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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
231

Nástěnné malby v augustiniánském klášteře v Třeboni / The mural paitings in the Augustinian monastery in Třeboň

Vrchotová, Michaela January 2012 (has links)
TITLE: The mural paintings in the Augustinian monastery in Třeboň AUTHOR: Michaela Vrchotová DEPARTMENT: Department of Art History SUPERVISOR: Prof. PhDr. Ing. Jan Royt, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: The subject of this thesis are the mural paintings in St. Giles church and the former monastery of Augustinian Canons in Třeboň, which date from the last quarter of the 14th century until the late Middle Ages and the onset of Renaissance at the beginning of the 16th century. The main objective was to gather all available information that could contribute to elucidating the period context of the creation of the mural paintings in the monastery of Třeboň. The intended output was, to the extent of objective possibilities, an art historical analysis of the works, backed by all the researched facts, and the assessment of the significance of Rosenberg donators and of their links to the imperial court. The extent of preservation and the possibilities for assessment of the artistic quality of the individual mural images form a relatively broad range. The mural paintings were divided into three time periods and the pictures that were the focus of the thesis stand as interesting period documents, not only from the artistic, but also from the cultural point of view, and as such they deserve a place in the history of Třeboň monastery...
232

Vznik a zánik členství v družstvu / Creation and termination of membership in cooperative

Netušil, Jiří January 2012 (has links)
CREATION AND TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP IN COOPERATIVE Summary The theme of the thesis is Creation and termination of membership in cooperative. Cooperative as a legal entity is one type of an association of people for some specific purpose which is characterized by them. Any cooperative cannot be without its members. Therefore the legal amendment of membership's creation and termination in cooperative creates very important legal amendment part in cooperatives. The thesis, which has introductory and closing chapter too, is divided into five chapters which are arranged by way, whose goal is to give a systematic explanation of creation and termination of membership in cooperative in the Czech Republic. The thesis includes relevant decisions of the Czech courts and opinions from books and articles. The introductory chapter contains the main purposes of the thesis. The first and second chapters are a common introduction to the law of cooperatives. The first chapter provides a brief historical law sources explanation of cooperatives and valid legal amendment of cooperatives. It pays attention on a bill which includes a new legal amendment of cooperatives. The comparison between Czech and German legal cooperatives amendments is a part of this chapter too. The second chapter explains basic terms which are...
233

Propriétés anti-angiogéniques d'un fragment dérivé du collagène V : mécanismes moléculaires et perspectives thérapeutiques / Anti-angiogenic properties of a collagen V-derived peptide : molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives

Manuel, Rachel 08 January 2013 (has links)
La matrice extracellulaire joue un rôle très important dans la régulation de l’angiogenèse en procurant un support dans la formation des vaisseaux, en délivrant des facteurs endogènes pro- ou anti-angiogéniques. Nous avons montré que l’hypoxie induit une surexpression du gène COL5A1 dans les cellules endothéliales. Le laboratoire a identifié un fragment issu du collagène V, noté HEPV, qui contient un site de liaison à l’héparine, et qui montre des propriétés anti-angiogéniques remarquables. En effet, ce fragment est capable d’inhiber la prolifération et la migration des cellules endothéliales vasculaires et leur maturation en tubes endothéliaux. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’HEPV est capable d’empêcher la phosphorylation de ERK1/2 et de Akt induite par le FGF-2 et donc la réponse aux stimuli mitogènes induits par FGF-2. De plus, une étude transcriptomique réalisée sur des cellules endothéliales traitées ou non par HEPV a révélé que HEPV est capable d’induire l’expression de COL4A1 et COL18A, gènes codant pour des collagènes qui peuvent aussi être clivés et libérer des facteurs anti-angiogéniques. Finalement, nous avons utilisé un modèle d’angiogenèse murin afin de valider in vivo l’activité anti-angiogénique d’HEPV. Ces expériences montrent que le peptide injecté en intraveineuse s’accumule au site d’angiogenèse en se fixant sur les vaisseaux en formation, et est capable d’inhiber l’angiogenèse induite par le FGF-2, alors qu’un peptide contrôle muté sur le site de liaison à l’héparine n’a aucun effet. Ce peptide est capable également d’inhiber efficacement l’angiogenèse tumorale, une inhibition qui se traduit par un ralentissement de la croissance de la tumeur / The basement membrane plays an important role in angiogenesis by providing support necessary for blood vessel formation and supplying endogenous pro- and anti-angiogenic factors that condition the endothelial cells behavior. CoLV is present at the vicinity of endothelial cell basement membrane? We previously showed that a fragment derived from COLV a1, named HEPV, contains a functional heparin binding site, inhibits specifically endothelial cell proliferation and migration and disrupts endothelial tube formation. Prolonged treatment with HEPV results in the activation of collagen IV a1 and collagene XVIII a1 expression, the parental molecules of the anti-angiogenic fragments arresten and endostatin respectively. Heparin binding sites have been involved in the regulation of FGF2-induced angiogenesis. Soluble HEPV significantly inhibits phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT in FGF2-stimuled endothelial cells. Moreover, in vivo experimentation using the mouse angiogenesis subcutaneous sponge assay shows that HEPV accumulates at angiogenic sites and inhibits FGF-2-induced angiogenesis. HEPV also significantly lowers intra-tumoral angiogenesis and tumor xenograft growth in nude mice. We also showed that hypoxia, the major angiogenesis-inducing factor, induces Collagen V production by endothelial cells and the release of a fragment encompassing HEPV into the culture medium. Finally, the released of HEPV-containing fragments in vivo was attested by the immunodetection of the fragment with specific antibodies in human breast cancer in which collagen V is overexpressed. Collectively, our results qualify HEPV as a new endogenous regulator angiogenesis with possible application in cancer therapy
234

