This study explores intersections between performance, race and masculinity within a variety of expressive cultural contexts during and after the African American Civil Rights Movement. I maintain that the work of James Baldwin is best situated to help us navigate this cross section, as his fiction and cultural criticism focus heavily on the stage in all its incarnations as a space for negotiating the possibilities and limits of expressive culture in combating harmful racial narratives imposed upon black men in America. My thesis begins with a close reading of the performers populating his story collection Going to Meet the Man (1965) before broadening my scope in the following chapters to include analyses of the diametric masculinities in the world of professional boxing and the black roots of the American punk movement. Engaging with theorists like Judith Butler, bell hooks and Paul Gilroy, Underground Men attempts to put these seemingly disparate corners of American life into a dynamic conversation that broadens our understanding through a novel application of critical race, gender and performance theories. Baldwin and his orbiting criticism remain the hub of my investigation throughout, and I use his template of black genius performance outlined in works like Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone (1967) and Just Above My Head (1977) to aid our understanding of how performance prescribes and scrambles dominant narratives about black men after the sexual revolution.

Over the fifty years from the end of the First World War, the experience of work in England was increasingly shaped by a concern for industrial welfare which manifested itself in various forms. Large-scale employers, in both the manufacturing and service sectors, often saw the provision of sports and recreational facilities as an important aspect of their commitment to industrial welfare and as a way of maintaining harmonious industrial relations. Sport, along with various recreational activities, increasingly provided a way of encouraging workers to identify with their employer; it was as important in this respect as the company outing or the annual dance. This thesis seeks to build on the existing historiography relating to the ‘sports and social’ side of corporate industrial welfare. Whereas historians to date have focussed on single companies or on a particular sector, it examines four separate case studies – two (Robinsons of Chesterfield and Raleigh of Nottingham) located in the manufacturing sector and two (Lyons and the Bank of England) located primarily in the service sector – to provide an account of this aspect of industrial welfare that is cross-sector in its scope. Company magazines, which played an important part in sustaining clubs and societies by publishing their activities, are the principal primary source used in each case. While underpinning previous work which has emphasised the commitment of employers to industrial welfare, it is argued here that workers themselves had an important part to play in the making of sports and social provision in factories and offices and other places of work, such as the catering establishments and hotels run by Lyons. Often the role of management was simply to respond positively to suggestions made by employees, providing the strategic support that enabled an activity to take off and then sustain itself. In all four case studies here the day-to-day organisation of particular activities was usually undertaken by interested employees. Thus, the characteristics of works-based recreation in a particular workplace could be shaped as much by ‘bottom-up’ initiatives as it was by ‘top-down’ directives. This especially applied to the numerous hobby or interest-based societies – amateur dramatic societies, camera clubs and horticultural societies, for example – which were an important feature of works-based recreation. It is argued here that the importance of such activities has been underestimated in studies to date. They have attracted less attention than company commitment to sport, for example, which manifested itself in the provision of expensive facilities. Yet, clubs and societies which could appeal to employees beyond the age at which most were likely to engage in sport were a relatively inexpensive way of extending the reach of an organisation’s welfare strategy. Accordingly, they are given substantial coverage here.

