E-commerce is today a very attractive market with growth prospects and opportunities for new companies to establish themselves and start operations. Since the establishment of Internet and the evolution of how Internet is used today, there has been an increasing possibility for consumer’s to buy products online. The more expanding E-commerce business today makes companies and entrepenuers eager to establish markets online. There is though a opportunity with the expanding of E-commerce today and that is for companies to investigate how consumer’s values the risks of shopping online. This opportunity is something that companies should take in care before starting an E-commerce market. This study aims to identify consumers' perceived risk in purchasing decisions in relation to E-commerce. The study is intended to give a broader perspective to be helpful for companies who are in business with e-commerce or supposed to conduct and begin sales activities through Ecommerce. This will be achieved by showing which factors consumers find to be most affecting to their uncertainty and risk when buying online. The survey methodology used in this study was a quantitative method where we deduced hypotheses to ensure on previous research and theories that the results of our investigation was consistent with what we concuded in our study. To come up with the answers we received, we used questionnaires in which respondents were asked to answer on a seven-point scale how they felt the risk of shopping online today. The results of this study shows us that consumer’s perceived risk will grow if the purchase is of an high engagement product, we can also conclude that there will be a decline in perceived risk if the websites have good design, user friendly navigation, clear information about consumer’s warranty and right of return.

<p>In recent years, more and more people have started to live double lives. Blogs, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter have created conditions so that we increasingly live virtual lives on the Internet. The gathering of people in this way entails both risks and opportunities for businesses. This study aims to explain how the phenomenon of social media has affected trade and service companies in a marketing and communication perspective. The idea for the essay came to us after we had observed how different behaviors in companies’ concerning social media could vary a lot, and how we felt that this affected our personal view of the brands. Through a qualitative approach, where we interviewed six people with different backgrounds, we have examined the subject in order to explain how companies can use the characteristics of social media; conversation and interaction. Our results are based on that the social media entails both opportunities and challenges for companies, which are presented in detail in Chapter five.</p>

在這篇論文中我們利用程式碼補強達到使有害的攻擊字串用最小的編輯成本去修正成無害的一般字串,主要分為兩個階段,第一階段,我們利用一個安全性分析工具Stranger來分析使用者的PHP原始碼,藉此找到可能被程式碼注入的攻擊點,並產生基於確定有限狀態自動機基礎的安全特徵,這個安全特徵包含了所有可被接受的無害字串可以當作攻擊過濾器使用,第二階段,我們採取基於文字與自動機之間最短編輯距離的演算法來以最少成本修正攻擊字串,有害的攻擊字串會被一個最少變動的無害字串所取代,我們結合所提出的方法來測試一些網頁跟回報實驗結果 / The security problems of web application are always questioned and concerned by users because that can cause huge loss of nancial and privacy. We want to provide a online service that is open to public users, who can access and upload their codes to check for potential vulnerabilities. Moreover, if there exist vulnerabilities and may be cause damages, it will guide users how they can edit their codes through a easy way step by step. In this paper, we propose an optimal word correction approach for patching string related vulnerabilities in web applications. To be brief, we synthesize patches that sanitize malicious inputs to normal ones with the shortest edit distance. The analysis consists of two phases: First, we use automata based static string analysis techniques called Stranger to detect vulnerabilities in web applications, and generate sanitization signatures that accept un-malicious inputs as an input lter that ensures the vulnerabilities are not exploited with respect to given attack patterns. Second, we adopt the shortest edit-distance algorithms between words and automata to nd a minimum way on the cost of edit distance to patch malicious inputs. A malicious input (not accepted by the sanitization signature) is replaced with an unmalicious string and has the minimum change of character from the original input. We integrate the presented approach with Stranger and report the result of experiments on various web applications.