Formulation des différents bétons (BAP, BHP et BFUP) à haute teneur en additions minérales : optimisation pour améliorer le coulage, la résistance au jeune âge et la durabilité des bétons / Formulation of different concretes (SCC, HPC and UHPFRC) with high content mineral additions : optimization to improve casting, early-age strength and durability of concrete

Benaicha, Mouhcine 25 November 2013 (has links)
L'industrie du béton est une source importante d'émissions de gaz CO2 lors de la production de ciment. Une des solutions proposées à l'industrie de la construction est de remplacer le ciment par des matières premières secondaires moins polluantes (ex : filler calcaire, fumée de silice), qui peuvent également améliorer les caractéristiques rhéologiques du liant et accroître la durabilité du béton.Le but principal de cette thèse est donc de : (1) standardiser la formulation de béton issue des différents travaux de recherche publiés tout en assurant une bonne compréhension de ses propriétés rhéologiques; (2) adapter ces principes aux conditions de réalisation (prise en compte des caractéristiques des matériaux locaux utilisés); et (3) vérifier dans le laboratoire ou sur le terrain la viscosité plastique et le seuil d’écoulement des bétons.Outre les moyens expérimentaux classiques nous avons utilisé, dans notre étude, un autre moyen de caractérisation rhéologique : c’est l’écoulement de béton dans un V-Funnel couplé à un canal horizontal en plexiglas. Dans un premier temps nous cherchons à comprendre la corrélation entre la viscosité et les paramètres rhéologiques de béton en se basant sur des modèles proposés dans la littérature. À partir de là, nous cherchons à présenter le modèle qui décrit le comportement de béton. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une corrélation théorique entre la viscosité plastique du béton frais et le temps d’écoulement dans le V-Funnel, puis nous comparons cette solution théorique avec des mesures expérimentales rapportées dans la littérature. / The concrete industry is an important source of carbon dioxide gas emissions during cement production. One of the proposed solutions to the construction industry is to replace the cement by less polluting secondary raw materials (e.g. limestone filler, silica fume), which can also improve the rheological properties of binder and increase the concrete durability.Thus, the development of self-compacting concrete can be seen as an attempt to reduce the environmental impact of the construction. Similarly, the structure optimization also aims at reducing the quantity (in volume) of concrete and is reflected in the use of high performance concrete and ultra performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPC and UPFRC).The most widely adopted approach to quantify these rheological properties is to experimentally measured the shear stress versus strain rate using a concrete rheometer.In addition to traditional experimental tests such as the V-funnel, spread, sieve stability and L box, in our study we used another test of rheological characterization: it is the flow of concrete in a V-Funnel and then in a horizontal channel Plexiglas.The main purpose of this thesis is to: (1) standardize the concrete formulation outcome of various research works published while ensuring a good understanding of its rheological properties, (2) adapt these principles to the realization conditions (taking into account characteristics of local materials used), and (3) check, in the laboratory or in the field, the plastic viscosity and the flow threshold of concrete.
235

