Resumé This master's thesis deals with the field of forensic study of crime victims, also known as forensic victimology. The aim of this text is to draw attention to issues of this field and to discuss crucial topics based on their practicality, incidence or tendency to be incorrectly interpreted. That includes, among others, the relationship of forensic victimology to related disciplines, especially general victimology as its foundation, their development, utility of victimological knowledge and methods in criminalist practice, status of victims in the process of crime reporting, as carriers of forensic trails, the phenomenon of victim pretending from the perspective of practice and its contrast with the media image etc. It also aims to emphasize the need for sensitive, but unemotional approach to the victims, which makes it possible to perceive them with sufficient respect; this means to see them not only as a piece of evidence, but as persons in a very complicated and difficult situation when inappropriate and/or insensitive approach may lead to a number of negative consequences, in particular, but not limited to, supporting the victim mentality and increasing the victim's risk of repeated victimization in the future. It is however also necessary to maintain proper efficiency of the relevant authority...

70 Criminalistic theory of a crime victim (criminalistic victimology) Abstract Presented dissertation deals with the crime victim as an object of forensic interest. It briefly introduces the science known as forensic victimology. This science is relatively new and is still looking for its place amongst related disciplines, especially general victimology and criminology. Victim has a very important part in the process of investigation. Victim can participate on the genesis of the crime. It can leave traces on the crime scene or on a offender's body. It also has an important role as a carrier of the traces - material traces on victim's body, cloths or personal belongings and mental traces in the shape of memories in the victim's mind. Getting this informations from victim can be essential for a process of investigation. Although the victim is mostly motivated to cooperate with the investigators, the investigators must keep in mind that the position of the victim is very sensitive and approach it with tact and discretion. In the first part of the dissertation the term victim is explained and further analyzed. The history of victimology is briefly presented from its early beginnings in 1940s to this days. The second part deals with a victim's role in an investigation. It is divided into four parts - victim's...

The aim of this thesis is to briefly introduce criminalistic victimology and characterise victim of a crime. Text is composed of six chapters, concerning different aspects of the topic. First two deal with the science of criminalistic victimology. Following two examine role of victim during criminal investigation according to criminalistic victimology. Last two chapters reflect position of victim in contemporary czech criminal law. The first chapter defines basic terminology used in criminalistic victimology, different to terms of criminal law. The second chapter documents origins and evolution of criminalistic victimology and its place among related disciplines. The third chapter is focused on the object of criminalistic victimology, i.e. victim's role in criminal investigation. It is further divided in nine parts examining relation of victim and offender, victim's role in genesis of criminal situation, victim as originator and carrier of forensic evidence, significance of victim for criminal investigation, victim as crime reporter and witness with focus on question of credibility, participation of victim during other investigative measures and finally expert examination of victim. The fourth chapter concentrates on the issue of secondary harm caused by inappropriate behaviour towards victim during...

Il semble que l’indemnisation des victimes d’infractions peut remplir deux fonctions en matière pénale ; d’une part, l’indemnisation peut être conçue comme une obligation au profit de la victime, sans qu’elle soit issue de sa demande. Dans ce cas-là, l’indemnisation s’avère soit une peine pénale, c’est l’exemple notamment de la sanction-réparation, soit une sorte de substitut à la peine pénale, comme dans le cadre de l’aménagement de la peine par exemple. D’autre part, et sous l’influence de la justice restaurative, l’indemnisation des victimes est censée de jouer un rôle important pour qu’une réconciliation, à la fois entre la société et le délinquant, mais aussi entre celui-ci et la victime puisse avoir lieu. C’est l’exemple de la médiation pénale. Toutefois, cette seconde fonction de l’indemnisation qui est relativement récente, agite l’esprit dans la mesure où le droit pénal doit se distingué du droit civil, or la réconciliation qui se fonde sur le consensualisme, ne favorise pas nécessairement cette distinction. / Compensation for victims of crime in the criminal justice field can have two functions; on the one hand, the offender may be required to compensate the victim in this case, compensation is considered a kind of criminal penalty is the particular example of the penalty-repair, or a kind of substitute criminal penalty under the modification of the sentence. On the other hand, and under the influence of restorative justice, victim compensation can play an important role in the context of reconciliation, both with the company but also to the victim by the extent of mediation criminal, which promotes social peace. However, this second function of compensation is relatively recent, agitates the mind insofar as the criminal law must be distinguished from civil law, or the reconciliation that is based on consensual, does not necessarily favor this distinction.

