All-optical wavelength conversion is necessary for efficient managing and routing optical signals in a complex all-optical network model. With the bit-rate increases as time evolves, all-optical conversion will become more promising due to its high transparency for data rate and format and the low cost penalty compared with O/E/O method. Periodically poled LiNbO3 crystal fiber (PPLNCF) for wavelength conversion is successfully grown by LHPG method with in situ electric field bias. The pitch depends on the frequency of applied external electric field. Domain period of 9.76 microms and crystal length over 160 mm are demonstrated in this thesis. Electrically induced micro-swing during growth is managed to assist poling process. After the optical test, 0.27% peak offset shows the accuracy of our fabrication. The wavelength and temperature bandwidths were measured to be 17.2 nm and 42.8oC. With the improvement of uniformity, broadband design, and the implementation of guiding structure, high quality PPLNCF will be widely promoted for its superior performance.

Blue/Green lasers can be applied in a wide range such as high-density optical storage, display, biomedical analysis and under water communications. C-band wavelength conversion is one of the most key technologies in DWDM system. Optical Wavelength converter using nonlinear effect can provide high transparency, subcarrier-multiplexed channels and can be fused easily and directly with optical fiber. These characteristics have more advantages than those of O/E/O methods. In this thesis, periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) crystal fiber for wavelength conversion is grown by LHPG method with high-electric-field bias. The relationship between the polarization inversion and micro-swing is analyzed. For different applications, PPLN crystal fiber need appropriate pitches of polarization inversion to meet quasi phase matching. For example, domain period of 15.45 um is used for tunable blue/green lasers. By means of cascaded SHG/SFG effect, when fundamental power is 100 mW, the internal conversion efficiency of SHG and cascaded SHG/SFG were -9.2 dB and -31.9 dB respectively. The SHG 3-dB bandwidth is 9 nm. While the domain pitch varies from 16.79 um to 25.79 um with 30 nm periodic increment , the simulation shows that the cascaded SHG/SFG 3-dB bandwidth is 65 nm in the range of 1476-1672 nm for fundamental wavelength. Domain period of 18.9 um is used for C-band wavelength converter. By means of cascaded SHG/DFG effect, when the crystal length is 1.8 mm, the effective nonlinear coefficient is 18.2 pm/V, which is 83 % of theoretical value. Conversion efficiency is about -59.3 dB when fundamental power and signal power were 350 mW and 15 mW, respectively.

Ultra Wide Band (UWB) is a short-pulse electrical signal, which is widely used for short distant wireless communication due to its low path loss, good immunity to multipath propagation, and high data rate. The main target transmission area of UWB is within 10 meters. Using optical fiber as carrier can bust up the communication capacitance in long distance range because of high capacitance, low loss propagation, and TDM and WDM compatible properties of fiber. Thereby, the technique of UWB on fiber has become more and more important. In this work, a novel method using waveguide photodetector (WP) with short termination for interface of optical fiber and wireless is proposed and demonstrated. The structure is simple without employing any complicated frequency mixer, intermediate frequency, or complex systems. This work is divided into two parts: (1) generation of UWB electrical signals and (2) wavelength conversion of UWB through WP. In the former, a WP with short termination is used in the device. The photocurrent excited by short optical pulse is distributive generated through the waveguide, forming two opposite directions of electrical waves. By reflection on the short termination, the reversed phase of one electrical wave is added to another electrical wave through a delay line, forming a monocycle of UWB signal. By appropriate design on the length of waveguide, the band of 2-10GH is demonstrated, fitting the requirement of FCC (Federal Communications Commission). In the second part of this paper is the wavelength conversion of UWB. The active region of WG is multiple quantum wells (M.Q.W.), which is not only served as photo-absorption layer, but also can be used the electroabsorption material. By pumping M.Q.W.s with high optical power, the cross absorption properties can be applied for wavelength conversion. By pumping power of 12dBm, the wavelength-converted UWB signal is successfully demonstrated at range of 1545nm-1570nm. Using this method, the application of UWB on router of fiber optical network is expectable.