Zabezpečení žen v těhotenství a mateřství a ochrana jejich práce / Social security of women during pregnancy and maternity and protection of their work

Pavlíková, Tereza January 2018 (has links)
Social security of women during pregnancy and maternity and protection of their work Abstract The diploma thesis deals with the security of women during pregnancy and motherhood and the safety of their work. The whole work illustrates the development of social security in the Czech Republic, in particular the current situation of social security with the main focus on pregnant women and parents taking care of their children. The diploma thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter deals with the historical development of social security in the territory of the Czech Republic, in particular the development in the 20 century which is decisive for the current state of social security in the Czech Republic. The second chapter focuses on the international context of social security. The Czech Republic is a member state of several international organisations whose legislation has a significant impact on our social area. Therefore, this chapter is also devoted to international organisations and international law regulations focused on the social area, in particular on the rights of social security. The third chapter, which is the most extensive, is dedicated to the social security of women during pregnancy and motherhood. It deals with the security arising from both the sickness insurance system and the...
236

[en] EVALUATION OF THE MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GIRTH WELDING OF AN API 5L X80 STEEL TUBE BY SEMI-AUTOMATIC WELDING PROCESSES WITH GAS SHIELDING / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO DA MICROESTRUTURA E PROPRIEDADES MECÂNICAS DA SOLDAGEM CIRCUNFERENCIAL DO AÇO API 5L X80 POR PROCESSOS DE SOLDAGEM SEMI-AUTOMÁTICOS COM PROTEÇÃO GASOSA

RICHARD ZACARIAS SANZ DURAND 04 December 2007 (has links)
[pt] O presente trabalho avalia a evolução da microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas devido à influência do aporte de calor exercido por um procedimento de soldagem que utilizou sequencialmente dois processos de soldagem sobre um tubo de aço API 5L X80, fabricado pelo processo UOE, de um aço produzido por laminação controlada sem resfriamento acelerado. A soldagem foi realizada em um tubo de 20 de diâmetro nominal e 3/4 de espessura, fixado na posição horizontal simulando condições de campo, usando o processo MAG de curtocircuito de corrente controlada com gás de proteção CO2 (100%) para o passe de raiz e o processo por Arame Tubular com proteção gasosa Ar - CO2 (80% - 20%) para os demais passes. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas segundo os ensaios mecânicos exigidos na norma API 1104, além dos ensaios de microdureza Vickers e de impacto Charpy V. As mudanças microestruturais na Zona Afetada Termicamente e Material de Solda foram avaliadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia óptica. A avaliação mecânica segundo a norma API 1104 foi reprovada, onde os resultados dos ensaios de tração e Nick-Break foram aceitos e o ensaio de dobramento lateral um corpo-de-prova apresentou uma trinca superior ao comprimento máximo aceitável. Os resultados da microdureza foram aceitáveis e o resultado do impacto Charpy V, segundo a norma DNV-OS-F101, para a temperatura de 0 °C foi insatisfatório na região do metal de solda dos passes de acabamento. A região da ZTA apresentou maior energia de impacto quando comparado com o material de base à temperatura de 0 °C, embora com presença do microconstituinte A-M. / [en] The present work evaluates the changes in the microstructural and mechanical properties of an API 5L X80 steel tube due to the influence of heat input exerted during a welding procedure that used two sequential welding processes. The tubes were manufactured using the UOE process, from steel that was produced by controlled rolling without accelerated cooling. The welding was carried out on a 3/4 thick and 20 nominal diameter pipe, while it was held in a horizontal position in order to simulate field conditions, using a controlled short circuit GMAW process with CO2 (100%) gas shielding for the root pass and a flux cored arc welding process with Ar-CO2 (80% - 20%) gas shielding for the other passes. The evaluation of the mechanical properties was done by means of mechanical tests according to the API 1104 standard, in addition to the Vickers microhardness and Charpy V-notch tests. The changes in the microstructure of the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and the welded metal were evaluated by means of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. The mechanical evaluation was unsatisfactory according to the API 1104 standard, while the tensile and Nick-Break test results were acceptable. The side bend test showed a crack in a specimen that exceeded the maximum acceptable value. The Vickers microhardness results were acceptable and the Charpy V-notch result, according to the DNV-OS-F101 standard, at a temperature of 0 °C, was unsatisfactory in the weld metal region of the over cap. The HAZ region showed greater energy of impact absorption compared to the base metal, at a temperature of 0 °C, even with existence of the microconstituent M-A.
237

