AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Tsenolo Leche, for the Master of Science degree in Agribusiness Economics, presented on October 29, 2009, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: AGRICULTURAL TRADE: PROSPECTS FOR LIBERALIZATION AFTER URUGUAY AND DOHA ROUNDS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Wanki Moon Chapter 1 outlines the goal of the project by evaluating the prospects for agricultural trade liberalization by analyzing the progress and setbacks of the Uruguay and Doha Rounds. The international trade framework is analyzed with consideration of standard trade theory, agricultural protectionism, agricultural trade liberalization efforts and assessment of the prospects for liberalizing agricultural trade in the future. Chapter 2 deals with two issues of standard trade theory: economic rationales for trade and efforts to liberalize trade in industrial goods after World War II. Evidence suggests free trade is a stimulus for growth and development. Empirical evidence suggests liberalization of trade increases economic growth, decreases poverty, increases productivity and increases technology transfer. Global efforts to liberalize trade in industrial goods after World War II are summarized. Efforts to liberalize trade in industrial goods started in 1947 with the formation of the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT), a multilateral body. Subsequently, the chapter briefly discusses the GATT's accomplishments through its various rounds of multilateral trade talks. It also looks into other channels that the international community pursued to liberalize trade such as regional trade liberalization, one-way trade to developing countries and unilateral trade liberalization. Chapter 3 examines the history of agricultural protectionism in general and in developed countries. Furthermore, it explains theories behind agricultural protectionism. It identifies instruments countries used to protect their agricultural sector before the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) and in the post-Uruguay period. Chapter 4 examines efforts to liberalize agricultural trade beginning with the Uruguay Round, and including the GATT multilateral trade talks that brought agriculture under the discipline. It examines the commitments and limitations of the round in agriculture trade liberalization under three pillars of trade namely market access, export competition and domestic support. Subsequently, ongoing Doha Development Agenda Rounds are analyzed. Further, it examines the July 2004 framework and proposals from member countries for advancing agricultural trade liberalization. Chapter 5 measures the influence of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the U.S.'s Farm Bills on multilateral agricultural trade liberalization negotiations and their influence on the agricultural policies of both the European Union and the U.S. The impact of multifunctionality of agriculture on multilateral agricultural trade liberalization negotiations is discussed. Finally, the chapter focuses on the various perspectives by examining the roles of developing countries in the evolution of the Doha Development Agenda. Chapter 6 assesses the prospects for agricultural trade liberalization by examining agricultural trade following World War II, the WTO's Uruguay and Doha Rounds and the impact of four members of the WTO on international trade. Chapter 7 concludes that agricultural trade liberalization after the Uruguay and Doha Rounds is not likely to be as free as industrial trade liberalization because of some unique characteristics of agriculture. Based on both the Uruguay and Doha Rounds, the main goal seems to be reduction of trade-distorting domestic supports, improvement of market access and phasing out and eventual elimination of export subsidies.