The decay of higher order solitons in optical fiber, initiated by localized channel perturbations such as a step change in dispersion, a localized loss element, or a bandpass filter, is explored theoretically and experimentally as a means of generating pairs of pulses having wavelengths that are up and down-shifted from the input wavelength. The achievable wavelength separation between the two sub pulses increases with increasing the amount of perturbations. Pulse parameter requirements for achieving useful wavelength shifts while avoiding unwanted nonlinear effects are presented. Experimental studies for N=2 solitons having 1 ps initial width are performed to demonstrate tunable wavelength conversion using a step change in dispersion and using a loss element. Wavelength shifts are tunable by varying the magnitude of a dispersion step or loss element that is used to disrupt the soliton cycle. Competing nonlinear effects, such as cubic dispersion, self-steepening, and stimulated Raman scattering, can be minimized by using input pulsewidths of one picosecond or greater. The separated pulses at two wavelengths can in principle be amplified to form separate higher order solitons. The process repeated to produce multiple wavelength replicas of an input data stream, and may thus be of possible use in multi-casting applications in fiber communication systems. The possibility of soliton recovery is also studied. For soliton recovery, conditions are stringent, in that the precise temporal overlap and phase relationship between sub-pulses that occurred at the point of separation is in principle needed at the reverse perturbation location. Experimental studies on soliton recovery for an N=2 soliton is performed by using a dispersion-compensated intermediate link, and reversing the dispersion step. Detrimental effects on soliton recovery are studied.

High-speed optical networks will require all-optical signalprocessing to avoid bottleneck due to optical-to-electrical (O/E)and electrical-to-optical (E/O) conversion. Enabling of opticalprocessing tasks such as optical buffering and data synchronizationwill require large tunable delay. Recently, slow-light physics gotwide attention to generate tunable delay. However, for a slow-lightsystem large delay comes at the expense of increased distortion.This dissertation presents a study of the slow-light systems andquantifies the limitations imposed on delay due to distortion andsystem resource constraints. Optimal designs for two- and three-lineBrillouin slow-light systems showed fractional pulse delay of up to1.7 compared to a single-line gain system. Optimal designs forbroadband Brillouin gain system showed upto 100\% delay improvementcompared to the Gaussian pump. Wavelength conversion and dispersionbased tunable delay systems showed bit delay of 15 bits. An opticalbuffer based on photorefractive medium for real-time data storagewas demonstrated by storing and retrieving a 7-bit data sequence.

[pt] Este trabalho estuda o efeito de conversores de comprimento de onda em nós de redes multiplexadas por divisão de comprimento de onda totalmente ópticas ou transparentes. Foram executadas simulações para estudar os benefícios da introdução de conversores nas arquiteturas de rede. Ademais, são propostas heurísticas para alocação de conversores de comprimento de onda, baseadas na utilização destes. Os desempenhos das heurísticas são avaliados comparando-as com outros algoritmos estabelecidos na literatura. / [en] This work studies the effect of wavelength converters at nodes of wavelength division multiplexed all-optical networks. Simulations were performed to study the benefit of wavelength converters on network architectures. Moreover, wavelength converter placement heuristics based on the utilization of these devices are proposed. The performances of the heuristics are tested against existing converter placement algorithms in literature.

