Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Medeiros.pdf: 2573107 bytes, checksum: 1e5a17966417b43d576f37b4837c682b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was developed at the State University of West of Paraná UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel and was aimed at developing a computer program to simulate and scale, optimally, a system of solar water heating. To determine the efficiency parameters of the system were installed three solar collectors of 1.05 m2 each, brand Pro Sol, coupled to a thermal reservoir of 200 liters, containing electrical resistances auxiliary 2000 W. The system works by using thermosyphon, and was installed in a metal bracket fixed to the ground, oriented to the north at an angle of 35 degrees from the horizontal. We collected hourly data of solar radiation and water temperatures, and evaluated two scenarios. In the first scenario, it was considered system utilization auxiliary heating controlled by a thermostat, which linked and hang up the electrical resistances as the temperature of water in boiler oscillated around of temperature of consumption (40 º C). In the second scenario, it was considered the system to power auxiliary heating only in timetables of water consumption, when the water temperature in boiler was lower than the temperature of consumption. Coefficients were calculated heat loss in the solar collector and storage tank, the heat removal factor of solar collector and the overall efficiency of the heating system installed. These calculated parameters and other data collected were used in software developed for simulation and design in order to satisfactorily meet the needs of hot water consumption, and minimize the total installation costs and energy consumption. Finally, these system costs solar heating were compared to costs of an electric shower conventional. The results obtained were as follows: coefficient of heat loss in the solar collector (5,45 Wm-2ºC-1), coefficient of heat loss in the thermal reservoir (5,34 Wm-2ºC-1), removal factor heat of the solar collector (0.78) and overall system efficiency (31%). The times of return on capital invested in the solar heating system (compared to a conventional electric shower), for the two scenarios of use, were, respectively, 11.45 years and 7.81 years. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, campus de Cascavel, e teve por objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional para simular e dimensionar, de forma otimizada, um sistema de aquecimento solar de água. Para determinar os parâmetros de eficiência do sistema, foram instalados três coletores solares de 1,05 m2 cada, da marca Pro Sol, acoplados a um reservatório térmico de 200 litros, contendo resistências elétricas auxiliares de 2000 W. O sistema utilizado funciona por termossifão, e foi instalado em um suporte metálico fixado ao solo, com orientação para o norte, num ângulo de 35º em relação à horizontal. Foram coletados dados horários de radiação solar e temperaturas da água, e avaliados dois cenários. No primeiro cenário, considerou-se a utilização do sistema de aquecimento auxiliar controlado por um termostato, que ligava e desligava as resistências elétricas conforme a temperatura da água no boiler oscilava em torno da temperatura de consumo (40ºC). No segundo cenário, considerou-se o acionamento do sistema de aquecimento auxiliar somente nos horários de consumo de água, quando a temperatura da água no boiler estivesse menor que a temperatura de consumo. Foram calculados os coeficientes de perda de calor no coletor solar e no reservatório térmico, o fator de remoção de calor no coletor solar e a eficiência global do sistema de aquecimento instalado. Esses parâmetros calculados, e os demais dados coletados, foram utilizados no software desenvolvido para simulação e dimensionamento, de maneira a atender satisfatoriamente às necessidades de consumo de água quente, e minimizar os custos totais de instalação e consumo de energia elétrica. Por fim, esses custos do sistema de aquecimento solar foram comparados aos custos de um chuveiro elétrico convencional. Os resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: coeficiente de perda de calor no coletor solar (5,45 Wm-2ºC-1), coeficiente de perda de calor no reservatório térmico (5,34 Wm-2ºC-1), fator de emoção de calor do coletor solar (0,78) e eficiência global do sistema (31%). Os tempos de retorno do capital investido no sistema de aquecimento solar (em comparação a um chuveiro elétrico convencional), para os dois cenários de utilização, foram de, respectivamente, 11,38 anos e 5,73 anos.