Issue of victim of crime in the criminology This diploma thesis deals with the issue of victim of crime in the criminology. One part of criminology is victimology which is focused on victims of crime. Before the formation of victimology, a victim had only very restricted position in criminal proceedings. This scientific discipline stood behind the expansion of attention focused on victims during last few decades. One of the consequencies of these tendecies that are characteristic for strengthening position of victim not only in criminal proceedings is the acceptance of new Statute about victims of crime in the Czech Republic. One of the aims of this thesis is to create an integrated document about victimology knowledge of victims of crime. Another aim is to describe current law relating to protection of victims and evaluate its contributions and limits with regard to victimology knowledge. The first chapter presents the historic development of the role of victim, the process of formation of victimology and its object of study. The second chapter is dedicated to various typologies used in victimology and also explains the main biological, psychological and sociological characteristics of victims. Third chapter desribes victimization as a suffer caused by the criminal offence and its impacts on...

Criminalistic study of a victim of the crime (criminalistic victimology) Abstract This presented thesis puts at the forefront a victim of the crime and its importance within criminalistic victimology, the study about a victim of the crime. The role of the victim is important both at the beginning of the criminal offence as well as during its duration. The victim is also important factor at the notification of the criminal offence, its investigation and at the court hearing of the criminal offence. In this thesis, I put at the forefront the relationship between a victim and an offender, which may exist in such a superficial range or on the contrary they may be really close to each other. There is also outlined in which extent the victim is participating on the creation of tracks, or if is their bearer. The thesis deals with a victim as a notifier of criminal activity - which reasons that lead to its (non-) notification. The major part of this thesis shall be described as part of a victim on the investigation of a criminal offence, mainly its role during the interrogation of itself, but also during the confrontation and the recognition. Another non-less important aspect of this thesis is help for victims of the criminal offence, as well as financial, social and psychological. At the end, the legal regulation...

This thesis examines theoretical and popular ways of knowing the prostitute and the client. Its purpose is to intervene in contemporary ways of knowing and articulate a more consistent feminist stance on prostitution. Currently, the prostitute is known predominantly through the discourse of psychology whilst the client is known through the discourse of sexology. She is deviant and he is normal. She is a victim and he is an agent. The issue of inconsistency in the feminist stance on prostitution is related to the recognition that these dualisms figure in the way in which all knowledge of the client and the prostitute is organised. Within feminist theory the prostitute is known through the dualism of victim and agent whilst the client is known through the sex/gender distinction. The former perpetuates certain ways of knowing the prostitute that cannot embrace the complexity and ambivalence of prostitution for women. If she is a victim she is only passive and exploited. If she is an agent she is both active and free. Utilising the latter allows the client to escape scrutiny. This thesis will argue that this is for two reasons. Firstly, because feminists have tended to support the idea of the prostitute as agent within the victim/agent dichotomy. Within such a way of knowing, any critique of the client became a critique of the livelihood of the prostitute, and is best avoided. Secondly, because feminists tend to work within the sex/gender distinction and its associated dualisms of mind and body, nature and culture. As such, they tend to perpetuate, rather than challenge, the sexological relationship between the sexual and the social. In both analyses, the sexual urge is ultimately natural, albeit modified by society. Analyses that argue for the social constitution of sexuality (rather than simply its social construction) still perpetuate the sex/gender distinction by claiming the validity of the mind/body dualism for their analyse. This thesis will argue that these dualisms structure an impossible choice for feminists and help to position them within the divisive prostitution debate. In a political climate that perpetuates only two ways of knowing prostitution, to critique prostitution is to be anti-sex, moralising, prudish and conservative. In contrast, to support prostitution is hailed as pro-sex, pro-women and pro-choice. Within this dichotomising of the political issue, feminists gain either conservative or libertarian allies. Within such a political climate, a consistent feminist position is lost. In order to counter this political and theoretical inconsistency, this thesis argues for a connection between the dualisms through the organisation of modern liberal democracies. To know the prostitute through the victim/agent dichotomy and the client through the sex/gender distinction (and associated dualisms of mind and body, nature and culture) is also to call upon the public/private split as their organising feature. The public/private split gives meaning to the dualisms of victim and agent, sex and gender, mind and body, through its role in the perpetuation of associations between victim, body, sex, private and women, and between agent, gender, mind, public and men. This thesis will argue that these dualisms are not useful for explaining the ambivalent and contradictory status of prostitution as both work and sex, public and private, rational and irrational, embodied and disembodied, sexual and social. However, not only does prostitution challenge the explanatory value of these dualisms, but the experience of prostitution for the prostitute and the client both subverts and inverts these dualisms. The usual configuration of the dualisms public/private, worker/consumer, male/female, mind/body, rationality/irrationality, are public, worker, male, mind, rationality, in contrast to private, consumer, female, body, irrationality. The prostitute is positioned in and through modern liberal democracies as embodied, but claims the status of worker through her experience of disembodiment. The client is positioned in and through modern liberal democracies as disembodied, and continues this proprietorial relationship with his body during the prostitution contract. She becomes the embodied worker and he becomes the disembodied sex partner. This further demonstrates the inability of a dualistic conception of prostitution to take into account the ambivalent and contradictory status of the prostitute and the client. Whilst this thesis will suggest that such an ambivalent status is to be found in all relations between men and women in modern liberal democracies, it will also propose the political implications of this theoretical reconfiguration for the feminist position on prostitution.