Complexos de oxovanádio(V) com ligantes hidrazonas bioativos: síntese, caracterização estrutural e estudo da potencial atividade tripanocida / Oxovanadium(V) complexes with bioactive hydrazones ligands: synthesis, structural characterization and study of the potencial trypanocidal activity

Carroccia, Murilo César 11 April 2014 (has links)
A doença de Chagas, também chamada de tripanossomíase americana é a terceira doença parasítica mais presente no mundo, perdendo apenas para malária e esquistossomose. As terapias existentes atualmente para essa tripanossomíase são insatisfatórias e pouca atenção tem sido dada para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos. Os medicamentos utilizados atualmente apresentam boa atividade apenas na fase inicial da doença e geram efeitos colaterais severos nos pacientes. <br /> As hidrazonas representam uma classe de compostos imínicos de grande versatilidade estrutural e importante atividade biológica em diversos níveis, sendo observados resultados de atividade tripanocida interessantes de hidrazonas coordenadas a rutênio. Por outro lado, complexos com oxovanádio coordenado a derivados de quinoxalinas apresentam melhores atividades do que os ligantes na forma livre e que complexos formados por essas quinoxalinas com outros metais. <br /> Esse trabalho buscou unir as propriedades biológicas das hidrazonas e vanádio de forma a obter complexos com boa atividade tripanocida. Foram sintetizados dois ligantes hidrazonas derivados da 2-tiofenofenohidrazida, e através dos mesmos foram desenvolvidos dez novos complexos de oxovanádio (V). Os produtos foram caracterizados por ponto de fusão, análise elementar, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e do UV-Vis., ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN 1H) e difração de raios X em monocristal, sendo obtidos três classes de complexos. Duas classe são formadas por complexos com ligantes mistos, na forma [VO(L)(OR)] com R=metil, etil, n-propil e L=hidrazona, e na forma [VO(L)(mal)] com L=hidrazona e mal= pirona maltol. Outra classe obtida é formada por binucleares de oxovanádio na forma [(VOL)2(&mu;-O)] com L=hidrazona e os centros de vanádio ligados por uma ponte &mu;-oxo. As estruturas obtidas para os complexos mistos com os alcóxidos e para os dímeros apresentam geometria piramidal quadrática distorcida, enquanto que os complexos mistos com maltol apresentam geométrica octaédrica distorcida. <br /> Ensaios in vitro contra cepas de T. cruzi mostraram resultados interessantes (SI iguais ou maiores que 10) para que continue a exploração dos tipos de complexos formados e novos ensaios biológicos devem ser realizados para verificar o mecanismo de ação e a atividade in vivo desses compostos, com intuito de obter um novo fármaco antichagásico baseado em vanádio no futuro. / Chagas disease, also called American trypanosomiasis is the third most present parasitic disease in the world. The existing therapies for this trypanosomiasis are unsatisfactory and a little attention has been given to the development of new drugs. The drugs currently used exhibit good activity only in the early phase of the disease and generate severe side effects in patients. <br /> Hydrazones represent a class of iminic compounds with good structural variability and important biological activity at various levels, and interesting results of trypanocidal activity are observed for hydrazones coordinated to ruthenium. On the other hand, complexes with oxovanadium coordinated to quinoxaline derivatives have better activities than the free ligands and complexes with other metals coordinated to that quinoxalines. <br /> This study aimed to unite the biological properties of hydrazones and vanadium to obtain complexes with good trypanocidal activity. Two hydrazones ligands derived from 2- tiofenofenohidrazida were synthesized, and through that ligands, ten new complexes of oxovanadium (V) were developed. The products were characterized by melting point, elemental analysis, infrared and UV - Vis. spectroscopies, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and single crystals x-ray diffraction. Three classes of complexes were obtained. Two of them are formed by complexes with mixed ligands, one at [VO(L)(OR) ] form, with R = methyl , ethyl , n- propyl and L = hydrazone , and the other one with the [VO(L)(mal)] empirical form, with L = hydrazone and mal = pyrone maltol. Another class consists of binuclear oxovanadium complexes obtained at [(VOL)2(&mu;-O)] form, with L = hydrazone and the vanadium centers connected by a &mu;-oxo bridge. The structures obtained for the mixed complexes with the alkoxides and dimers have quadratic distorted pyramidal geometry, while the mixed maltol complexes have distorted octahedral geometry. <br /> In vitro assays against T. cruzi strains showed interesting results (SI equal to or greater than 10) to continue the exploration of the types of complexes formed and new biological tests must be conducted to verify the mechanism of action and in vivo activity of these compounds, in order to obtain a new vanadium-based antichagasic drug in the future.
238