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2016 / Refer to the document

A matriz energética mundial atual gera inúmeros impactos ambientais e, com isso, fontes de energia alternativas são necessárias para um futuro imediato. Desta forma, a energia solar se apresenta como uma das possíveis alternativas. A energia solar, principalmente quando utilizada para o aquecimento de água, ou seja, na sua forma térmica, não apresenta impactos ambientais durante sua produção e possui um funcionamento simples. Devido aos seus benefícios, sistemas de aquecimento solar de água já são muito utilizados em diversos países e, inclusive, incentivados por leis, como na cidade de São Paulo. Mesmo este sistema já tendo sido muito estudado, quando a sua aplicação é destinada a residências unifamiliares, ainda há algumas lacunas quando se trata da aplicação em residências multifamiliares. Um exemplo de lacuna é a questão da medição individualizada dos sistemas prediais, incluindo da energia solar. Sendo assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é encontrar um sistema de aquecimento solar mais apropriado quanto à medição individualizada. Para tanto, são analisados, teoricamente, diferentes sistemas e suas caraterísticas. Além disso, é realizado um estudo de caso para se avaliar as características de um sistema em funcionamento em um edifício localizado na cidade de São Paulo. Utilizando-se da junção dos conhecimentos adquiridos na seção teórica e na seção prática, são simuladas algumas propostas de alternativas do sistema, visando avaliar o comportamento da produção dos mesmos em situações distintas. Ao final é possível identificar que o sistema Solar coletivo com acumulação privado e auxiliar instantâneo privado foi o que atendeu a um maior número dos requisitos gerais de sistemas de aquecimento solar e dos requisitos de individualização, e não apresentou problemas de perdas térmicas significativas, apesar de inovações, vislumbradas para um futuro próximo, terem potencial para elevar ainda mais a qualidade do sistema. / The current global energy matrix generates many environments impacts and, thereby, alternative energy sources are required by an immediate future. Indeed, solar energy is presented as one of the possible alternatives. Solar energy, as more when it heats water, or in other words, when its thermal form is used on the system, does not generate environment impacts during its use and has a simple operation. Due its benefits, solar water heating systems are already widely used in many countries and even encouraged by laws, for example in São Paulo city. Even though this system has already been studied by many scientific researches regarding its application for single family dwellings, there are some gaps when it is related to multifamily dwellings. One example of it is the individualization of the building systems aspect, including the individualization of the solar energy use. Therefore, the aim of this research is find a solar water heating system more appropriated regarding the individualization aspect. Thereunto, different systems from various places are theoretically analyzed by their characteristics. Furthermore, a study case is held to evaluate characteristics of a working system in a residential building located in São Paulo city. Using the junction of both, theoretical and practical studies, some alternative proposals are simulated to evaluate how the production of the systems are in different situations. As a conclusion, it is possible to define the system with a shared solar energy, private boiler and instantaneous auxiliary energy heating as the system that meet a larger number of the general solar heating system requirements and of the individualization requirements and do not have significative thermal loss issues, although, prospected near future innovations have potential to further improve the system.

The School for Mechanical Engineering at the North-West University is home to one of South Africa's most established Measurement & Verification (M&V) teams. The team is involved with South Africa's electricity utility, Eskom, and their efforts to reduce the energy demand of the nation through Demand Side Management (DSM). One of the DSM initiatives in the residential energy sector is a National Solar Water Heating Program which encourages homeowners to purchase and install an Eskom accredited solar water heating system by means of a financial incentive. Massive financial investments have been incurred and it is only natural for stakeholders to question their return on investment. The need consequently exists to determine the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and establish whether it is being sustained. Before developing a methodology to measure and verify the impact of a solar water heating program an in-depth study had to be done on M&V as well as the concepts around solar water heating itself. After considering financial, time and accuracy constraints it was decided that an M&V Solar Water Heating Application along with the M&V methodology be developed. The primary aim of the application was to simulate the electrical hot water demand caused by the electrical-backup elements of the solar water heating systems and thereby avoiding the logistically and financially impossible process of measuring the electrical demand. A high-level simulation application, based on energy balances, was developed with solar water heating system types, geographical locations, weather conditions, hot water demand profiles and installation positions as