Background: Research on nursing practice has highlighted a relationship between non-nursing tasks (NNTs), nursing tasks left undone (NTLU), and internationally it was found that these factors have an effect on job satisfaction. Since the last study done on NNTs and NTLU in 1988, much has changed in South Africa`s health system. Current South African studies have revealed that decreased numbers of PNs in South Africa experience satisfaction. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction on both individual PN level and unit level in South Africa, and contributes to the international debate. Aim: To investigate the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction among professional nurses (PNs) in medical and surgical units in private and public hospitals in South Africa. Method: A cross-sectional survey design was used including 1166 PNs in 60 medical and surgical units in 55 private hospitals and seven national referral hospitals in South Africa who completed the survey. Measures: Relationships between NNTs, NTLU, job satisfaction and aspects of job satisfaction. Results: The three main NNTs performed were filling-in for non-nursing services (d=0.47), cleaning patient’s rooms and equipment (d=0.48) and obtaining supplies and equipment (d=0.64). Nationally more than 50% of PNs reported the following NTLU – comfort/talk with patients (62.2%), educating patients and family (57.9%) and develop or update nursing care plans/pathways (51.6%). PNs in private hospitals are more satisfied with their jobs than PNs in public hospitals. PNs were most dissatisfied with the opportunities for advancement (M = 2.60) and educational opportunities (M=2.64) aspects of job satisfaction. At unit level, NTLU positively correlated with three NNTs, and job satisfaction correlated mostly and negatively with NTLU. Conclusion: South African PNs perform many NNTs. However, the performance of NNTs does not influence their job satisfaction to the extent the NTLU does. Although PNs in this study indicated that NNTs do not have a significant influence on NTLU, it may reveal a greater issue, in that PNs have grown accustomed to performing NNTs as part of their workload. Clarifying professional nurses’ scope of practice and increased use of support services may provide PNs with more time to conduct nursing tasks which should improve job satisfaction. Recommendations for practice, education, policy/orientation programmes and research are made from the findings of this study. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Providing mental health care to involuntary mental health care users (MHCUs) is challenging and an ethical adversity nurses often have to deal with. The literature, in general, indicates that nurses might possess coping and resiliency in the work environment where they are often faced with adversities. However there is a paucity of information regarding the resilience of nurses providing mental health care (MHC) to involuntary MHCUs. Therefore the research objectives explored the resilience of nurses using the Connor-Davidson scale (CD-RISC), to explore and describe how nurses cope and strengthen their resilience in providing MHC to involuntary MHCUs and to formulate guidelines to strengthen the resilience of these nurses to provide quality nursing care in the work environment where MHCUs are often involuntarily admitted. To achieve these objectives, the research followed both a qualitative and quantitative approach and an exploratory and descriptive design which was contextual in nature. A convenience sampling method was used to achieve a sample size of 28 participants, who were handed questionnaires to complete, containing demographical information, the CD-RISC and a narrative. A response rate of 85.7% was reached. Quantitative data was analysed by using the SPSS programme while data from narratives, for the qualitative data, were grouped and themed. The results in the first phase indicated that resiliency was high amongst participants, as the mean score of the CD-RISC was 79.9 out of a total score of 100; whilst only one participant scored below 50. The mean for the highest scores was on item 25 (pride in your achievements) (3.8) and item 10 (best effort no matter what) (3.6) and two critical aspects which scored low were item 18 (make unpopular or difficult decisions) and item 19 (can handle unpopular feelings) (2.3) amongst participants. Interestingly, the majority of participants (66.7%) do not have training in psychiatric nursing. In the second phase, two themes were identified from the questions. The first theme “Coping mechanisms” identified four methods to cope with involuntary MHCUs. These subthemes are “support system”, “knowledge, skills and experience”, “nurse-patient relationship” and “spirituality and selfcare”. The second theme “Resilience strategies” brought forth five subthemes as follows: “support”, “trained staff”, “security measures and safety”, “teamwork” and “in-service training and education”. Conclusions suggest that nurses are resilient to provide MHC for involuntary MHCUs. Furthermore, they take pride in their achievements and have passion for their work. On the contrary, they find it difficult to make unpopular decisions which affect others and to handle unpleasant feelings. This is indicative of internal conflict and difficulty in being assertive. Nurses take pride in their achievements and want to give nursing care that’s in the best interest of the MHCUs whilst they feel that they might not always be able to do so due to the involuntary nature of the MHCUs admission and treatment. Recommendations for nursing practice, namely guidelines to strengthen the resilience of nurses providing mental health care to involuntary MHCUs could be developed from the research findings. Facilitating assertiveness and a supportive environment might strengthen resilience and should be addressed by management and supervisors. Recommendations for nursing education and further research were also formulated. