Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’Uruguay est aujourd’hui le seul pays d’Amérique du Sud à ne pas reconnaître d’indiens sur son territoire, et cela bien qu’avant 1830, date de la fondation de l’État, de nombreuses ethnies (guaraníes, charrúas, chanáes, guenoas, yaros, biguaes) fussent présentes sur son territoire. Cependant, depuis1980, des groupes se font entendre qui revendiquent leur ascendance et même leur identité charrúa.Cette ethnie, selon l’Histoire officielle aurait disparu au cours du XIXº siècle. Le massacre de Salsipuedes, qui mit fin à l’existence de ce groupe social, culturel et politique en 1831, fut en effet, la première opération militaire menée par l’Etat-nation uruguayen, une année après son indépendance.Cette thèse se propose d’analyser la relation entre État et Indien, en essayant de comprendre les places respectives de l’oubli et des constructions mémorielles tout à la fois chez les individus (terrain ) etdans l’Histoire officielle (archives). L’image de l’indien s’est construite à la fin du XIX siècle dans l’art, l’histoire et la littérature, à partir de projections européennes et créoles, au service d’un nationalisme qui dénonçait avec force le métissage, et ignorait à la fois les dernières communautés indiennes du territoire national. Une fois l’indien occulté, l’utopie du creuset des races, le melting pot uruguayen, pouvait alors proposer un métissage exclusivement intra-européen, et une nouvelle identité uruguayenne promue par l’État-nation.Avec les années 60, de nouveaux discours identitaires apparurent malgré tout. Passés sous silence pendant la dictature (1973-1985), ils se transformèrent en revendications identitaires ethniques indiennes, profitant alors d’un nouveau contexte politique et mémoriel. A travers l’observation des processus en jeu dans l’irruption des groupes néo-charrúas nous verrons que l’objet de l’occultation historique dépasse les seuls Indiens. / Uruguay is today the only country in South America who doesn’t recognize Indian people on histerritory, and this although before 1830, date of the State foundation, several ethnic groups (guaraníes,charrúas, chanáes, guenoas, yaros, biguaes) were present in the territory. However, since 1980, some groups revendicate their Charrúa identity. This ethnic group, according to the official History haddisappeared in the XIXth century. The massacre of Salsipuedes, ending the existence of that social,cultural and political group in 1831, has been, indeed, the firts military operation of the uruguayan Nation-State, only one year after his independance.This thesis purposes to analyze the relation between State and Indian, trying to understand the respective places of the forgetting and the memories constructions for individual persons (field) and the official History (archives). The picture of Indian has been builded at the end of the XIXth century through art, history and litterature, from european and creoles projections, in the service of anationalism who denounced the hybridation, and ignored the last Indian communities living in thenational territory. The Indian hidden, the melting-pot’s utopia (crisol de razas), could purpose anhybridation exclusively between european people, and a new uruguayan identity promoted by theNation-State. With the 60’s, some new identitaries speechs appeared. Hidden during the dictatorship(1973-1985), they becoma identitaries indians ethnics revendications, taking advantage of a newpolitical and memorial context. Through the observation of process participing in the emergence of the Néo-Charrúas groups we will see that the object of the historical concealment goes far than Indian people.