inputs. The outputs of the application were the uncontrolled, simulated electrical hot water demand and were compared to the actual measured electrical hot water demand of a solar water heating system located in Cape Town. The outputs from two scenarios were compared to the measured data; one calculated with weather data from the global weather database Meteonorm, and the second calculated with the measured weather parameters acquired during the measurement period. The first scenario indicated relative accuracy with a mean bias error (MBE) and coefficient of variation of the root mean squared errors (CV (RMSE)) of 13.5% and 16.00/o respectively. The second scenario revealed improved accuracy with an MBE and CV (RMSE) of -1.1% and 5.5% respectively. The M&V Solar Water Heating Application and methodology has set the process in motion to measure and verify the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and will be refined as more data and information become available. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The School for Mechanical Engineering at the North-West University is home to one of South Africa's most established Measurement & Verification (M&V) teams. The team is involved with South Africa's electricity utility, Eskom, and their efforts to reduce the energy demand of the nation through Demand Side Management (DSM). One of the DSM initiatives in the residential energy sector is a National Solar Water Heating Program which encourages homeowners to purchase and install an Eskom accredited solar water heating system by means of a financial incentive. Massive financial investments have been incurred and it is only natural for stakeholders to question their return on investment. The need consequently exists to determine the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and establish whether it is being sustained. Before developing a methodology to measure and verify the impact of a solar water heating program an in-depth study had to be done on M&V as well as the concepts around solar water heating itself. After considering financial, time and accuracy constraints it was decided that an M&V Solar Water Heating Application along with the M&V methodology be developed. The primary aim of the application was to simulate the electrical hot water demand caused by the electrical-backup elements of the solar water heating systems and thereby avoiding the logistically and financially impossible process of measuring the electrical demand. A high-level simulation application, based on energy balances, was developed with solar water heating system types, geographical locations, weather conditions, hot water demand profiles and installation positions as inputs. The outputs of the application were the uncontrolled, simulated electrical hot water demand and were compared to the actual measured electrical hot water demand of a solar water heating system located in Cape Town. The outputs from two scenarios were compared to the measured data; one calculated with weather data from the global weather database Meteonorm, and the second calculated with the measured weather parameters acquired during the measurement period. The first scenario indicated relative accuracy with a mean bias error (MBE) and coefficient of variation of the root mean squared errors (CV (RMSE)) of 13.5% and 16.00/o respectively. The second scenario revealed improved accuracy with an MBE and CV (RMSE) of -1.1% and 5.5% respectively. The M&V Solar Water Heating Application and methodology has set the process in motion to measure and verify the impact of the National Solar Water Heating Program and will be refined as more data and information become available. / Thesis (M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RivaldoFA.pdf: 1209805 bytes, checksum: 9afe6ff3479d3f42c70975fb75c6def0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-01 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / It presents a solar collector to be used in a system for heating water for bathing, whose main characteristics are its low cost and easy manufacturing and assembly. The absorbing surface of the collector is formed by an aluminum plate with eight flaps where they lodge PVC pipes. The catchment area of solar radiation corresponds to 1.3 meters. The collector box was made of wood, is covered by transparent glass and thermal insulation of tire chips and expanded polystyrene (EPS). Absorber tubes were connected in parallel through the use of PVC fittings and fixed to the plate by the use of metal poles and rivets. The entire absorber received paint flat black for better absorption of sunlight. The system worked on a thermosiphon assembly and absorber of the collector has been tested in two configurations: with the tubes facing up, directly exposed to the impact of sunlight and facing down, exchanging heat with the plate by conduction. It was determined the most efficient configuration for the correct purpose. The solar collector was connected to a thermal reservoir, also alternative, low-cost forming the system of solar water heating. We evaluated thermal parameters that proved the viability of the heating system studied / Apresenta-se um coletor solar a ser utilizado em um sistema para aquecimento de ?gua destinada ao banho, cujas principais caracter?sticas s?o o baixo custo e f?ceis processos de fabrica??o e montagem. A superf?cie absorvedora do coletor e formada por uma chapa de alum?nio com oito aletas onde se alojam tubos de PVC. A ?rea de capta??o da radia??o solar global corresponde a 1,3 m2. A caixa do