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Background: Research on nursing practice has highlighted a relationship between non-nursing tasks (NNTs), nursing tasks left undone (NTLU), and internationally it was found that these factors have an effect on job satisfaction. Since the last study done on NNTs and NTLU in 1988, much has changed in South Africa`s health system. Current South African studies have revealed that decreased numbers of PNs in South Africa experience satisfaction. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction on both individual PN level and unit level in South Africa, and contributes to the international debate. Aim: To investigate the relationship between NNTs, NTLU and job satisfaction among professional nurses (PNs) in medical and surgical units in private and public hospitals in South Africa. Method: A cross-sectional survey design was used including 1166 PNs in 60 medical and surgical units in 55 private hospitals and seven national referral hospitals in South Africa who completed the survey. Measures: Relationships between NNTs, NTLU, job satisfaction and aspects of job satisfaction. Results: The three main NNTs performed were filling-in for non-nursing services (d=0.47), cleaning patient’s rooms and equipment (d=0.48) and obtaining supplies and equipment (d=0.64). Nationally more than 50% of PNs reported the following NTLU – comfort/talk with patients (62.2%), educating patients and family (57.9%) and develop or update nursing care plans/pathways (51.6%). PNs in private hospitals are more satisfied with their jobs than PNs in public hospitals. PNs were most dissatisfied with the opportunities for advancement (M = 2.60) and educational opportunities (M=2.64) aspects of job satisfaction. At unit level, NTLU positively correlated with three NNTs, and job satisfaction correlated mostly and negatively with NTLU. Conclusion: South African PNs perform many NNTs. However, the performance of NNTs does not influence their job satisfaction to the extent the NTLU does. Although PNs in this study indicated that NNTs do not have a significant influence on NTLU, it may reveal a greater issue, in that PNs have grown accustomed to performing NNTs as part of their workload. Clarifying professional nurses’ scope of practice and increased use of support services may provide PNs with more time to conduct nursing tasks which should improve job satisfaction. Recommendations for practice, education, policy/orientation programmes and research are made from the findings of this study. / MCur, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The handling of gradient calculations on non-orthogonal meshes in the Finite Volume Method (FVM) is important in the modelling of complex geometries, since different implementation methods have an influence on the accuracy and the stability of the solution. The application in the current study is the numerical solution of heat conduction in a complex geometry. It finds relevance in many engineering applications such as the Micro-Channel Heat Exchanger (MCHE) that acts as a recuperator in a High Temperature Reactor (HTR) power generation cycle. A program based on the FVM was developed in Excel for the solution of the diffusion equation on a non-orthogonal mesh. A test case of heat conduction in a rectangular block, meshed with a tetrahedral mesh, was solved with the Excel code. The same test case was solved with OpenFOAM. The results of the two codes were compared. Small differences were found and their origins were traced to slightly different implementation methods. Knowledge of the differences in implementation between the two codes resulted in a better understanding of the aspects that influenced accuracy and stability. Computations on meshes with the presence of mesh skewness and non-orthogonal mesh lines at boundaries were performed and an accompanying decrease in accuracy was observed. The results showed that the standard FVM as implemented in the Excel code and in OpenFOAM will need advanced methods to compensate for mesh skewness and non-orthogonality found at boundaries. During the study, a deeper knowledge and understanding was gained of the challenge of obtaining accurate solutions of heat conduction on non-orthogonal meshes. This knowledge may lead to the overall improvement of the simulation of heat transfer models in general and for the MCHE specifically. / Thesis (MIng (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The handling of gradient calculations on non-orthogonal meshes in the Finite Volume