This thesis aims to explore the concept of developing a brand identity for Libya as a tourism destination. The author adopts a model proposed by Iliachenko (2005) to do this. The model is based upon a destination’s culture, history and nature in creating a destination brand identity. The author recognises that this model was proposed as an exploratory tool so he seeks to further explore its usefulness in the destination brand identity development process. Data collection for this thesis adopted a qualitative approach. This involved conducting semi-structured interviews with internal stakeholders in the Libyan tourism sector (Tourism Authority, tourism companies, academic staff, hotel company, Committee for the Preparation of Tourism Master Plan); this was complemented with document analysis. The results of the empirical study identify that the Iliachenko model was reviewed with great satisfaction by the respondents and they identified how Libya might be defined as a destination brand. They also saw a lot of merit in urgently adopting the model in developing a destination brand identity for Libya. The author, however, in analysing the findings, considers the Iliachenko model to be incomplete as a tool to enable a destination brand identity to be developed. To cover these deficiencies the author argues there is a need to add two new elements to the Iliachenko model to represent Libyan tourist destination brand identity, these are: people; and safety and security. In addition, for the model to be useful it must be applied within a political context, defined by processes of governance, economic structure the process of applying the model. In so doing a new model is thus proposed: The Alghalli destination brand identity pentagon (see figure 9.2). This thesis concludes that a tourist destination brand identity for Libya must include a ‘vision’ that promotes ‘Libya as a tourist destination that is safe, secure and also hospitable’. From this a destination brand identity can emerge that captures the personality elements of the destination of Libya as being ‘beautiful, quiet, safe and honest, welcoming and culturally diverse and of great age’. The contribution of this thesis is both practical and theoretical, and it finishes with the identification of areas of further research while the application of the new model in Libya and in different destination contexts.

Body image (BI) reflects how a person views his or her own body, and how one thinks, feels and acts toward it. This study examined the relationship of activity (sport vs. leisure) and gender to body image among adults aged 50 years and older. The sample included 182 Senior Olympians (79 men; 103 women) with a mean age of 65.5 years. Three scales measured the components of BI: the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS) measured affective BI, the Contour Rating Drawing Scale (CRDS) measured cognitive BI, and the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) measured behavioral BI. The Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS) measured satisfaction with appearance and functionality, and grip strength was used as a measure of body function. Women scored higher than men on the SPAS and the CRDS, indicating greater dissatisfaction with their affective and cognitive BI. Women also scored higher than men on the clothing and grooming behaviors of the BIAQ, while men scored higher on social avoidance. Sport participants scored higher than leisure participants on the grip strength test. Results suggest that gender differences in BI appear to persist into older adulthood. The results also suggest that the effects of sport on BI among older adults may depend in part on gender.

As a result of the increased flexibility of today’s jobs higher demands are being put on the individuals to on their own create a distinction between the different spheres of work and leisure. Free working conditions generate both possibilities and stress for the employees. This essay examines and analyses the impacts and consequences of boundless labor. The purpose is to study how HR-Managers perceive boundless work and its effects. The issues this essay is based upon examines HR-Managers demarcation between leisure and work, and also on their experience of how leisure, close relatives and well-being is affected by boundless work. Previous research regarding the subject has shown that the transition between work and leisure is very significant to avoid the boundaries of both work and leisure to collide, something that is very common when you work from home. The evolution of technology has made it possible to be connected and available around the clock, this is also the biggest factor to why work in today’s society is portable. The flexibility creates an unhealthy stress among the employees. This study, which is based on seven interviews with different HR-Managers, shows that the effects of boundless work is individual, but that it is also influenced by the culture of the workplace and their own spatial arrangement. The study also shows that boundless work primarily has a negative effect on the human well-being and that it is often through the stress of high workload this occurs. When it comes to the impact on leisure, it is clear that the family is prioritized before the individuals own private interests. / I och med ökad flexibilitet i dagens arbeten ställs högre krav på individen att på egen handskapa åtskillnad mellan de olika sfärerna arbetsliv och fritid. Fria arbetsvillkor genererar i sin tur både möjligheter och belastningar för medarbetarna. I den här uppsatsen undersöks effekterna av det gränslösa arbetet. Syftet är att studera hur HR-chefer hanterar gränslöst arbete samt hur de upplever att det påverkar det har på det övriga livet. De frågeställningar uppsatsen utgår ifrån undersöker HR-chefers gränsdragning mellan fritid och arbete samt hur de upplever att fritid, nära anhöriga och välmående påverkas av gränslöst arbete. Tidigare forskning om ämnet visar att skiftet mellan sfärerna arbete och fritid är av stor vikt för att undvika flytande gränser, vilket lätt uppkommer i samband med arbete i hemmet. Tekniken, som gör det möjligt att vara uppkopplad och tillgänglig dygnet runt, är den största bidragande faktorn till att arbetet idag är bärbart. Flexibiliteten skapar således en ohälsosam stress hos medarbetare. Denna studie, som baseras på sju kvalitativa intervjuer med HR-chefer, påvisar att det gränslösa arbetets påverkan på det övriga livet är individuellt, men att det influeras av såväl kulturen på arbetsplatsen som egna rumsliga arrangemang. Studien visar också att det gränslösa arbetet till största del påverkar välmåendet negativt och ofta via stress då arbetsbelastningen generellt är hög. När det gäller inverkan på fritiden är det tydligt att egentiden väljs bort före familjen.