coletor foi confeccionada em madeira, tem cobertura de vidro plano transparente e isolamento t?rmico de raspas de pneu e poliestireno expandido (EPS). Os tubos absorvedores foram ligados em paralelo atrav?s do uso de conex?es de PVC e fixados a chapa pelo uso de perfis met?licos e arrebites. Todo o conjunto absorvedor recebeu pintura de preto fosca para uma melhor absor??o da radia??o solar incidente. O sistema absorvedor funcionou em regime de termo-sif?o e o conjunto absorvedor do coletor foi testado para duas configura??es: com os tubos voltados para cima, expostos diretamente a incid?ncia dos raios solares e voltados para baixo, trocando calor com a chapa por condu??o. Determinou-se a configura??o mais eficiente para o fim proposto. O coletor solar foi conectado a um reservat?rio t?rmico, de baixo custo formando o sistema de aquecimento solar de ?gua. Foram avaliados par?metros t?rmicos que comprovaram a viabilidade do sistema de aquecimento estudado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandreBL_DISSERT.pdf: 1416846 bytes, checksum: 84b2109ad5656c456f53841cfdcc3bc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / It presents a solar collector to be used in a system for heating water for bathing, whose main characteristics are low cost and easy manufacturing and assembly. The system operates under natural convection or thermosiphon. The absorbing surface of the collector is formed by twelve PVC pipes of 25 mm outside diameter connected in parallel via connections in T of the same material. The tubes were covered with absorbing fins made with recycled aluminum cans. We studied eight settings between absorber plate, thermal insulating EPS boards and thermal reservoirs 150 and 200 liters. It was determined the most efficient configuration for the correct purpose. We evaluated thermal parameters that proved the viability of the heating system studied / Apresenta-se um coletor solar a ser utilizado em um sistema para aquecimento de ?gua destinada ao banho, cujas principais caracter?sticas s?o o baixo custo e f?ceis processos de fabrica??o e montagem. O sistema funciona em regime de convec??o natural ou termosif?o. A superf?cie absorvedora do coletor ? formada por doze tubos de PVC de 25 mm de di?metro externo ligados em paralelo atrav?s de conex?es em T do mesmo material. Os tubos absorvedores foram recobertos por aletas confeccionadas com latas de alumino recicladas. Foram estudadas oito configura??es entre placa absorvedora, isolante t?rmico de placas de EPS e reservat?rios t?rmicos de 150 e 200 litros. Determinou-se a configura??o mais eficiente para o fim proposto. Foram avaliados par?metros t?rmicos que comprovaram a viabilidade do sistema de aquecimento estudado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TherenceUMO_DISSERT.pdf: 1033747 bytes, checksum: bf9299db76fc37d4e897ab37dd524eec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-19 / This paper presents an analysis of technical and financial feasibility of the use of a solar system for water heating in a fictitious hotel located in the Northeast region. Thereunto it is used techniques of solar collectors? sizing and methods of financial mathematics, such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback. It will also be presented a sensitivity analysis to verify which are the factors that impact the viability of the solar heating. Comparative analysis will be used concerning three cities of distinct regions of Brazil: Curitiba, Bel?m and Jo?o Pessoa. The viability of using a solar heating system will be demonstrated to the whole Brazil, especially to the northeast region as it is the most viable for such an application of solar power because of its high levels of solar radiation. Among the cities examined for a future installation of solar heating systems for water heating in the hotel chain, Jo?o Pessoa was the one that has proved more viable. / Este trabalho apresenta uma an?lise da viabilidade financeira da utiliza??o de um sistema solar para aquecimento de ?gua em um hotel fict?cio na regi?o Nordeste, empregando para isso t?cnicas de dimensionamento de coletores solares e m?todos da Matem?tica Financeira, como Valor Presente L?quido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Payback. Ser? tamb?m apresentada uma an?lise de sensibilidade para verificar quais s?o os fatores que mais impactam na viabilidade do aquecimento solar, variando tamb?m a localidade do empreendimento para Curitiba e Bel?m, ser? demonstrada a viabilidade de utiliza??o de um sistema de aquecimento solar no Brasil, destacando-se a regi?o nordeste como a mais vi?vel para tal aplica??o da fonte solar em fun??o de seus altos ?ndices de radia??o solar global. Dentre as cidades analisadas para futura instala??o de sistemas de aquecimento solar para aquecimento de ?gua na rede hoteleira Jo?o Pessoa foi a que se mostrou mais vi?vel.

Masters’s thesis describes the use of solar energy for solar thermal systems used for domestic hot water heating. It is about the size of the incident solar radiation on Earth. Distributes various types of solar collectors for water heating. It deals with the monitoring, remote management of this system and the design of optimal control used in this area.

The thesis is a technical solution for heating two apartment buildings. The project is designed in two versions. The first variant is source of heat boilers for pellets, in the second variant, the heat source heat pumps type of land / water. Part of this work is an experiment which deals with the measurement of floor heating.