Method (FVM) is important in the modelling of complex geometries, since different implementation methods have an influence on the accuracy and the stability of the solution. The application in the current study is the numerical solution of heat conduction in a complex geometry. It finds relevance in many engineering applications such as the Micro-Channel Heat Exchanger (MCHE) that acts as a recuperator in a High Temperature Reactor (HTR) power generation cycle. A program based on the FVM was developed in Excel for the solution of the diffusion equation on a non-orthogonal mesh. A test case of heat conduction in a rectangular block, meshed with a tetrahedral mesh, was solved with the Excel code. The same test case was solved with OpenFOAM. The results of the two codes were compared. Small differences were found and their origins were traced to slightly different implementation methods. Knowledge of the differences in implementation between the two codes resulted in a better understanding of the aspects that influenced accuracy and stability. Computations on meshes with the presence of mesh skewness and non-orthogonal mesh lines at boundaries were performed and an accompanying decrease in accuracy was observed. The results showed that the standard FVM as implemented in the Excel code and in OpenFOAM will need advanced methods to compensate for mesh skewness and non-orthogonality found at boundaries. During the study, a deeper knowledge and understanding was gained of the challenge of obtaining accurate solutions of heat conduction on non-orthogonal meshes. This knowledge may lead to the overall improvement of the simulation of heat transfer models in general and for the MCHE specifically. / Thesis (MIng (Nuclear Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The aim of the research was to study the effect of child sexual abuse on the non–accused parent/guardian's psycho–social functioning. To reach this aim, the following objectives were set: * Objective 1: To establish the non–accused's reaction to disclosure of sexual abuse of their child. * Objective 2: To investigate the extent in which the parent/guardian's psycho–social functioning was influenced by the disclosure of the sexual abuse. * Objective 3: To research the influence the disclosure of the sexual abuse had on the relationship between the child involved and the parent/guardian. * Objective 4: To investigate the outcome of the cases following the disclosure of the sexual abuse and to determine whether actions had been taken against the alleged perpetrators and whether they were at all legally prosecuted. The research was primarily based on in–depth interviews with the non–accused parents from the case loads of a welfare organisation in Randfontein. The results of the research were reported on, based on main themes and sub–themes linked to the four objectives. Regarding theme one (1), it was found that the majority of non–accused parents/guardians reacted exceptionally negatively following the disclosure of the sexual abuse in that they experienced extremely negative emotions. Theme two's (2) information was also obtained through the self–designed questionnaire. The effect of the disclosure on the non–accused parents/guardians' psycho–social functioning was studied. It was found that their psychological, emotional, financial and physical functioning was negatively affected. Theme three's (3) information was also obtained by means of the self–designed questionnaire. The relationship and bond between the child involved and the non–accused parent/guardian was investigated. It was found that the relationships between the children involved and the parents/guardians were negatively affected following the disclosure of the sexual abuse in that they experienced feelings of rejection, anger, anxiety and depression. Theme four's(4) was also obtained via self–designed questionnaires. The outcome of the disclosure was investigated. It was established that the caring situations of the children involved following the disclosure had not been significantly affected. Furthermore, it was found that the non–accused parents/guardians had not taken sufficient legal steps and that the alleged perpetrators had not been legally prosecuted in all the cases. In summary it can be stated that this research has proven that the child's sexual abuse has a negative effect on the psycho–social functioning on the non–accused parent/guardian's functioning. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The aim of the research was to study the effect of child sexual abuse on the non–accused parent/guardian's psycho–social functioning. To reach this aim, the following objectives were set: * Objective 1: To establish the non–accused's reaction to disclosure of sexual abuse of their child. * Objective 2: To investigate the extent in which the parent/guardian's psycho–social functioning was influenced by the disclosure of the sexual abuse. * Objective 3: To research the influence the disclosure of the sexual abuse had on the relationship between the child involved and the parent/guardian. * Objective 4: To investigate the outcome of the cases following the disclosure of the sexual abuse and to determine whether actions had been taken against the alleged perpetrators