1 Criminalistics Study of Crime Victims (Criminalistics Victimology) Abstract The submitted diploma thesis on the topic of criminalistics study of crime victims (criminalistics victimology) aims to acquaint its readers with victimology, its basic concepts and the legal development of the position of victims in Czech, European and international law. Furthermore, it aims to provide an insight into the subject of criminalistics victimology. The thesis is divided into introduction, five chapters and conclusion The first two chapters of the thesis focus on the definition of the basic terms of victimology, as understanding these terms is necessary for further content of the thesis. The thesis then provides a brief description of the development of victimology. It also focuses on the topic of victimization of victims - primary, secondary and tertiary. Part of the thesis describes the evolution of victims' rights in the Czech Republic and the European and international law, because the victim has long been an unknown term for legal systems. Vulnerable victims and the specifics of their treatment are mentioned in the second chapter as well. In the chapters which are devoted to criminalistics victimology, the thesis first deals with the victim as the originator of material and memory forensic traces. The chapters...

Violence against women (VAW) in India reflects encouraged patriarchal notions, societal despotism, and cultural subjugations. The Indian government is continuously striving to bring legal reforms that can deter perpetrators from inflicting violence on women. However, these changes are occurring only on the surface when in fact the issues are deep-seated. Therefore, this thesis addresses two main research questions: 1) What factors contribute to the increase in cases of VAW in India and how the legal system addresses these factors, and 2) What policies and schemes are employed to empower women and provide support services to women victims of violence, and what are the effects of these policies/schemes. To explore each of these questions, the thesis was divided into two parts. In part 1, a legal case analysis strategy was adopted to qualitatively analyze 26 High Court cases from Uttar Pradesh, India. Seven major themes emerged from the thematic analysis of these cases that highlight the reasons for the perpetration of violence, victim-blaming, barriers to report the crime, and legal systemic barriers. In part 2, a policy analysis framework was applied to review and analyze six major schemes and policies focused on VAW. All the schemes and policies were assessed, compared, and prioritized against different criteria which were constructed based on the research findings from part 1. Major results of this study suggest that the schemes and policies focused on VAW are structurally flawed and lack proper monitoring. In conclusion, efforts must be made to deter the act of perpetrating violence on women by implementing suitable community and family interventions, recognizing and eliminating factors that lead to revictimization, providing detailed guidelines to enhance services through local schemes and policies, and acknowledging patterns of patriarchal and cultural norms surrounding VAW.

Men's violence against women has long been presented as a serious problem in gender equality policy and the feminist movement. Victim as a problem-A discourse analysis of the police authority's representation of violence in close relationship aims to investigate from a gender analysis how the police handle the problem of violence in close relationship. To achieve the purpose, the study was conducted through interviews with police officers, based on questions about how the police respond to and define the problem. The results show that there is an ignorance among the police in the use of different concepts and definitions, which construct a misrepresentation of the problem of violence in close relationships.

Criminalistic theory of victims of crime Abstract This thesis focuses on learning about victims of crime. The aim is to present the doctrine of victims called victimology with a particular focus on criminalistic victimology. The content is divided into four major chapters. The first chapter is devoted to general victimology and explains the key concepts of this field, emphasizing their criminalistic use. Moreover, the chapter discusses the position and classification of this field of science among other disciplines, provides a brief historical insight into the development of this discipline, and finally presents ways of caring for victims of crime. The second chapter focuses on crime reporting from the perspective of the victim. First, it deals with the internal processes that the victim experiences after primary victimization, then lists the factors that motivate or discourage the victim from reporting crime, including potential fear of secondary victimization. The third chapter deals with the role of the victim in the investigation of criminal offenses, especially in the conduct of investigative acts. The victim interrogation and its specifics from the point of view of criminology, psychology and criminal law, as well as recognition and confrontation are discussed in detail in this chapter. Furthermore,...