El objetivo de este trabajo es el de determinar los fenómenos regionales que operaron en la zona de la laguna de Rocha, durante el Pleistoceno y Holoceno. Para ello se confeccionó la carta geológica del área a una escala 1:20.000 ampliando tanto en extensión como en contenido a las ya existentes. En la misma se cartografían las distintas unidades geológicas aflorantes, la más antigua de las cuales es la Formación Rocha que constituye el zócalo cristalino precámbrico. Es sobreyacida por la Formación Chuy, especialmente en las zonas más costeras caracterizadas por una alternancia desde pelitas hasta areniscas gruesas, determinando una secuencia marcadamente granocreciente y por típicas costras ferruginosas (hematíticas). En subsuperficie se registran depósitos continentales intercalados con la Formación Chuy, que usualmente se han asignado a la Formación Libertad. Por encima de la Formación Chuy aparece la Formación Dolores, formada básicamente por fangolitas y limolitas color pardo-rojizas, friables y masivas, con concreciones de CaCO3. De toda el área se estudiaron las litologías de 42 pozos para alumbramiento de agua efectuados en los últimos 50 años por parte de la Dirección de Minería y Geología (DINAMIGE) y por Obras Sanitarias del Estado (OSE). En las diferentes cotas de estos pozos se extrajeron bioclastos a efectos de realizar análisis de isótopos de oxígeno, y tres muestras para la datación por 14C. Se realizaron láminas delgadas para estudios petrográficos, con apoyo de difractometría de rayos X (XRD). Se efectuó un análisis geomorfológico de la laguna de Rocha a través de imágenes satelitales y fotos aéreas actuales e históricas. Se relevaron fotográficamente las formas de fondo al igual que se realizó estudio granulométrico de sus sedimentos en condiciones de barra abierta y cerrada a efectos de detectar alguna variación. Se realizaron análisis de luminiscencia en las arenas de la barra para fechar los procesos de cierre y apertura de esta. Los resultados de las dataciones radiocarbónicas arrojaron valores corregidos para el 14C de 13900+/-200, 41500+/-1900 y 50000+/-3000 años AP, para cotas de -2.75, -6.13 y -13m respectivamente, tratándose en todos los casos de depósitos marginal-marinos. En la literatura existen dataciones que apoyan una edad para los depósitos marinos asignable a los estadios isotópicos MIS 2 y 3, aunque excluyendo el último máximo glacial (20-22 ka). Esto presenta una situación aparentemente no concordante con la evolución aceptada para la región en el Pleistoceno superior, ya que se suponía que la Formación Chuy se habría depositado durante los períodos interglaciales, en especial el MIS 5. Para este trabajo se propone que las edades radiocarbónicas representan edades reales y no edades aparentes mínimas, y se plantea una hipótesis de comportamiento local que explica la situación mencionada y que refiere a las particularidades locales que pueden operar en el área. Los datos implican la existencia de un levantamiento en el área del orden de unos 70-80 m acotado por dataciones existentes entre 14 y 9 ka. El único mecanismo plausible para explicar el levantamiento del orden de los 80 m entre aproximadamente 15 y 9 ka es la glacio e hidroisostasia. Si bien lo que hoy comprende Uruguay se encontraba libre de hielos en la última glaciación, puede tratarse de un efecto lejano de rebote glacioisostático fini-Pleistocénico. / The objective of this work is to determine the regional phenomena that operated in the Laguna de Rocha area during the Pleistocene and Holocene. To achieve this, the geological map of the area was drawn at a scale of 1: 20,000, expanding both the extension and the content, from previous studies. In it, the different outcropping geological units are mapped, the oldest of which is the Rocha Formation that constitutes the Precambrian crystalline basement. It is overlain by the Chuy Formation, especially in the more coastal areas. It is characterized by an alternation of pelites and fine to coarse sandstones, determining a coarsening-upward sequence, and by ferruginous (hematitic) crusts. In the subsurface, continental deposits are recorded, interbedded with the Chuy Formation, which have usually been assigned to the Libertad Formation. Above the Chuy Formation, the Dolores Formation occurs, and is basically formed by reddish-brown, friable and massive mudstones and siltstones, with concretions of CaCO3. From the whole area, the lithologies of 42 water wells drilled by DINAMIGE and OSE in the last 50 years were studied. Bioclasts were extracted in the different depths of these wells, for the purpose of oxygen isotope analysis, and three samples for 14C dating. Thin sections were made for petrographic studies, with the support of X-ray diffractometry (XRD). A geomorphological analysis of the Rocha lagoon was carried out through satellite images and current and historical aerial photos. The bedforms were photographed and the sediment grain size was determined under open and closed bar conditions in order to detect any variation. Luminescence analyses were carried out on the sands of the bar to date the closing and opening processes of the bar. The results of the radiocarbon dating showed corrected values for 14C of 13900 +/- 200, 41500 +/- 1900 and 50000 +/- 3000 years AP, for levels of -2.75, -6.13 and -13m respectively, representing in all cases marginal-marine deposits. In the literature there are other dates that support an age for marine deposits assignable to the isotopic stages MIS 2 and 3, excluding the last glacial maximum (20-22 ka). This presents a situation apparently at odds with the evolution usually accepted for the region in the Upper Pleistocene, since it was assumed that the Chuy Formation was deposited during the interglacial periods, especially the MIS 5. For this work, it is proposed that radiocarbon ages represent real and not minimum ages, and a hypothesis of local behavior is presented that explains the aforementioned situation and refers to the local peculiarities that can operate in the area. The proposed scenario envisages an uplift of about 70-80 meters between 14 and 9 ka in the area. The only plausible mechanism to explain an uplift of this order of magnitude is glacio- and hydroisostasy. Although Uruguay was free of ice in the last glaciation, it may be a distant effect of an end-Pleistocene glacioisostatic rebound.

