In Saudi Arabia there is a growing amount of leisure time and a high percentage of disposable income is being spent on various forms of tourism; such trends have increased the number of Saudis travelling to tourist destinations, internationally or domestically. Spending the annual holiday away from Saudi is normal for most Saudi families and it is estimated that the total expenditure on domestic tourism in Saudi Arabia is only 16.7% of total tourism expenditure. International expenditure was estimated (in 1995) to be US$7.6 million US$ and this increased to more than US$ 8.2 million in 1997 which is about 17.3% of total oil revenue estimated in 1998 and nearly 5.6% of the Saudi gross domestic product. Consequently, foreign tourism is a substantial drain on the current account, so the government has been trying to persuade more of its citizens to holiday at home. This situation will require tourism marketer to understand fully the need of tourists. Under increasingly competitive conditions, effective tourism marketing is impossible with out an understanding of tourists' motivation to choose a Saudi travel destination. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse the status of domestic tourism motivation. The research took place in Saudi Arabia, concentrating on the motivation 'push' and 'pull' factors of tourist behaviour towards domestic tourism in an Islamic and Arabic culture. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire using a 5-point Likert-scale. Out of 1400 questionnaires distributed, in two tourism cities Jeddah and Abha, 505 usable questionnaires were verified and prepared for the final analysis. In view of the intensive and extensive data and interdependent relationships between variables, the statistical techniques used in this research include reliability analysis, frequencies, cross tabulation, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, factor analysis, Pearson correlation, multiple regression and one-way ANOVA. The results of the analysis of push motivation indicates nine factors: (Fl) cultural value factor; (F2) utilitarian factor; (F3) knowledge factor; (F4) social factor; (F5) economical factor; (F6) family togetherness factor; (F7) interest factor; (F8) relaxation factor; (F9) convenience of facilities factor. The result of the factor loading for pull motivational items presents nine pull factors: (Fl) safety factor; (F2) activity factor; (F3) beach sports/activities factor; (F4) nature/outdoor factor; (F5) historical/cultural factor; (F6) religious factor; (F7) budget factor; (F8) leisure factor; (F9) upscale factor. This study found that the most important push and pull factors as perceived by Saudi tourists are 'cultural value' and 'religious'. The major findings of the study were that the push factors positively and strongly related to pull factors. Also, the study found that no significant correlation existed between push and pull motivation items and the social demographic variables, educational level, income level and age. The only significant correlation was found between pull motivation items and the gender. In the case of the push factors the test found that there is no significant correlation between push motivation factors and the educational level, with one exception, a significant correlation between social factor and the educational level in Abha. The study found that there are significant correlations between the economical push motivation factor and the income level, while the remaining eight factors are not significantly correlated with the income level in Jeddah. Also, there is a significant correlation between the knowledge factor and the income level in Abha. The results indicate that there is significant correlation between push motivation factors and age as follow: cultural value factor and age in Jeddah, interest factor and age in Abha and social factor and age in Abha. The study found that there is significant correlation between push motivation factors and the gender. A significant correlation is found between the interest factor, social factor and the gender in Jeddah. In addition, a significant correlation is found between the interests, the cultural value, the utilitarian factors and the gender in Abha. Relating to pull factors, the results indicate that there is no significance correlation between pull motivation factors and the educational level with the exception of a significant correlation between the upscale factor and the educational level in Jeddah, and a significant correlation between the activity factor and the educational level in Abha. A significance correlation exists between the upscale factor and the income level in both Jeddah and Abha. There is no significant correlation between pull motivation factors and age in Jeddah. However, there is significant correlation between the activity factor, the beach sports activities factor, the upscale factor and age in Abha. There is no significance correlation between pull motivation factors and gender in Jeddah, except the activity factor. In Abha there is significant correlation between the nature/outdoor factor, the activity factor, the safety factor and gender. The results indicate that educational and income level have no significant correlation with the kind of accommodation, while tourist age and the length of tourist stay have significant and strong correlation with the kind of accommodation. In respect of the family number and the kind of accommodation the result shows that there is a significant correlation between the kind of accommodation and the number of adults and number of children under 11 years group. The study indicates that there is no correlation between the kind of accommodation and the number of children in the 11- 16 years group. The complex interdependent relationships mean that providers of tourist facilities have to have a deep understanding of the motivation of potential markets to provide the required facilities and activities.