In 2015 a new national Child Health Care Program was introduced in Uppsala County, Sweden. Due to this, the Child Health Center’s speech-language screening for 3-year old’s was moved to 2½ years. The same method of screening - ‘Westerlunds 3-årsmetod’ - is maintained, though there have been a few changes. The children are only expected to use two-word utterances for a passable result, contrary to the earlier requirement for three-word utterances. The absence of three-word utterances now means a follow-up at the age of three. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the part in “Westerlunds 3-årsmetod” which examines length of utterances, by examining if the absence of three-word utterances could be used as an indicator for language difficulties and whether a postponement of the screening (with approximately a month) could ensue in fewer children being called for a follow-up. The participants were recruited through mail to families with children just above the age for the 2½ year speech-language screening. It proved difficult to find participants for the study with the chosen recruitment method and on that account an additional recruitment was implemented. Despite that, none of the possible participants met all the inclusion criteria in the end, which meant that the prospective analyses could not be performed and therefore the research questions could not be entirely answered. A choice was made to analyze the already collected data, meaning that the entire group of children screened in the right age range (2:6-2:9) were examined. The group consisted of 26 children, 14 girls and 12 boys. The average age was 2:6 years (min: 2:6, max: 2:8). Of these 8% (2 children) were not using three-word utterances, although they also had other difficulties. Based on this group vague indications could be seen suggesting that a connection between age and the time of screening does not exist. Most of the children, 95%, screened at the age of 2:6 years passed the screening without remarks. Furthermore, it turned out that some children were screened as early as 2:5 with passable results. Consequently, no data in this study supports the notion that a postponement of the screening would result in fewer follow-ups. It should be noted that due to insufficient data no clear conclusions can be drawn. / År 2015 infördes det nya nationella barnhälsovårdsprogrammet i Uppsala. Det resulterade i en förflyttning av språkscreeningen på barnavårdscentralen (BVC), från 3 års ålder till 2 ½ år. Samma screeningmetod - Westerlunds 3-årsmetod - används fortfarande, med vissa mindre ändringar. En förändring som skett i och med förflyttningen är att barnen vid 2 ½ år inte längre förväntas tala i treordssatser för godkänt resultat. Istället räcker det att barnen använder tvåordssatser. Avsaknad av treordssatser vid screeningen innebär dock en uppföljning av språkutvecklingen vid 3 år. Syftet med denna studie var att utvärdera hur delmomentet Språkanvändning (som undersöker satslängd) i screeningmetoden fungerar vid 2 ½ års ålder. Detta för att undersöka om avsaknad av treordssatser vid 2 ½ år kan vara en indikation för språkliga svårigheter samt om en senareläggning av screeningen (med någon månad) kan bidra till att färre barn behöver följas upp. Deltagare rekryterades genom brevutskick till familjer med barn som nyligen passerat åldern för 2 ½ -årsscreening på BVC. Det visade sig vara svårt att hitta deltagare till studien med den valda metoden, därav genomfördes en kompletterande rekrytering. Efter fullgjord rekrytering framkom det ändå att ingen av de möjliga deltagarna uppfyllde alla studiens inklusionskriterier, vilket medförde att de tilltänkta analyserna inte kunde genomföras och frågeställningarna inte kunde besvaras. På grund av detta gjordes valet att titta på alla barn som screenats i rätt åldersintervall (2:6 - 2:9 år). Därmed undersöktes 26 barn (14 flickor och 12 pojkar, ålder 2:6 – 2:8 år, medelålder 2:6 år). Av dem var det 8 % (2 barn) som inte talade i treordssatser, dock i kombination med andra svårigheter. Utifrån dessa 26 barn kunde vissa indikationer ses som tyder på att ett samband mellan ålder på barnet och tidpunkt för screening inte existerar. Majoriteten, 95 %, av barnen som screenades vid 2:6 år klarade den helt utan anmärkning. Det visade sig även att ett antal barn screenats så tidigt som vid 2:5 år och ändå presterat utan anmärkning. Därmed ses ingen data i den här studien tala för att en senareläggning av screeningen skulle medföra att färre barn kallas för uppföljning. På grund av bristande data bör det dock påpekas att inga faktiska slutsatser kan dras utifrån den här studien.

How do the content and writing style of people who drink alcohol beverages stand out from non-drinkers? How much information can we learn about a person's alcohol consumption behavior by reading text that they have authored? This thesis attempts to extend the methods deployed in authorship attribution and authorship profiling research into the domain of automatically identifying the human action of drinking alcohol beverages. I examine how a psycholinguistics dictionary (the Linguistics Inquiry and Word Count lexicon, developed by James Pennebaker), together with Kenneth Burke's concept of words as symbols of human action, and James Wertsch's concept of mediated action provide a framework for analyzing meaningful data patterns from the content of blogs written by consumers of alcohol beverages. The contributions of this thesis to the research field are twofold. First, I show that it is possible to automatically identify blog posts that have content related to the consumption of alcohol beverages. And second, I provide a framework and tools to model human behavior through text analysis of blog data.