Purpose: The purpose of our research was to study the role and impact that ‘information and communication technologies’ and the MEC centers might have on the Uruguayan society. We want to examine how MEC and ICT usage could affect daily lives of marginalized people in Uruguay. We want to explore how it might benefit individuals living in small communities by evaluating indicators of positive impact of how ICT usage could strengthen capitals and increase freedom. Furthermore, our aim is to understand how digital literacy and the access to ICT’s can be related to democracy, and try to understand if greater individual empowerment also could enhance democracy. Method: For a period of eight weeks, from March 3rd to 28th of April 2014, we were in Montevideo and vicinity to gather material that we later have analyzed qualitatively. The material is based on observations in the field, interviews with various stakeholders, manuals and national policy documents concerning MEC, as well answers we received from an online survey. Main conclusions:We have found that the MEC centers and ICT, combined with education, could be an important tool to facilitate the inclusion of marginalized groups in the Uruguayan society. Our findings indicate that the MEC centers in Uruguay could contribute to the decentralization of the country and have a positive impact on gender- and generation equality. The result suggests that the centers could have a positive impact on democracy in Uruguay by teaching participants how to use e-governmental services as well as encouraging them to participate in online governmental websites. Furthermore, we found that MEC lets the local communities be in charge of their own development, which indicate that the sustainability of the project is increased as well as the positive development outcome. Through the MEC centers we found that both the freedom and the social capital of the participants were positively affected.

Magíster en Análisis Sistémico Aplicado a la Sociedad / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Estudios Latinoamericanos

Disertación de Mestrado del curso de Mestrado en Integración Contemporánea de América Latina - ICAL. Presentado a la Universidad Federal de la Integración Latinoamericana. Profesor orientador: Dr. Fábio Borges / Submitted by Nilson Junior (nilson.junior@unila.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T19:46:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SGPD_Declaração Dissertação_ICAL_Metadados MATIAS LEONARDO LOPEZ PEREZ.pdf: 119471 bytes, checksum: 4b9fab3b668e5f5b2863d3074f55aaa7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nilson Junior (nilson.junior@unila.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T19:46:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SGPD_Declaração Dissertação_ICAL_Metadados MATIAS LEONARDO LOPEZ PEREZ.pdf: 119471 bytes, checksum: 4b9fab3b668e5f5b2863d3074f55aaa7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T19:46:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SGPD_Declaração Dissertação_ICAL_Metadados MATIAS LEONARDO LOPEZ PEREZ.pdf: 119471 bytes, checksum: 4b9fab3b668e5f5b2863d3074f55aaa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-24 / Desde 1978 até a presente data, a China tem mantido um forte crescimento de sua economia, o que tem a levado através da sua política externa, na obtenção dos recursos naturais necessários para a forte demanda de alimentos, proveniente de sua numerosa população, assim como a manutenção deste crescimento. Isso à tem convertido na maior demandante de matérias primas e por sua vez se converteu na fabrica do mundo, como principal exportadora de produtos manufaturados. É assim que a América Latina entra para jogar um papel importante com a China, como fonte de extração dos recursos naturais e também como mercado para suas manufaturas. Seguindo esta lógica, analisaremos no presente trabalho, como tem se dado a aproximação do gigante asiático na região; onde nos focaremos principalmente a fim de estudo de caso, nas relações comerciais que foram desenvolvidas com o Uruguai. Para à partir desse ponto, verificar quais são as consequências de um aumento das relações da China para as tentativas de integração produtiva (IPR) no âmbito do Mercosul / Desde 1978 hasta la fecha, China ha mantenido un fuerte crecimiento de su economía, que lo ha llevado a través de su política externa, a la obtención de los recursos naturales necesarios para la fuerte demanda de alimentos proveniente de su cuantiosa población, así como para la propia manutención de dicho crecimiento. Esto lo ha convertido en el mayor demandante de materias primas y a su vez lo ha convertido en la fábrica del mundo, como el principal exportador de productos manufacturados. Es así como América Latina entra a jugar un papel de importancia para China como fuente de extracción de recursos naturales y también como mercado para sus manufacturas. Siguiendo esta lógica, analizaremos en el presente trabajo, como se ha dado el acercamiento del gigante asiático a la región; donde nos enfocaremos principalmente a modo de estudio de caso, en las relaciones comerciales que fueron desarrolladas con Uruguay. Para a partir de entonces, verificar cuales son las consecuencias de un mayor aumento de las relaciones con China para los intentos de Integración Productiva (IPR) en el ámbito del MERCOSUR