It has been observed that Italian immigrants in Vancouver do not make use of community resources such as the community centres, library, and the Young Women's Christian Association. This thesis investigates the reasons for this phenomenon by studying the acculturation of Italian immigrant families, with special reference to the use of leisure time. Twenty-two immigrant families were interviewed, and responses were recorded on a questionnaire by the interviewer. It was not possible to obtain a random sample, consequently the respondents tend to represent the economically more successful or those more active in church affairs. The results of the study tend to confirm the initial assumption that the Italian immigrant perpetuates an old world pattern familiar to him by confining his social, cultural and recreational activities to his family, kinship group, his church, and his ethnic organizations. However, the study also shows that these patterns are undergoing a gradual change. Mothers are participating in such strictly New World activities, as the Parent-Teacher Association. Some children take part in community centre activities. These initial steps towards using community resources are particularly noticeable in those first generation Italian immigrants who have been settled in their present neighbourhood for ten years or more, and in the second generation. The study will, it is hoped, be of interest to community planners. The use of typical North American resources is part of a cultural pattern to which some immigrant groups, at least, are not accustomed, and which they adopt only gradually. The speed of acculturation probably varies with the ethnic and cultural background of the groups. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / [other author Rosenbluth, Annemarie] / Graduate

This dissertation describes practices among men who desired men from 1910 to 1945 that combined mobility, eroticized leisure practices, and non-urban spaces in cultivating nascent sexual subcultures. It contains four case studies that detail how vacillations between "productive" labor and recurrent "drifting" allowed men to simultaneously perform normative gender identities while conveying their sense of sexual difference with respect to white bourgeois manhood. Each case study explores institutional linkages between mobility and stigmatized male sexualities, and analyzes autobiographies, correspondence, visual culture, and fictional works in which men who desired other men imagined their ambivalent relationships to labor as a means of expressing their discomfort with the sexual and gender constraints of modern commercial centers. This study suggests that the eroticization of laboring male bodies and "natural" leisure spaces were vital in cultivating subcultures based on non-heterosexual desire. Moreover, while the historiography of male homosexuality prior to World War II has largely focused on urban experience, this discussion illuminates a decidedly anti-modern bristling against city life and commercialism that also motivated the movements of men who desired men in this period. The first two chapters trace the development of queer "tramp" identities. By the 1920s, socioeconomic changes and American folklore perpetuated tramp nostalgia in which writers portrayed wandering homeless men as romantic dreamers wary of marital confinement, rather than economically marginalized laborers. Analyses of sociological records involving working-class gay men in Chicago and the career of tennis champion Bill Tilden demonstrate that this tramp epistemology enabled white men to cultivate non-heterosexual identities through their desires for mobility and their challenges to prevailing distinctions between work and pleasure. The final two chapters describe the queer spatial and temporal potential of non-urban spaces (specifically waterways and beaches) among artists and working-class men. In fantasies contained in paintings and archived correspondence, sailors embodied mobility, erotic "masculine" physicality, and sentimentalized vulnerability. At the same time, artists and writers saw in their tourist practices the potential to attain queer intimacies. Their depictions of beach leisure allowed them to mobilize fantasies of same-sex relationalities that evaded both the capitalist privileging of "masculine" productivity and modern sexual categorizations.

Diploma thesis "Pupils' Leisure Time at the Age of Eleven" deals with pupils' reflection of their leisure time and it also focuses on surveying the field of leisure activities and the factors by which the pupils' leisure time is formed (parents, school, friends etc.). To achieve defined goals the qualitative research strategy was chosen. At first, pupils filled in a brief ethnological questionnaire focused on leisure activities, then they were asked questions during the semi- structured (in-depth) interview and after that acquired data were supplemented and partially verified through non-participant observation. The diploma thesis brings an insight into children's notions about leisure time, which is to some extent coincident with professional notions, however, in some aspects of the issue their point of view is completely different. Furthermore, the findings of the research point out that, generally, it is not possible to talk about the children's lack of interest in physical activity and that (ab)using of computers which is refused by many people does not serve only to play games but also as a means of communication with children's friends and as a source of new information.

In the United States, COVID-19-related restrictions included a stay-at-home order with the exception of essential services such as medical care, grocery shopping, etc. During this time, all universities transitioned to an online learning format. This study examined the impact of COVID-19 on physical activity lifestyle changes within a university community. This was a cross-sectional study in which assessed changes in lifestyle-related behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic, the amount of sedentary time spent each week, and the underlying reasons behind people’s decisions as to whether to engage in physical activity. The respondents (n=1536) The results of this survey (n=1536) showed that 52.2% were between 18 and 25 years of age, 87.4% Caucasian, 56.7% single and 67.7% female. The mean BMI was 25.8 with 2.6% underweight, 40.9% healthy weight, and 56.5% overweight or obese according to the CDC. Study results showed significant differences between Healthy weight and Obese and between Overweight and Obese with regard to lifestyle-related behavior with those having higher BMIs being affected most by COVID-19. This was the same trend seen with the Physical Activity Vital Sign (PAVS) which is a measure of time spent in physical activity. Underweight (m=265.2) and healthy weight individuals (m=262.5) spent more time being physically active. Lastly, those with healthy BMIs differed significantly from all other BMI categories with regard to the BREQ-3 Relative Autonomy Index suggesting that those with healthier BMIs felt greater autonomy with regard to exercise behavior.