<p>Vid bedömningar som görs i rättsliga sammanhang kan människor påverkas av faktorer som är juridiskt irrelevanta. Dessa irrelevanta faktorer grundar sig ofta i negativa attityder och fördomar. Vid våldtäkter kan egenskaper hos offret påverka bedömningen av offrets och förövarens ansvar och offret ses som medansvarig till att ha blivit våldtagen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur människors bedömningar av en våldtäkt påverkas av ett våldtäktsoffers alkoholpåverkan och klädsel. Åttio beteendevetenskapliga studenter läste ett våldtäktsfall där offrets alkoholintag och klädsel vid brottstillfället varierades. Resultatet indikerar tendenser till skuldbeläggande av offret och förmildrande inställningar till förövaren om offret druckit alkohol och/ eller varit utmanande klädd.</p>

Vid bedömningar som görs i rättsliga sammanhang kan människor påverkas av faktorer som är juridiskt irrelevanta. Dessa irrelevanta faktorer grundar sig ofta i negativa attityder och fördomar. Vid våldtäkter kan egenskaper hos offret påverka bedömningen av offrets och förövarens ansvar och offret ses som medansvarig till att ha blivit våldtagen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur människors bedömningar av en våldtäkt påverkas av ett våldtäktsoffers alkoholpåverkan och klädsel. Åttio beteendevetenskapliga studenter läste ett våldtäktsfall där offrets alkoholintag och klädsel vid brottstillfället varierades. Resultatet indikerar tendenser till skuldbeläggande av offret och förmildrande inställningar till förövaren om offret druckit alkohol och/ eller varit utmanande klädd.

This study is based on narratives from two victims of violence. A raped old woman has turned to be the core of this narrative of narrative. She is both a narrator and the head person in her narrative. Her narrative turned out to be a dialogue between two genres namely her trauma story and her life story. By experience violence has been associated with masculinity and powr, which is discussed in some detail. Victims are often exposed in media narratives. This study has studied the narratives, the narrative of the victim and narrative of the local papers in Gotland about the same incident. There were differences as to content, forms and goals of their narratives. The victim expressed indirectly a wish to preserve their cultural identy and to regain balance in their life while the local papers want to preserve the reputation of the possibility of good and safe living in the isle of Gotland. In addition to this a short comparison of the used method of narrative analysis is undertaken.