and whether they were at all legally prosecuted. The research was primarily based on in–depth interviews with the non–accused parents from the case loads of a welfare organisation in Randfontein. The results of the research were reported on, based on main themes and sub–themes linked to the four objectives. Regarding theme one (1), it was found that the majority of non–accused parents/guardians reacted exceptionally negatively following the disclosure of the sexual abuse in that they experienced extremely negative emotions. Theme two's (2) information was also obtained through the self–designed questionnaire. The effect of the disclosure on the non–accused parents/guardians' psycho–social functioning was studied. It was found that their psychological, emotional, financial and physical functioning was negatively affected. Theme three's (3) information was also obtained by means of the self–designed questionnaire. The relationship and bond between the child involved and the non–accused parent/guardian was investigated. It was found that the relationships between the children involved and the parents/guardians were negatively affected following the disclosure of the sexual abuse in that they experienced feelings of rejection, anger, anxiety and depression. Theme four's(4) was also obtained via self–designed questionnaires. The outcome of the disclosure was investigated. It was established that the caring situations of the children involved following the disclosure had not been significantly affected. Furthermore, it was found that the non–accused parents/guardians had not taken sufficient legal steps and that the alleged perpetrators had not been legally prosecuted in all the cases. In summary it can be stated that this research has proven that the child's sexual abuse has a negative effect on the psycho–social functioning on the non–accused parent/guardian's functioning. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Esta tese objetiva explicar a persistência e o fim da inflação no Brasil a partir de um enfoque institucionalista. Mais especificamente, faz uma análise dos Planos Cruzado e Real com base nos referenciais teóricos da Teoria da Regulação, do antigo institucionalismo de Veblen e da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), com especial atenção à visão de Douglass North. A partir do referencial teórico da Teoria da Regulação, observa-se a contribuição das formas institucionais de estrutura nos anos 1980 e 1990 para a persistência e o fim da inflação. Do ponto de vista do institucionalismo vebleniano, observa-se que as formas institucionais de estrutura, na década de 1980, contribuíram para consolidar o que se denominou de hábito inflacionário, presente no Brasil ao longo de sua história, mas que ganhou maior relevância na segunda metade dessa década e início dos anos 1990. Frente a esse hábito, formado a partir de um ambiente de seleção e adaptação que ganha relevância mais significativa quando a incerteza aumenta, explicamos o resultado do Plano Cruzado, incapaz de eliminar o hábito compartilhado de reajustar preços. Fez-se necessária a adoção de uma série de transformações (formas institucionais) para a eliminação do hábito inflacionário e o sucesso do Plano Real, que continuaria a processar significativas transformações na economia nacional. Do ponto de vista da Nova Economia Institucional, trabalhamos o conceito de moeda como uma instituição fundamental nas economias de mercado. Nesse contexto, a configuração das formas institucionais e a formação do hábito inflacionário transformaram a moeda nacional em uma instituição ineficiente (que não cumpria adequadamente suas funções) que não desapareceu porque foram criados os mecanismos de indexação como complementares às suas funções. No esquema de mudança institucional de Douglass North, fica claro que o Plano Cruzado fracassou porque não foi capaz de alterar as crenças dos agentes, fruto de anos de convivência com uma economia inflacionária. Por outro lado, o Plano Real teve êxito porque, além de ter sido elaborado em um novo contexto de formas institucionais e de eliminação do hábito inflacionário, alterou a crença dos agentes em relação à moeda nacional em um momento em que a própria convivência com a inflação havia se tornado difícil. / This thesis aims at explaining the persistence and the end of inflation in Brazil from an institutionalist approach. More specifically, analyses the Cruzado and Real Plans based on the theoretical framework of the Theory of Regulation, Veblen‘s old institutionalism and the New Institutional Economics (NIE), with special attention to the vision of Douglass North. From the Theory of Regulation theoretical framework we observed the contribution of institutional forms of structure in the years 1980 and 1990 for the persistence and end of inflation. From the Veblenian institutionalism point of view, it is observed that the institutional forms of structure, in the 1980s, helped consolidate what was called inflationary habit. This is present in Brazil throughout its history but gained greater prominence in the second half of this decade and early 1990s. Facing this habit, formed from an environment of selection and adaptation that gains a more significant relevance when the uncertainty increases, we