The focus of many marketing studies is to understand the needs and anticipations of consumers and how they can be provided with positive experiences. In their efforts to understand the consumer, consumer behaviour researchers generally adopt a cognitive perspective, which propagates a rational, information processing approach to consumer behaviour (O’Shaughnessy and O’Shaughnessy, 2003). However, a unitary theory of consumption behaviour is undesirable because this restricts the way in which consumption behaviour can be studied (Foxall, 1990). As such, researchers need to use alternative theories in order to widen the scope of knowledge on consumer behaviour. Furthermore, within the field of consumer behaviour, emotional experience of consumers has become a prominent field of investigation. Richins (1997) concluded that the importance of emotions in consumer behaviour is well established. The question then is how researchers can attempt to understand the emotional experiences of consumers. This research is an attempt to understand consumption emotions of consumers with specific relevance to sports consumption. It uses an alternative psychological theory, personal construct theory, with which to understand and measure consumption emotions. Mixed methods research design is used comprising of repertory grid interviews and a quantitative survey to identify and understand the relevant emotions with regards to domestic one-day cricket spectators. The findings here show that six emotions are relevant in the cricket spectating context with most of these emotions having a strong relationship with both game experience and return intentions. This study contributes to existing knowledge on consumption emotions by demonstrating the use of an alternative approach to both measure and study consumption emotions. By using personal construct theory, the research has helped overcome some prevalent issues within consumption emotions literature. It has shown that emotions need to be understood at an individual level. Furthermore, it has demonstrated that rationality and emotions are part of the same process and provide support for conceptualising satisfaction as an emotion.

Orientadora: Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri Ortigoza / Banca: Antonio Cardoso Façanha / Banca: Ricardo José Gontijo Azevedo / Banca: Maria Dalva de Souza Dezan / Banca: Evelyn Monari Belo / Resumo: Esta pesquisa sobre a Geografia Urbana de Teresina tem como foco os espaços públicos de lazer da cidade, sua distribuição, apropriação, conservação. Como objetivo principal, buscou-se compreender como estão espacializados os espaços públicos de lazer em Teresina (PI), seus principais problemas e potencialidades e os específicos foram entender sua conservação, localização e utilização. O lazer tornase cada vez mais importante para a qualidade de vida das pessoas, uma vez que se tem atualmente uma rígida separação entre tempo do trabalho e tempo do lazer, nas cidades este ganha destaque, pois esta separação é ainda mais rígida. Os espaços públicos presentes nas cidades devem, portanto, de forma democrática, permitir o acesso ao lazer para todas as pessoas independente de sua classe social; isso porque o lazer passou a ser importante conteúdo da vida urbana. A vertente teórico/metodológica, centrada na dialética, permitiu uma análise dos espaços públicos de lazer de Teresina como um fenômeno social rico em contradições. Os procedimentos metodológicos adotados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa documental, observação, pesquisa de campo com a aplicação de questionários e entrevistas. O recorte espacial da pesquisa foi a cidade de Teresina, e a amostra utilizada foram dez bairros, sendo dois de cada zona da cidade, foram ainda analisados os espaços públicos de lazer maiores existentes na cidade. A análise empreendida nesta pesquisa permitiu observar que a cidade de Teresina ainda está muito carente no que diz respeito à existência, distribuição e estruturação de seus espaços públicos de lazer. Constatou-se que apesar de a sociedade teresinense ter diversificado suas formas de lazer, ao longo do tempo, as políticas urbanas no sentido de equipar os bairros de espaços públicos não têm sido eficazes. Além disso, existem outros entraves, como a falta de conservação dos espaços públicos... / Abstract: This research on the urban geography of Teresina, focuses on public recreational areas of the city, its distribution, appropriation, conservation. As a main goal, we sought to understand how the public leisure spaces in Teresina-PI are specialized, their main problems and potentialities. Leisure becomes increasingly important to life quality, since