This dissertation centres on Montevideo’s political and moral economy of discards as experienced through the lives and labour of waste-pickers around Uruguay’s largest landfill, Felipe Cardoso. These workers are known as clasificadores [classifiers] in recognition of their role separating whatever can be recovered from the waste stream from that which cannot. Conducted from a base next to the landfill as a resident of the COVIFU housing cooperative, 12 months of continuous fieldwork and several subsequent visits consisted principally of participant observation conducted with neighbours who worked the waste stream at nearby dumps, recycling plants, and informal yards. The thesis builds on post-human discard studies by recognising the agentive role of the non-human in consecrating materials not only as waste, but also as a ‘commons’. A central idea is that Montevideo’s waste stream is comparable to the historic English commons in several key regards. These include the manner in which disputes over property status centre on use/ access rather than exchange/ ownership; the customary rights which are claimed by vulnerable subjects; and the provision of a refuge from wage labour. A central disciplinary contribution is forged by combining a renewed ethnographic interest in the commons with a historical perspective and the insights of the anthropology of infrastructure, kinship, and materiality. The commons that emerges is neither romantic nor post-capitalist but a vital, temporarily de-commodified space that thrives in the shadow of municipal infrastructure. The thesis is structured by the relationship between Montevideo’s waste commons and its attempted enclosure. Chapter two weaves ethnography of private and public sector waste managers with the history of municipal waste disposal in the city. It pinpoints technologies of containment and elimination as integral to a policy of ‘hygienic enclosure’ deemed necessary to limit waste’s capacity for hygienic and aesthetic chaos as part of attempts to grasp an ever-elusive infrastructural modernity. Chapter three moves from enclosure to the commons. It draws on ethnography conducted at the Felipe Cardoso landfill and explores waste-picker resistance to attempted hygienic enclosure before turning to historical comparison with the English commons. Chapter four narrows in on two material encounters – with melted ice-cream and plastic potatoes – that draw attention to the ways that particular materialities and affordances of what clasificadores call requeche (leftovers) prefigure both their emplacement in the waste stream and their extraction from it. Clasificador praxis is also shown to disturb the boundaries of the landfill as well as those separating subjects from objects and rural from urban commons. Chapter five returns to infrastructure, demonstrating how waste sustains relations of care while also being ‘reversed’ by the social infrastructure of clasificador kin-based labour. The final chapter draws on ethnography conducted at Montevideo’s Aries recycling plant, arguing that recent government waste policy blends clasificadores’ value-based approach to the waste-stream with a Catholic orientation towards the accompaniment of the poor. In privileging jobs for clasificadores, the state maintains a link between waste and vulnerability but encloses only a small fraction of waste-pickers in hygienic plants while dispossessing many more.

El presente trabajo de investigación, tiene como propósito describir el proceso de internacionalización empleado por Intradevco Industrial S.A., así como evaluar los factores que relacionan a la empresa con el fenómeno de las multilatinas en Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia y Uruguay. Por otro lado, se busca identificar patrones comunes en los mercados analizados. Finalmente se buscará relacionar las teorías de internacionalización planteadas con el proceso de internacionalización de la empresa Intradevco. El diseño de la investigación empleado es del tipo no experimental. Se utilizó el Análisis de Fuente Documental y el método de Estudio de Caso. Como instrumentos de recolección de datos se utilizaron entrevistas en profundidad a profesionales del sector y académicos. Entre los resultados más relevantes se consideran que no existe un modelo único que permita explicar la internacionalización iniciada en el 2000 por Intradevco. Los factores de desarrollo no fueron decisivos en los 4 mercados internacionales analizados, por lo que no se puede afirmar que existe un patrón común entre ellas. Como recomendaciones se señala que Intradevco deberá de replantear su estrategia de liderazgo en costo en los países de Uruguay y Chile al no ser estos mercados que permitan un crecimiento sostenido en el corto y mediano plazo. La creación de nuevas alianzas deberá de extenderse en los mercados emergentes de Intradevco y se deberá de impulsar el desarrollo en IED. / The purpose of this research work is to describe the internationalisation process used by Intradevco Industrial S.A., as well as to evaluate the factors that relate the company to the phenomenon of "multilatinas" in Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia and Uruguay. On the other hand, it seeks to identify common patterns in the markets analysed. Finally, we will try to relate the theories of internationalisation raised with the internationalisation process of Intradevco company. The investigation designed used was a non-experimental type and also the "Desk Research" and "Case Study methods. As data collection instruments in-depth interviews were used to obtain information of the sectors and academics. Among the most relevant results, it is considered that there is no a single model to explain the internationalisation initiated in 2000 by Intradevco. The development factors, proposed by the Multilatinas theory, were not decisive in the four analysed markets. Therefore, we can not conclude that there is a single pattern among them. As for recommendations, Intradevco should rethink its cost leadership strategy in the countries of Uruguay and Chile since these markets do not allow for sustained growth in the short and medium term. The creation of new alliances should be extended in the emerging markets of Intradevco and the development of FDI should be promoted. / Tesis

Evento realizado el 3 de noviembre de 2021. Lima, Perú. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas. En el marco de la Misión Académica: Integración en la América Latina del Siglo XXI. Embajador Juan José Arteaga Zumarán. Doctorado en Historia, especialidad Historia de América, por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Profesor de Política Exterior de Uruguay en la carrera de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad ORT-Uruguay. Actualmente es Secretario Académico del Consejo Uruguayo de Relaciones Internacionales, CURI. Autor de varios libros y artículos sobre su especialidad. Cargos desempeñados anteriormente: Diplomático de carrera retirado. Fue Director Gral. para Asuntos Culturales y Director Gral. para Asuntos Políticos. Ex Secretario Gral. y ex Director del Instituto de Historia de la Universidad Católica del Uruguay. Ministro en Madrid y Embajador en Caracas (1999-2004) y Lima (2008-2016) / Está misión busca acercar a los estudiantes de la carrera de Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas a importantes Organismos Internacionales, lo cual coadyuvará a sostener una experiencia sobre la realidad internacional de la mano de sus propios actores.