This study develops and tests a model that depicts how cognitive and emotional evaluations relate to customer satisfaction in leisure services. The model is tested within the context of visitors to the Rostock Zoo in Germany. Results of the study show that consumer satisfaction with leisure services is a function of both cognitive and affective evaluations where the affective evaluations dominate. Implications of the results are discussed. [Article copies available for a fee from The Haworth Document Delivery Service: 1-800-HAWORTH. E-mail address: getinfo@haworthpressinc.com Website: http://www.HaworthPress.com.

Health and wellness are two buzzwords making their presence known in a variety of industries including hospitality, tourism, food and beverage and, leisure among others. As the obesity epidemic continues to be at the forefront of people's minds, health and wellness are topics that cannot be overlooked by the tourism and leisure industries. Due to the popularity of American's wanting to live more healthy and active lifestyles the average tourism consumer has changed considerably. The values of American tourists have altered from those of the past and now the tourism industry finds itself attempting to meet the needs and wants of this large and emerging health and wellness market. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are different groups (market segments) of travelers based on their self proclaimed travel behavior. Using a factor-cluster market segmentation approach, this study attempted to delineate the segments of the U.S. traveling public. Based on four healthy living attitudes factors, cluster analysis was employed to identify similar respondents based on their attitudes towards healthy living. The findings show that there are two distinct groups: High Health Conscious and Low Health Conscious. Gender was shown to be statistically significant between the two groups. The study concludes with marketing implications of the study results, limitations, and suggestions for future research. / Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to enhance understanding of leisure experiences by applying an organizational approach to the sociology of leisure. This organizational approach, used mainly to study work and occupations, consists of a conceptual framework derived from social systems theory and structural functionalism. The sensitizing concepts used from this framework were recruitment, socialization, and identity. In this study, I focused on the leisure group of clog dancers. My research questions, derived from this approach, include (1) How do clogging groups recruit their members? (2) How are people socialized into their role as cloggers and group members? (3) Do cloggers form a special identity because of this activity? Twenty cloggers were interviewed for this study. All of the dancers were white, and all but one were female. Most of the dancers were married, and their ages ranged from 20 to 69 years. All of the dancers have clogged for at least four years, and half of the dancers have been clogging for 10 or more years. Their educational levels covered a wide spectrum, from less than high school to Master's degrees. Occupational status and income level also varied widely. Through concept-driven interviews, the dancers indicated what they believed were important aspects of their leisure experiences. A majority of the dancers stated that they were recruited through social networks or by media influence. They experienced both formal and informal socialization in learning dance steps and how to perform as a team player in front of an audience. Finally, the dancers believed that they held a special identity because of their talents as a clogger. While each dancer derived different meanings from his/her identity as clogger, this identity appeared to be salient and psychologically central for all of the dancers interviewed. / Master of Science

Individuals within the United States Forest Service, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and state park systems were studied to determine their integrative orientation (general problem solving strategies). This orientation involves a preference for trying new ideas, working within a long time frame, generalizing in planning or managing, taking risks, working in close association with others, examining many aspects of a problem, working on difficult problems, developing a variety of skills, and working on problems requiring continual revision. An attempt was made to relate this orientation to education, major field of study, agency, time, tasks, level in the organization, important skills, and situations in which skills are acquired. The results, for the most part, were inconclusive. However, much of this can be attributed to the sampling procedure and the format of the questionnaire. Integrative orientation tested with skills thought to be important yielded significant results, with definite differences appearing between the groups. The overall pattern which developed showed that an individual with a high integrative ability feels that a wider varie y of skills is more important than does an individual with less integrative ability.

Social scientists express growing concern about man's capacity to achieve a state of existence greater than that of mere survival. "Popularizers" and writers of "social criticism" echo this concern. Obviously, because of scientific and technological changes, man's participation is needed less and less in the production of economic abundance. He is, therefore, to be free to engage in other pursuits. Awareness of this impending freedom challenges those intellectuals who wish to describe and to anticipate the direction and quality of man's total existence.