it currently has a strict separation between work time and leisure time, this is highlighted in the cities, because this separation is even more rigid. The public spaces of cities, therefore, should in a democratic manner, allow access to recreation for all people regardless of their social class, this because leisure has become an important content of urban life. The theoretical and methodological strand focused on dialectics allowed an analysis of public recreational areas of Teresina as a social phenomenon, rich in contradictions. The methodological procedures adopted were: literature review, documentary research, observation, field research with questionnaires and interviews. The spatial area of research was the city of Teresina, and the sample used were 10 districts two in each area of the city, the largest leisure public spaces existing in the city were further analyzed. The analysis undertaken in this study allowed us to observe that the city of Teresina is still very needy regarding the existence, distribution and structuring of its public spaces for leisure. It was verified that although the society has diversified its forms of leisure over time, urban policies towards equipping the neighborhoods with public spaces have not been effective. In addition, there are other barriers such as lack of maintenance of existing public spaces and urban violence that puts people off of these places / Doutor

Orientador: Gisele Maria Schwartz / Resumo: Para que possam ser adequadamente desenvolvidas as vivências no âmbito do lazer e para que ocorra a apropriação deste fenômeno como direito social, se faz necessário dispor, gerir e difundir os espaços públicos nas cidades. Entretanto, nem sempre esses processos ocorrem de forma eficiente na Gestão Pública, deixando a população sem a devida informação a respeito dos espaços adequados para as práticas esportivas e sobre o direito ao lazer. Na perspectiva de contribuir para minimizar essa defasagem de informações, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e mapear os espaços públicos de esporte e de lazer pertencentes à Prefeitura Municipal de Rio Claro/SP, bem como, analisar suas formas de apropriação. O estudo, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolveu-se por meio da união de pesquisa de revisão sistemática, de pesquisa documental e de pesquisa exploratória, com base na técnica de observação. Os dados coletados durante a pesquisa exploratória foram analisados descritivamente, pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados foram apresentados em dois artigos, o primeiro, referente à revisão sistemática, apresentou dados relativos aos estudos que abordam as temáticas envolvendo gestão, políticas públicas e espaços nos contextos do esporte e do lazer e demonstrou que, embora essa temática seja abordada nos diversos estudos acadêmicos analisados, os espaços públicos e a gestão dos mesmos são abordados de forma secundária, necessitando maior atenção. O segundo artigo, foi provenien... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In order for leisure experiences to be properly developed and appropriated as a social right, it is necessary to manage and disseminate public spaces in cities. However, these procedures do not always occur efficiently in Public Management, leaving the population without proper information about the spaces appropriate for sports practices and their right to leisure. With the aim of helping minimize this information gap, the objective of the present study was to identify and map sports and leisure public spaces that belong to the City Hall of Rio Claro / SP as well as to analyze their forms of appropriation. This study had a qualitative nature and it was developed through the gathering of systematic reviews, documentary and exploratory researches, based on the Observation Technique. Data collected during the exploratory research were descriptively analyzed using the Content Analysis Technique. The results were presented in two articles, the first one, referring to the systematic review, presented data on the themes involving management, public policies and spaces in the contexts of sports and leisure, and demonstrated that, although this theme is addressed in several academic studies analyzed, public spaces and their management are addressed in a secondary way, requiring more attention. The second article came from the data derived from documentary research, from the mapping and from the analysis of the public spaces of sport and leisure in the city of Rio Claro – SP, and brou... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A pesquisa Famílias no museu de arte: lazer e conhecimento um estudo sobre o programa educativo Interar-te do MAC USP teve como objetivo investigar as motivações dos adultos que optam por proporcionar a crianças e jovens, nos momentos de lazer de sua família, atividades de cunho cultural e educativo e, com isso, observar os desdobramentos destas iniciativas na formação e na criação do hábito de frequentação de museus de arte de todos os envolvidos. Foi selecionado para estudo de caso o programa Interar-te do Museu de Arte Contemporânea da Universidade de São Paulo. Este programa uma das ações de extensão universitária da Divisão Técnico-Científica de Educação e Arte do MAC USP tem como público-alvo famílias e é realizado aos sábados, uma vez ao mês, entre janeiro e novembro; foi criado a partir de uma demanda institucional para a sede do Museu no Parque Ibirapuera, que é muito frequentado aos finais de semana pelas opções de lazer que oferece. Para compreensão do contexto da pesquisa, foram delimitados os conceitos de lazer e de família e abordados princípios sobre educação em museus de arte. Utilizou-se metodologias de análise qualitativa de pesquisa e outras informações complementares foram obtidas através de instrumentos quantitativos direcionados à amostra selecionada para estudo. Constatou-se que há influências da família de origem sobre os adultos na criação de seus hábitos de frequentação de programações artístico-culturais, assim como destes sobre suas próprias famílias, considerando-se a delimitação do perfil que a amostra representa; e, ainda, que o programa educativo Interar-te do MAC USP promove ensino e aprendizagem em artes visuais a diferentes faixas etárias e promove integração entre os membros das famílias que o frequentam. / The research Families in the museum of art: leisure and knowledge a study about the Interar-te Educational Program from MAC USP aims to investigate the motivation of adults who provide their children with cultural and educational activities during their families leisure time, in order to observe the impact of these initiatives on the habit of attending museums of art among these family members. A program called Interar-te, which is developed by the Museum of Contemporary Art of the University of São Paulo (MAC USP), was chosen for this case study. This Program, whose target audience is directed to parents and their children, is held once a month, on Saturdays, between January and November, and is one of the university extension activities provided by the Technical-Scientific Division of Education and Art of MAC USP. It was created to supply an institutional demand of the Museums headquarters, located at Ibirapuera Park, which is a park that receives lots of visitors on weekends because of the leisure options it offers. The concepts of leisure and family were approached, and the principles related to education in art museums were approached in order to provide a better comprehension of the research context. The research was based on methodologies for qualitative research analysis, and other complementary information was collected by using quantitative tools, which were directed to the sample selected for the study. Considering the delimitation of the sample profile, we verified that families play an influential role on adults in relation to the construction of their habits of attending cultural-artistic programs, and that these habits also influence their own families. We also concluded that the Interar-te Educational Program of MAC USP promotes teaching and learning concerning visual arts for people of different ages and promotes integration among the family members who visit the Museum.

Thesis advisor: Christopher P. Wilson / Growing up F. Scott Fitzgerald longed to be a part of the leisure class with whom he socialized and was educated. However, born into a middle class family and destined to be a writer, he never achieved that goal. This preoccupation with the leisure class continued into adulthood and was reflected in his works of fiction. In his writing he repeatedly depicts the outsider, a middle class character who by the means of monetary wealth hopes to rise in society. Through his relationship with the object, this outsider attempts to become a part of the elite and is rejected. Mannerisms and social codes that can only be learned by high birth restrict this individual from reaching social heights. The new wealth of the 1920's creates a paradox for the outsider. The object that the leisure class possesses is easily attainable, however, the upward movement it promises is still out of reach. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2004. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English. / Discipline: College Honors Program.