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Dans cette recherche nous nous intéressons aux professionnels du domaine de la santé qui travaillent à la frontière Uruguay-Brésil. Cet espace est marqué non seulement par une culture « frontalière », mais aussi par le plurilinguisme car deux langues standard telles que l’espagnol et le portugais, ainsi que deux dialectes locaux étant le Portugais Gaúcho da Fronteira et Portugais de l’Uruguay (populairement appelé portugnol) son présents sur ce territoire. C’est exactement dans ce sens que nous cherchons à savoir comment les professionnels de santé travaillent dans un espace si singulier et si complexe. L’objectif de cette recherche est ainsi celui d’étudier l’activité professionnelle et les compétences mises en œuvre par les travailleurs de ce domaine dans le but de mieux répondre aux besoins des patients frontaliers. Nous nous demandons quelles compétences, autres que techniques, sont nécessaires afin d’assurer une prise en charge adéquate et efficace des patients dont le cadre de référence socio-économique, culturel et linguistique peut différer de celui du professionnel. Pour aborder ce sujet, nous avons choisi de travailler avec plusieurs approches, qui bien que différentes, s’avèrent pertinentes pour une compréhension plus holistique de notre objet d’étude. C’est ainsi que nous évoquerons les travaux de l’ergonomie francophone, la théorie des champs conceptuels proposée par Gérard Vergnaud, la didactique professionnelle, la clinique de l’activité et les travaux réalisés dans le domaine de l’interculturalité. En nous situant plus particulièrement dans la perspective historico-culturelle du psychisme, développée par l’école russe de psychologie, et notamment à travers les travaux de Vygotski et de Leontiev, nous étudierons davantage l’activité professionnelle et les compétences qui s’expriment à travers cette activité. Pour cela, nous avons mené cette étude auprès de 208 professionnels, aussi bien uruguayens que brésiliens, en utilisant cinq outils méthodologiques : des observations ethnographiques, un questionnaire, des entretiens informels, des entretiens dits d’instruction au sosie et des entretiens d’autoconfrontation simple. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les professionnels de santé travaillant dans cet espace frontalier semblent avoir développé des compétences, autres que techniques, afin de proposer une prise en charge plus adéquate et plus efficace. En outre, et à travers les résultats qualitatifs et quantitatifs, nous avons remarqué que ce contexte culturellement et linguistiquement hybride ne viendrait pas tellement rendre difficile l’activité professionnelle. Au contraire, et dans certains cas, il aiderait même à développer d’autres compétences et à prendre des initiatives qui dépassent aussi bien ce qui est attendu par les prescriptions formelles que par les prescriptions propres au métier. / This research focuses on the study of health professionals who work on the border between Uruguay and Brazil. This area is characterized not only by a “culture of the borderlands”, but also by multilingualism because two standard languages (Spanish and Portuguese) as well as two local dialects (Portuguese Gaucho da Fronteira and Uruguayan-Portuguese - popularly called portuñol) are found in this territory. It is in this particular sense that we are trying to understand how healthcare professionals work in such a singular and complex area. The aim of this research is to study these workers’ professional activity and the competences they employ in their domain to better take care of the patients living in the border. We wonder which competences, other than technical, are necessary to these professionals to ensure a suitable and efficient care of the patients whose socio-economic, linguistic and cultural background may differ from theirs. We have chosen to work on this subject using a variety of techniques, which differ greatly but are all relevant in helping us achieve a holistic understanding of the topic we are studying. In this way, we will mention francophone ergonomics, the theory of conceptual fields developed by Gerard Vergnaud, the clinic of activity, and research from the domain of intercultural studies. More specifically using the historical-cultural theory of mind developed by the Russian school of psychology (in particular Vygotski and Leontiev’s work), we will study the professional activity and competences expressed through this