Globally increasing levels of bandwidth and capacity requirements force the optical communications industry to produce new products that are faster, more powerful, and more efficient. In particular, optical-electronic-optical (O-E-O) conversions in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) mechanisms prevent higher data transfer speeds and create a serious bottleneck for optical communications. These O-E-O transitions are mostly encountered in the Wavelength converters of WDMs, and as a result, all-optical wavelength conversion methods have become extremely important. The main discussion in this thesis will concentrate on a specific all-optical wavelength conversion mechanism. In this mechanism, photonic crystal structures are integrated with moving MEMS/NEMS structures to create a state-of-the-art all-optical wavelength converter prototype. A wavelength conversion of 20% is achieved using this structure. Since the interaction of light with moving MEMS/NEMS structures plays an important role in the proposed wavelength conversion mechanism, modeling and simulation of electromagnetic waves becomes a very crucial step in the design process. Consequently, a subsection of this thesis will focus on a proposed enhancement to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) to model moving structures more efficiently and more realistically. This technique is named "Linear Dielectric Interpolation" and will be applied to more realistically and efficiently model the proposed photonic crystal MEMS/NEMS wavelength conversion mechanism.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VICTOR ISHIZUCA TELES.pdf: 2209340 bytes, checksum: eade76b90d01487ba8c4f5e2b7226ad0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-10 / The objective of this work is to experimentally evaluate how physical impairments on the network can affect the performance of IP applications. Especially This work encompasses the analysis of the cross-layer effect caused by all-optical wavelength converters in the video signal. For this purpose, it was evaluated the packet error rate degradationcaused by physical layer parameters. Such analysis was made for a video signal propagation through the KyaTera Network, followed by an all optical wavelength conversion. The experimental results allowed concluding that converted signals separated by up to 1.5 THz from the original signal may experience 2.1-dB penalty. This fact indicates that for each wavelength conversion the signal propagation range will be reduced in 10 km (Considering an attenuation of 0.2 dB/km in the transmission fibers). It was also verified that the presence of the all-optical wavelength converter in the network implies a 16-dB power penalty. For this reason the wavelength conversion is a viable option for cases where the propagation distance for the unconverted signal is larger than 80 km. Results indicate the existence of a strong relation between the packet error rate and the degradation of the optical signal-noise ratio caused by the mentioned converter. It was not found any reference in the literature of any work with this type of characterization. Additionally, experiments to emulate the degradation of the video signals transmitted through links with a cascade of optical amplifiers were also performed. The results indicate that the packet error rate is related not only with optical signal-noise ratio, but also with the received signal power. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar experimentalmente como impedimentos f?sicos de redes ?pticas afetam o desempenho de aplica??es IP. Em especial, esse trabalho compreendeu a an?lise do efeito de cross-layer causado por conversores de comprimento de onda totalmente ?pticos em sinais de v?deo. Para isso avaliou-se a degrada??o da taxa de erro de pacotes em fun??o de par?metros da camada f?sica. Essa an?lise foi feita para uma propaga??o do sinal de v?deo pela Rede KyaTera, seguida de uma convers?o de comprimentos de onda totalmente ?ptica. Os resultados experimentais permitiram concluir que sinais convertidos, separados do sinal original por at? 1,5 THz, sofrem uma penalidade m?dia de pot?ncia de 2,1 dB. Este fato indica que para cada convers?o que o sinal sofrer o seu alcance ser? reduzido em aproximadamente 10 km (admitindo-se uma atenua??o de 0,2 dB/km nas fibras da rede). Concluiu-se tamb?m que a presen?a do conversor de comprimentos de onda na rede implica em uma penalidade de 16 dB. Este fato torna a convers?o de comprimentos de onda uma op??o vi?vel para os casos nos quais o sinal n?o convertido tenha de ser propagado por uma dist?ncia superior a 80 km. Os resultados obtidos indicam que existe uma forte correla??o entre a taxa de erro de pacotes da transmiss?o do sinal de v?deo e a degrada??o da raz?o sinal-ru?do ?ptica imposta pelo referido conversor. N?o foi encontrada nenhuma refer?ncia na literatura de qualquer trabalho que fizesse uma caracteriza??o desta maneira. Adicionalmente tamb?m foram realizados experimentos para emular a degrada??o de sinais de v?deo transmitidos por enlaces com uma cascata de amplificadores ?pticos. Os resultados deste experimento indicam que a taxa de erro de pacotes est? relacionada n?o apenas com a raz?o sinal-ru?do ?ptica, mas tamb?m com a pot?ncia do sinal no receptor.