The purpose of the investigation was two-fold: (1) to develop an educational design for consciousness-raising in social justice education using Paulo Freire's literacy method, and (2) to investigate its effect on the Incarnate Word sisters' attitude toward the economically poor, Workshop sessions examined social justice concepts of the economically poor as stated in the Acts of the Congregation's General Chapter and applied Freire's method of consciousness-raising outlined in his Pedagogy of the Oppressed and his Education for Critical Consciousness.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using word processing and proofreading software in freshman composition at a community college. This study used pretest and posttest measures to determine if significant differences in the improvement of composition skills occurred between students in a composition class that did not use microcomputers and students in a composition class that did use microcomputers. Objective tests and writing samples were used as measurements. The population for the study consisted of students enrolled in freshman composition classes at a two year community college. Students self-selected enrollment in each class. Three hundred students who completed the pretest and posttest measures and completed the course were included in the study. There was no significant difference found in the improvement of writing skills between the two groups as measured by the objective test or the writing samples. There was a significant difference found in the withdrawal rate of students from the classes. The computer class had a significantly higher withdrawal rate than the non-computer class.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka sambandet mellan WOM, förväntningar, attityder, upplevd kvalitet och kundtillfredsställelse. Metod: Den befintliga teorin har analyserats för att få en översikt av den tidigare forskningen inom området. Data har samlats in genom en enkätundersökning och sedan bearbetats med hjälp av en deskriptiv analys samt en korrelationsanalys. Resultaten har därefter diskuterats och mynnat ut i studiens slutsats. Slutsats: Studien visar att den viktigaste faktorn för hur tillfredsställd kunden blir är den upplevda kvaliteten av en tjänst. Studien visar även att WOM har en stor påverkan på kundtillfredsställelsen. Vidare konstaterar studien att kundens attityd har en större inverkan än kundens förväntningar på kundtillfredsställelsen. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studiens bidrag till teorin inom företagsekonomins och marknadsföringens forskningsområde är en ökad kunskap om WOM:s påverkan på kundtillfredsställelsen inom tjänstebranschen. Vidare bidrag till ämnet är hur attityder och förväntningar påverkar kundtillfredsställelsen. Studien visar att attityder väger tyngre än förväntningar i fråga om hur tillfredsställd kunden blir. / Title: The relationship between WOM and Customer Satisfaction - expectations, attitudes and perceived quality Aim: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between WOM, expectations, attitudes, perceived quality and customer satisfaction. Method: The existing theory has been analyzed to get an overview of previous research in this area. Data has been collected through a survey and then analyzed by using a descriptive analysis and a correlation analysis. Furthermore, the results have been discussed and concluded in the study's conclusion. Conclusion: The study shows that the most important factor for how satisfied the customer will be is the perceived quality of a service. The study also shows that WOM has a major impact on the customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the study finds that the customer's attitude has a greater impact than the customer's expectations on the customer satisfaction.

TITLE: Word Problems in the First and Second Year of Primary School AUTHOR: Pavla Weinzettel DEPARTMENT: Departmement of Mathematics and Mathematical Education SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Michaela Kaslová ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on word problems in maths books for Year One and Two of primary schools, published by Alter and Prodos. The objective is to analyse the word problems set out in these maths books and to classify them according to the following criteria: context, methods of solution, time management, and non- standard types of maths problems. A partial aim of the thesis is a comparison of the textbook word problem analysis and the analysis of those word problems which the students can create themselves. The conclusions of the work point out the importance of the teacher's role in maths teaching and learning. Teachers should use their judgement when using the published maths books and endeavour to expand on them, taking into consideration the above mentioned criteria in order to increase the students' eagerness to not only to solve the maths problems but also to understand as to why they solved them the way they did. The thesis recommends practical tools for teaching material evaluation and for assessing to what extent the students understand what the purpose of word problems is. KEYWORDS: word problem,...

key words: Czech English, foreign accent, word stress, word accent, stressed syllable, duration, f0, acoustic cues. This study investigates the acoustic properties of word stress in Czech English. The notion of foreign accent is introduced and its drawbacks are presented. Further on the various influences on the perceived degree, or strength, of foreign accent are discussed. Faulty realization of word stress is identified as one of the factors that contribute to unintelligibility of non-native speech (Benrabah, 1997; Hahn, 2004; Cutler, 1984). In Chapter 2 we compare the results of studies that used speakers of a variety of languages and form a basic theory on the acquisition of acoustic cues to word stress. We are mostly interested in f0 and duration. This theory, based on the feature hypothesis (McAllister et al., 2002 in Lee, Guion & Harada, 2006), states that languages that have a similar stress system to that of English (Dutch, Arabic) use their native cues to signal word stress, while non-contrastive languages (Vietnamese, Czech) prefer cue/s that are phonologically active on segmental level in their native language. Speakers of Vietnamese, a tone language, were found to prefer f0 over duration (Nguyen, 2003), so for Czech, a language that uses phonological vowel duration, it is expected that...