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Cyberbullying is a form of bullying that is rapidly on the increase. Cyberbullying continues to affect students today. Although studies on cyberbullying and school pupils have been done, a few studies mainly focus on how it affects the category of female students as well as their academic achievements. In previous studies, there have been limited theory to support and explain the severity of this phenomenon towards the female gender as several studies record a higher number in female victims than male victims. Therefore, this research further investigates the aspects of cyberbullying and female victimization. This study focuses on cyberbullying in a South African university. This research also highlights some factors that lead to female victimization. With the use of literature on cyberbullying and victimization, the researcher formulated a model to guide this research. This model was formulated on the assumption that a cyber-victim's academic performance may be determined by how they would have been greatly affected by being bullied. However, the extent to which a victim is affected by cyberbullying was determined by three factors, that is their age, gender and self-control. The factors mentioned were identified through a literature review. The proposed model was tested using a survey involving 262 female university students from the University of Cape Town in South Africa. The collected data was captured on excel and analyzed through the use of Statistica. The findings also revealed that the learners were frequent users of social media and digital devices which could have been the leading cause of them being vulnerable to cyberbullying. Analysis also showed that self-control had a significant influence on how affected learners responded to cyberbullying, whilst age had no significant influence on how learners responded to being bullied. How individuals responded to being bullied had an influence on their academic performance as those who responded negatively to cyberbullying produced poor academic results as compared to those who were not negatively affected. Given that, learning institute authorities can use knowledge obtained in this study to intervene where possible.

Past research demonstrates that participants who label themselves as ‘victims' experience worse trauma-related outcomes than those who label themselves as ‘survivors.' Self-labeling in trauma research is typically measured using a dichotomous measure where participants choose either victim or survivor, but this construct may be better conceived as more continuous. The current study assessed self-labeling as a possible continuous construct and explored its predictive validity. To capture self-labeling as a continuous construct, we created and utilized a new scale, the Trauma Self-Labeling Measure. Two hundred eleven participants completed a battery of questionnaires to measure self-labeling and four trauma-related outcomes: posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression, anxiety, and resilience. When tested on the continuous trauma self-labeling measure, an overwhelming number of participants chose in-between victim and survivor (78.9%) which suggests self-labeling is better assessed using a continuous measure than dichotomous. However, correlation analyses revealed that the continuous self-labeling measure was not significantly correlated to the four trauma-related outcomes, whereas the dichotomous self-labeling, continuous victim, and continuous survivor measures were. When conducting post-hoc analyses, we found an unexpected positive correlation between the continuous victim and survivor self-labeling measures. This unexpected positive correlation suggests that self-labeling is not a singular construct, as previously assumed, but rather is composed of separate victim and survivor constructs. In conclusion, the current study provides the first empirical evidence to support the idea that self-labeling is more continuous than dichotomous and composed of two separate constructs of victim and survivor.

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Studiens syfte har varit att undersöka om egenskaper och omständigheter kring brottet, som kan kopplas till uppfattningen om det ideala offret, påverkar utfallet av polisers självständiga bedömningar av brott av hederskaraktär. För att studera detta har en kvantitativ metod tillämpas samt en logistisk regression av data baserad på identifierade brott av hederskaraktär i Dalarna genomförts. Studiens resultat visade att 11 variabler som har anknytning till egenskaper hos målsägare och gärningsperson samt omständigheter inom brottet och utredningen, såsom kön, ålder och anmälningstillfälle, har en signifikant betydelse för utfallet av bedömningarna. Studiens viktigaste slutsats är att det inte går att urskilja något tydligt samband mellan utfallet av uppmärksammade brott med hederskaraktär och uppfattningar som beskrivs i teorin om det idealiska offret. / "The ideal victims of honour-related crime" The purpose of this study is to examine if characteristics of victim and perpetrator and circumstances involving the crime, which are described in the theory of "the ideal victim", have an influence on the outcome of police employee’s independent assessment on crimes of honour character. In order to examine this a quantitative method has been applied and a logistic regression has been made of data based on identified crimes whit honour as a motive. The results of the study have shown that eleven variables which has a connection to characteristics and circumstances involving the crime and the investigation, as gender, age and circumstances surrounding reporting the crime, have a significant influence on the outcome. The study’s main conclusion is that no clear connection can be drawn between the outcome of assessments on crimes with an honour motive and the perception of the ideal victim.