activity. For this purpose, we have conducted this study with 208 Uruguayan and Brazilian professionals, using five methodological tools: ethnographic observations, a questionnaire, informal interviews, the so-called instruction to a double, and self-confrontation interviews. The results of this research show that the health professionals who work on that borderland seem to have developed a set of competences, other than technical, in order to provide more suitable and efficient care. Moreover, and in these quantitative and qualitative results, we have noticed that this culturally hybrid context is not an obstacle to their professional activity. On the contrary, in some cases, it is even likely to help them develop other skills and take initiatives that exceed what is demanded by technical requirements as well as their job's requirements.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2003. / Title from document title page (viewed June 21, 2003). Document formatted into pages; contains xx, 577 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 510-568).

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio University, March, 2003. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 126-132)

Reposant sur l’expérience uruguayenne (1985/2015), prenant en compte un contexte de mondialisation, notre thèse vise à problématiser, au prisme d’une philosophie politique critique, une citoyenneté nommée diasporique, déployée aux interstices des États-nation, émergeant au travers de processus migratoires, de l’exil et de l’interconnexion de communautés diasporiques.Sous l’éclairage des philosophies de la citoyenneté nous cartographions cette singulière citoyenneté se déployant en scénarios transnationaux et processus interactifs, dans lesquels interviennent différentes catégories d’acteurs.Ainsi, chacun, individuellement ou au sein de groupes d’appartenance, devient citoyen par des actes, des discours, des représentations, dans l’aspiration de trouver une place à part entière au sein d’une communauté politique, sans en devenir prisonnier. Sans nous contenter d’examiner les situations de déterritorialisation évoquées - exil, migration, diaspora-, notre intention est plutôt d’interroger les conditions que s’y trouvent associées dans l’émergence et le déploiement d’une citoyenneté diasporique.Nous conceptualisons dès lors quatre conditions majeures : subjectivité sensorielle et émotionnelle enracinement rhizomique ; réseautique en constellations versatiles ; subjectivation politique mise à l’épreuve par une impossible émancipation. Les logiques auxquelles l’expérience citoyenne diasporique uruguayenne se rattache nous conduisent à poser enfin que la citoyenneté n’est pas prisonnière des institutions.Elle peut s’inventer au sein d’une communauté politique, qu’elle s’exprime en activisme citoyen ou en citoyenneté ordinaire. / Based on the Uruguayan diasporic experience (1985/2015), and taking into account the context of globalization, our thesis aims at problematizing, at the prism of a critical political philosophy, a citizenship called "diasporic", deployed at interstices of Nation-States, emerging through international migratory processes, political exile, and the interconnections of the diaspora communities. In the light of philosophies of citizenship, we map out a diasporic citizenry deployed in transnational situations and interactive processes, in which different categories of participants have a hand in intervening. Thus, each - individually or within the groups to which they belong - through acts, speeches and representations becomes Citizen; aspiring to find a complete place in a political community without becoming captive to it. Without being content to limit ourselves to examining the aforementioned situations of deterritorialization - exile, migration, diaspora - our intention is rather to identify the conditions associated with them in the emergence and deployment of diasporic citizenship. We conceptualize on these bases four major conditions, which we call: sensorial and emotional subjectivity; rhizomic integration; networking in versatile forms; political subjectivity put to the test by an "impossible" emancipation. The logical reasonings to which the experience of the Uruguayan diasporic citizen are connected to lead us finally to assume that citizenship is not beholden to institutions. It can invent itself within the bosom of a political community; express itself as citizen activism or ordinary citizenship.