No description available.

The Ediacaran in Uruguay preserves a unique record of deposits generated during the assembly of the palaeocontinent Gondwana and concurrent with major changes in the atmosphere and oceans, and the rise of animal life. Recent studies have suggested that the deep oceans remained anoxic and highly ferruginous throughout the Ediacaran and possibly into the Cambrian. Unfortunately, acceptance of this idea has been hindered by the virtual absence of iron formations (IF). Detailed studies of Ediacaran IF in Uruguay confirm that ferruginous conditions dominated the pre-Gaskiers (~580 Ma), and interestingly, they also extended well into the upper Ediacaran before complete ocean ventilation occurred. Significantly, a simple twolayer stratified system that argues for an oxygenated surface layer overlying a suboxic zone is proposed. The association of negative 13C excursions in Neoproterozoic carbonates and large-scale glaciations has become a tempting explanation for the short-term perturbation of the global carbon cycle. Not surprisingly, negative 13C shifts in Ediacaran-aged carbonates from Uruguay have been interpreted as recording post-Gaskiers glacial events. New highresolution 13C-chemostratigraphy of carbonates shows negative fractionations in deep facies with a progressive rise towards shallow-water settings, and suggests a deposition across a stratified ocean. Furthermore, 87Sr/86Sr chemostratigraphy coupled with radiometric data allowed a more precise chronostratigraphy, which supports an age of ~600-575 Ma for the unit, and suggests a deposition concurrent with the Gaskiers glaciation. Notwithstanding whether associated 13C variations in shallow water facies were produced by glacially-related conditions or by the dynamic of the basin itself remains unresolved. Although these conclusions are particularly valid for these deposits, they carry important implications for the understanding of other negative 13C excursions recorded in the Precambrian. Finally, bilaterian burrows occur in Gaskiers age glaciomarine rocks in Uruguay implying that these are the oldest definite animal tracks yet reported. Crucially, our new discovery unites the palaeontological and molecular data pertaining to the origin of bilaterians, and brings the origin of animals firmly into the interval of the Neoproterozoic glaciations. It also implies that ancestral bilaterians likely evolved first in relatively shallow seas, and only colonized the deep-sea floor once sufficient bottom water oxygenation had taken place.

Le but de cette étude est la planification d'une évaluation formative de l'implantation du programme uruguayen Servicio de Orientación Consulta y Articulación Territorial (SOCAT) zone 180601. Les particularités de cette étude sont l'application des connaissances en évaluation de programme dans un contexte bien défini et l'élaboration d'une démarche évaluative avec la participation des principaux utilisateurs des résultats de l'évaluation. La construction de la planification de l'évaluation a tenu compte à la fois des travaux récents de Hurteau, Lachapelle et Houle (2006) sur la logique de l'évaluation, du modèle d'évaluation basé sur la théorie des programmes de Chen (2005), de l'évaluation répondante de Stake (2004) ainsi que de l'évaluation axée sur l'utilisation de ses résultats (Patton, 1997). La méthodologie utilisée pour élaborer et valider le dispositif d'évaluation est de nature qualitative. Les résultats de cette étude se sont traduits par un dispositif d'évaluation adapté aux besoins spécifiques du programme et soumis à deux validations conduites respectivement par des experts en évaluation et par les principaux utilisateurs de l'évaluation. En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude ont répondu aux besoins en évaluation formulés par les principaux utilisateurs du programme uruguayen. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Planification d'évaluation, Dispositif d'évaluation, Évaluation de programme, Uruguay, Développement international, Servicio de Orientación Coordinación y Articulación Territorial.