms of these areas contribute to the formation of different forms of community safety, and allied with it, subtly different forms of policing.

Cette thèse considère le développement d'une idée puissante dans l'espace transnational – celle de "mythe du monde " - et analyse l'effet de ce mythe sur les structures et discours organisationnels contemporains. Ma recherche porte sur les transformations du développement durable au XXe siècle et examine les effets de ce mouvement dans le contexte de la gouvernance urbaine. Trois articles composent cette thèse, reposant chacun sur un pilier théorique distinct. La premier est la littérature relative aux « dépendances de sentier », qui encadre l'émergence transnationale du développement durable comme un processus de négociation du sens. Le concept de régime d’intermédiation constitue le deuxième pilier théorique de cet ouvrage et permet d’éclairer les mécanismes et acteurs responsables de la diffusion du mythe aux acteurs locaux. Le dernier chapitre repose sur une théorie des récits institutionnels et souligne comment les nouvelles organisations légitiment leurs principes fondateurs - et leur existence même - grâce à une combinaison stratégique de discours locaux et transnationaux. Chacun de ces articles emploie une méthode qualitative d'étude de cas, proposant une approche chronologique des processus en jeu. Le premier chapitre utilise une méthode de généalogie conceptuelle portant sur l’identification de glissements de sens au sein de textes clés marquant des moments historiques. Le deuxième chapitre emploie une analyse historiographique d’archives institutionnelles visant à définir les stratégies d'un intermédiaire central dans la diffusion de l’idée de développement durable auprès de partenaires locaux. Le troisième chapitre utilise une mise en contraste de contextes institutionnels afin de souligner les similitudes et différences entre les récits de deux des plus grands projets de développement urbain durable au monde. L'objectif de cette thèse est triple. Je démontre, d’abord, comment une dimension apparemment évidente de la gouvernance organisationnelle n'est pas le résultat statique d'un processus d'institutionnalisation rationnel mais plutôt un produit malléable, objet de négociations discursives permanentes. Deuxièmement, je souligne l'impact d'un mythe transnational sur le discours d’organisations locales, éclairant par la même comment un mythe peut être utilisé comme ressource stratégique dans la construction une légitimité. J'illustre, enfin, l’effet retour que peuvent avoir les applications locales du mythe sur les discours transnationaux, participant à la redéfinition du mythe à l’échelle mondiale au fil du temps. / This dissertation focuses on the development of a powerful idea in transnational space – referred to here as a “world myth” – and demonstrates the effect of this myth on contemporary organizational structures and discourses. My research takes the environmental movement in the twentieth century as an object of study, examining the effects of this movement within the context of urban governance. There are three theoretical pillars which comprise the dissertation: The first is the literature on path generation, which frames the transnational emergence of environmentalism as a process of negotiation around meaning. The second pillar is based on the concept of regime intermediation, illuminating the mechanisms and actors behind myth diffusion to local actors. The final chapter is founded upon a theory of organizational narratives, highlighting how new organizations legitimate their founding principles – and indeed their very existence – through a strategic combination of local and transnational discourse. These three papers all employ qualitative case study methods, oriented around a process thinking approach. The first chapter is based upon a conceptual genealogy method, identifying changes in meaning contained within key texts at specific junctures in time. The second chapter employs a historiographic archive analysis of organizational reports, to trace the strategies of one influential intermediary charged with diffusing environmentalism to local recipients. The third chapter uses a contrast of contexts approach to highlight the similarities and differences between narratives in two of the largest urban sustainability projects in the world. The objective of this dissertation is threefold: First, I demonstrate how a taken-for-granted aspect of organizational governance is not a static outcome of a rational institutionalization process, but rather a malleable product subject to ongoing discursive negotiations. Secondly, I highlight the impact of a transnational myth upon local organizational discourse and narratives, and identify how a myth can be used as a strategic resource to build legitimacy. Finally, I illustrate the feedback that local adaptation provides for transnational level discourse, defining the transnational conceptualization of the myth over time.