explain the result of the Cruzado Plan which was unable to eliminate the shared habit of readjusting prices. It was necessary to adopt a series of transformations (institutional forms) to eliminate the inflationary habit and to enable the success of the Real Plan, which would continue to handle significant changes in the national economy. From the perspective of the New Institutional Economics, we worked with the concept of money as a fundamental institution in market economies. In this context, the configuration of institutional forms and the formation of inflationary habit transformed the national currency in an inefficient institution (that did not fulfilled its functions properly) which did not disappeared because indexation mechanisms were created as complementary to its functions. In Douglass North scheme of institutional change, it is clear that the Cruzado Plan failed because it was not able to change the agents‘ beliefs, a result of years of living with an inflationary economy. On the other hand, the Real Plan was successful because, besides having been prepared in a new context of institutional forms and elimination of inflationary habit, changed the agents belief towards the national currency at a time when the coexistence with inflation itself had become difficult.

Esta tese objetiva explicar a persistência e o fim da inflação no Brasil a partir de um enfoque institucionalista. Mais especificamente, faz uma análise dos Planos Cruzado e Real com base nos referenciais teóricos da Teoria da Regulação, do antigo institucionalismo de Veblen e da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), com especial atenção à visão de Douglass North. A partir do referencial teórico da Teoria da Regulação, observa-se a contribuição das formas institucionais de estrutura nos anos 1980 e 1990 para a persistência e o fim da inflação. Do ponto de vista do institucionalismo vebleniano, observa-se que as formas institucionais de estrutura, na década de 1980, contribuíram para consolidar o que se denominou de hábito inflacionário, presente no Brasil ao longo de sua história, mas que ganhou maior relevância na segunda metade dessa década e início dos anos 1990. Frente a esse hábito, formado a partir de um ambiente de seleção e adaptação que ganha relevância mais significativa quando a incerteza aumenta, explicamos o resultado do Plano Cruzado, incapaz de eliminar o hábito compartilhado de reajustar preços. Fez-se necessária a adoção de uma série de transformações (formas institucionais) para a eliminação do hábito inflacionário e o sucesso do Plano Real, que continuaria a processar significativas transformações na economia nacional. Do ponto de vista da Nova Economia Institucional, trabalhamos o conceito de moeda como uma instituição fundamental nas economias de mercado. Nesse contexto, a configuração das formas institucionais e a formação do hábito inflacionário transformaram a moeda nacional em uma instituição ineficiente (que não cumpria adequadamente suas funções) que não desapareceu porque foram criados os mecanismos de indexação como complementares às suas funções. No esquema de mudança institucional de Douglass North, fica claro que o Plano Cruzado fracassou porque não foi capaz de alterar as crenças dos agentes, fruto de anos de convivência com uma economia inflacionária. Por outro lado, o Plano Real teve êxito porque, além de ter sido elaborado em um novo contexto de formas institucionais e de eliminação do hábito inflacionário, alterou a crença dos agentes em relação à moeda nacional em um momento em que a própria convivência com a inflação havia se tornado difícil. / This thesis aims at explaining the persistence and the end of inflation in Brazil from an institutionalist approach. More specifically, analyses the Cruzado and Real Plans based on the theoretical framework of the Theory of Regulation, Veblen‘s old institutionalism and the New Institutional Economics (NIE), with special attention to the vision of Douglass North. From the Theory of Regulation theoretical framework we observed the contribution of institutional forms of structure in the years 1980 and 1990 for the persistence and end of inflation. From the Veblenian institutionalism point of view, it is observed that the institutional forms of structure, in the 1980s, helped consolidate what was called inflationary habit. This is present in Brazil throughout its history but gained greater prominence in the second half of this decade and early 1990s. Facing this habit, formed from an environment of selection and adaptation that gains a more significant relevance when the uncertainty increases, we explain the result of the Cruzado Plan which was unable to eliminate the shared habit of readjusting prices. It was necessary to adopt a series of transformations (institutional forms) to eliminate the inflationary habit and to enable the success of the Real Plan, which would continue to handle significant changes in the national economy. From the perspective of the New Institutional Economics, we worked with the concept of money as a fundamental institution in market economies. In this context, the configuration of institutional forms and the formation of inflationary habit transformed the national currency in an inefficient institution (that did not fulfilled its functions properly) which did not disappeared because indexation mechanisms were created as complementary to its functions. In Douglass North scheme of institutional change, it is clear that the Cruzado Plan failed because it was not able to change the agents‘ beliefs, a result of years of living with an inflationary economy. On the other hand, the Real Plan was successful because, besides having been prepared in a new context of institutional forms and elimination of inflationary habit, changed the agents belief towards the national currency at a time when the coexistence with inflation itself had become difficult.