A interligação de várias redes de telecomunicação ampliou a cobertura, mas tornou a operabilidade entre elas complexa, principalmente por causa da arquitetura resultante, formada por várias camadas. Estas camadas lidam com protocolos e taxas de transmissão diferentes e com sinais elétricos e ópticos. Diante desse cenário, a alternativa usual de expandir os recursos proporcionalmente ao crescimento da demanda é inviável devido ao elevado custo. Assim, soluções eficientes que agregam os benefícios das tecnologias ópticas e eletrônicas na arquitetura de nós e no gerenciamento de tráfego tornaram-se uma necessidade importante no projeto, expansão e gerenciamento de redes de telecomunicação. Os nós que permitem a comutação de tráfego na camada óptica e eletrônica e a agregação de tráfego em várias granularidades têm sido empregados para fazer o melhor uso possível dos recursos disponíveis nas redes. Esses nós são conhecidos na literatura como MG-OXCs. Nessa pesquisa, foi proposta uma abordagem dos nós MG-OXCs de uma e três camadas com a inclusão de recursos como conversão de comprimento de onda e agregação de tráfego. Também foi proposto um método de cálculo do custo desses nós baseado no volume de utilização das portas. Posteriormente foram inseridos fatores de degradação do sinal óptico para a análise da camada física de redes com os nós MGOXCs. Adicionalmente, para o gerenciamento de tráfego, foi proposto um esquema de escolha de comprimentos de onda chamado de canal específico e um esquema de monitoramento baseado na intensidade de tráfego. A meta principal é a redução da probabilidade de bloqueio de solicitação de conexão. Em redes ópticas, os modelos de nós propostos conseguem diminuir o número de portas dos nós comutadores tradicionais além de realizar a comutação de tráfego de conexões de diferentes valores de largura de banda. O esquema do canal específico consegue melhorar a utilização da largura de banda dos comprimentos de onda e diminui a probabilidade de bloqueio e o esquema do monitoramento diminui o número de conexões bloqueadas devido ao aumento dos recursos. Resultados numéricos apresentados demonstram a potencialidade dos algoritmos propostos para gerenciar recursos e rotear o tráfego das redes de telecomunicação. / Integrating telecommunication networks has enlarged the coverage, but has made operations more complex, mainly because of the architecture, formed by various layers. These layers deal with different protocols and transmission rates, as well as electrical and optical signals. The usual alternative of expanding the resources proportionally to the demand is impractical due to the high cost. Therefore, efficient solutions which add to the benefits of optical and electronic technology in node architecture and traffic management are essential in the design, expansion and management of telecommunications networks. The nodes that enable traffic switching in the optical and electronic layer and traffic grooming have been used to make the best use of the available resources in the networks. These nodes are known as MG-OXCs. In this research, an approach based on MG-OXCs was proposed with one and three layers, which include the wavelength conversion and traffic grooming. Additionally, a method to calculate the node costs based on their use of ports was proposed. The work also considered optical signal impairments in order to analyze the network physical layer with MG-OXCs nodes. For the purpose of traffic management, a scheme which sets specific wavelengths for different bandwidths and a scheme which monitors the flow of traffic were proposed. The main aim is to reduce the blocking probability of connection requests. In optical networks, the node models proposed are able to reduce the number of ports used in usual optical cross connects and switch the traffic connections using different bandwidths. The scheme of setting specific wavelengths for different bandwidths improves the bandwidth use and the blocking probability. The scheme which monitors the flow of traffic achieves blocking probability reduction due to the increase in resources. The numerical results presented show the feasibility of the proposed algorithms to manage resources and switch traffic in telecommunication networks.

This thesis presents the investigations of Rubidium atoms in magneto-optical traps and triply charged Thorium ions in electrodynamic traps for future advances in long-distance quantum telecommunication, next generation clocks, and fundamental tests of current physical theories. Experimental realizations of two core building blocks of a quantum repeater are described: a multiplexed quantum memory and a telecom interface for long-lived quantum memories. A color change of single-photon level light fields by several hundred nanometers in an optically thick cold gas is demonstrated, while preserving quantum entanglement with a remotely stored matter excitation. These are essential elements for long-distance quantum telecommunication, fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, and applications in secure communication and computation. The first trapping and laser cooling of Thorium-229 ions are described. Thorium-229 nuclear electric quadrupole moment is revealed by hyperfine spectroscopy of triply charged Thorium-229 ions. A system to search for the isomer nuclear transition in Thorium-229 is developed and tested with the excitation of a forbidden electronic transition at 717 nm. Direct excitation of the nuclear transition with laser light would allow for an extremely accurate clock and a sensitive test bed for variations of fundamental physical constants, including the fine structure constant.