Countries and cities around the world are searching for ways to plan urban development to accommodate the growing demand for public infrastructure and amenities due to high rates of urbanization. Urban policies deemed to be successful are often adopted by other cities and hence applied across contexts. Urban Policy Mobility (UPM) theories study the ways in which political relationships, power dynamics, and other potential drivers influence the circulation of urban policies. UPM provides a guiding framework to analyze the policymaking associated with mobilized urban policies to understand the socio-spatial processes that motivate the adoption of urban policies from elsewhere. This dissertation engages with the UPM literature by investigating the assemblage and implementation processes of a mobilized urban policy to explore how the fixed socio-spatial processes embedded within a particular planning culture interact with and absorb a flowing urban policy. The term flowing in this study refers to the process of transposing policies from one place to another. Little attention has been paid to how the planning culture in a developing country can shape the adoption (or non-adoption) of certain policy elements, and what challenges arise during the implementation of a flowing urban policy. Given this context, this study answers two research questions: (a) How does urban policy mobility unpack in practice in response to local socio-spatial processes? and (b) What challenges emerge when policies are transposed into new urban policy environments that are dissimilar from those in which they originated? A case study methodology was used to study the changes that occurred when a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) urban policy was introduced in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A qualitative content analysis of archival resources, documents, and semi-structured interviews revealed how local urban planning conditions and challenges influenced Riyadh's TOD assemblage and implementation. Public officials and consultants from Riyadh, national officials, and experts were interviewed to develop a clear understanding of the TOD policy assemblage and implementation processes. The two main findings from this research are that: 1) there was an incomplete translation of TOD into the local planning culture, primarily due to Riyadh's stronger emphasis on the density, diversity, and design features of TOD and less concern with the sustainability dimensions; and 2) several governance and prioritization challenges emerged during the policy implementation process, which stem from institutional constraints and institutional and resource gaps. This research expands the UPM field by tracing the trajectory of policy mutation due to local socio-spatial processes. Additionally, this study provides a conceptual framework that synthesizes three heterogeneous elements: planning culture, planning policy, and policy carriers. It offers a methodological contribution that advances UPM analysis to better explain policy mutation. This study can be used as a cautionary tale for officials engaged in adopting urban policies that originate in other jurisdictions. / Doctor of Philosophy / City officials around the world are looking beyond their borders for urban policies that can promote sustainability and improve quality of life. However, those officials rarely consider how differences between urban areas can alter the nature of policies being adopted. To address this challenge, the field of Urban Policy Mobility (UPM) emerged to shed light on how the unique local factors that shape each city environment affect what elements of an urban policy are and are not adopted. This study examines the changes that occurred when a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) urban policy was introduced in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In order to learn about the changes and challenges associated with Riyadh's TOD policy, interviews were conducted with employees responsible for the policy. Additionally, TOD policy documents and other publications that contained information about Riyadh's TOD were reviewed to build a deeper understanding of why certain policy elements were implemented and others were not. This study found that: 1) the TOD policy was not completely translated into Riyadh, with greater emphasis placed on increasing building density, diversifying land uses, and enhancing design aesthetics, and less on other important policy elements that enhance economic and social sustainability; and 2) the implementation of the TOD policy led to governance challenges due to the differences in how urban planning is undertaken in Riyadh compared to western countries. This in-depth study of Riyadh's experience can inform other cities that are looking to implement urban policies borrowed from other countries.

The importance of the creative and cultural capital in the economic development of post-industrial inner cities has been widely demonstrated by urban development literature as it interacts with the physical environment and sustains regeneration processes. However, also in depressed and peripheral neighbourhoods, creative firms, museums, art-based nonprofit organizations, cultural associations, and independent artists can be identified as actors of substantial urban revitalization. The main purpose of this contribution is to understand the potential of third sector organizations related to the arts and culture in the emergence of virtuous patterns in urban regeneration strategies. Data and case study about not-for-profit entities engaged in revitalization projects through innovative artistic expressions in deprived areas of Naples, Italy, are analyzed. Within the general framework of urban redevelopment processes through specific not-for-profit models and tools, this research aims to understand if these actors can be identified as engines of urban regeneration and what lessons policy-makers may learn by these practices.