Esta tese objetiva explicar a persistência e o fim da inflação no Brasil a partir de um enfoque institucionalista. Mais especificamente, faz uma análise dos Planos Cruzado e Real com base nos referenciais teóricos da Teoria da Regulação, do antigo institucionalismo de Veblen e da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), com especial atenção à visão de Douglass North. A partir do referencial teórico da Teoria da Regulação, observa-se a contribuição das formas institucionais de estrutura nos anos 1980 e 1990 para a persistência e o fim da inflação. Do ponto de vista do institucionalismo vebleniano, observa-se que as formas institucionais de estrutura, na década de 1980, contribuíram para consolidar o que se denominou de hábito inflacionário, presente no Brasil ao longo de sua história, mas que ganhou maior relevância na segunda metade dessa década e início dos anos 1990. Frente a esse hábito, formado a partir de um ambiente de seleção e adaptação que ganha relevância mais significativa quando a incerteza aumenta, explicamos o resultado do Plano Cruzado, incapaz de eliminar o hábito compartilhado de reajustar preços. Fez-se necessária a adoção de uma série de transformações (formas institucionais) para a eliminação do hábito inflacionário e o sucesso do Plano Real, que continuaria a processar significativas transformações na economia nacional. Do ponto de vista da Nova Economia Institucional, trabalhamos o conceito de moeda como uma instituição fundamental nas economias de mercado. Nesse contexto, a configuração das formas institucionais e a formação do hábito inflacionário transformaram a moeda nacional em uma instituição ineficiente (que não cumpria adequadamente suas funções) que não desapareceu porque foram criados os mecanismos de indexação como complementares às suas funções. No esquema de mudança institucional de Douglass North, fica claro que o Plano Cruzado fracassou porque não foi capaz de alterar as crenças dos agentes, fruto de anos de convivência com uma economia inflacionária. Por outro lado, o Plano Real teve êxito porque, além de ter sido elaborado em um novo contexto de formas institucionais e de eliminação do hábito inflacionário, alterou a crença dos agentes em relação à moeda nacional em um momento em que a própria convivência com a inflação havia se tornado difícil. / This thesis aims at explaining the persistence and the end of inflation in Brazil from an institutionalist approach. More specifically, analyses the Cruzado and Real Plans based on the theoretical framework of the Theory of Regulation, Veblen‘s old institutionalism and the New Institutional Economics (NIE), with special attention to the vision of Douglass North. From the Theory of Regulation theoretical framework we observed the contribution of institutional forms of structure in the years 1980 and 1990 for the persistence and end of inflation. From the Veblenian institutionalism point of view, it is observed that the institutional forms of structure, in the 1980s, helped consolidate what was called inflationary habit. This is present in Brazil throughout its history but gained greater prominence in the second half of this decade and early 1990s. Facing this habit, formed from an environment of selection and adaptation that gains a more significant relevance when the uncertainty increases, we explain the result of the Cruzado Plan which was unable to eliminate the shared habit of readjusting prices. It was necessary to adopt a series of transformations (institutional forms) to eliminate the inflationary habit and to enable the success of the Real Plan, which would continue to handle significant changes in the national economy. From the perspective of the New Institutional Economics, we worked with the concept of money as a fundamental institution in market economies. In this context, the configuration of institutional forms and the formation of inflationary habit transformed the national currency in an inefficient institution (that did not fulfilled its functions properly) which did not disappeared because indexation mechanisms were created as complementary to its functions. In Douglass North scheme of institutional change, it is clear that the Cruzado Plan failed because it was not able to change the agents‘ beliefs, a result of years of living with an inflationary economy. On the other hand, the Real Plan was successful because, besides having been prepared in a new context of institutional forms and elimination of inflationary habit, changed the agents belief towards the national currency at a time when the coexistence with inflation itself had become difficult.