Estudo da influência de elementos transponíveis nos genomas das algas C. reinhardtii e V. carteri / Influence of transposable elements in the genomes of C. reinhardtii and V. carteri algae

Philippsen, Gisele Strieder 28 March 2014 (has links)
Elementos transponíveis (TEs) são sequências de DNA que possuem a capacidade de transposição no genoma hospedeiro. O principal objetivo deste trabalho reside na investigação em torno de possíveis contribuições de TEs nos genomas das algas C. reinhardtii e V. carteri, mais especificamente, na arquitetura dos genes ortólogos nestas espécies. Neste contexto, análises em sílico em larga escala foram realizadas, buscando-se identificar associações entre TEs e os genes ortólogos. Os resultados indicaram que os genes em C. reinhardtii tendem a acumular mais cópias de TEs em relação aos seus ortólogos em V. carteri. C. reinhardtii apresentou maior densidade de cópias de TEs para as regiões flanqueadora 5´ , flanqueadora 3´ e intrônica quando comparada a V. carteri; o inverso foi verificado quando analisada a densidade de TEs nas regiões codificantes. Análises para apurar a distribuição dos elementos em regiões intergênicas e intragênicas foram estabelecidas, nas quais a frequência observada dos elementos foi comparada à frequência esperada segundo a distribuição randômica de TEs no genoma, simulada computacionalmente. Foram constatadas regiões em que a presença dos elementos encontra-se significativamente abaixo do esperado, a exemplo de intervalos adjacentes ao início e ao término dos genes, o que provavelmente reflete a seleção negativa de eventos de integração nestas delimitações, em virtude dos efeitos deletérios associados à disrupção de estruturas de regulação da expressão gênica. De forma geral, nas regiões flanqueadoras 5´ e 3´, foi identificada a tendência de elevação da frequência padronizada de TEs à medida que a classe de distância avaliada se distancia do início e do término do gene, respectivamente. A baixa representatividade dos elementos também foi constatada em regiões intragênicas. O estudo da distribuição de TEs nos íntrons dos genes ortólogos indicou a preservação destas regiões quanto à fixação de TEs, sendo a representatividade abaixo do esperado mais evidente em intervalos adjacentes ao éxon, o que minimiza a chance de ruptura no padrão de splicing dos genes. Em sequências codificantes, a escassez de TEs - esperada devido ao provável efeito deletério destes eventos para a função do gene - foi constatada nos ortólogos das duas espécies. No entanto, inovações decorrentes da integração dos elementos em regiões codificantes podem resultar em efeitos evolutivos positivos, embora estes eventos sejam raros. Nas espécies analisadas foram identificados dois casos, de especial interesse, em que um domínio da sequência peptídica encontra-se localizado em região derivada de TE: o primeiro refere-se ao gene Cre06.g262800, em C. reinhardtii, no qual foi identificado o domínio PHD-finger associadao ao elemento Gypsy-5-LTR_CR; o segundo remete ao gene Vocar20001092m.g, em V. carteri, no qual o domínio zinc knuckle foi reconhecido em região derivada do elemento Gypsy3-LTR_VC. Estes genes constituem exemplos da contribuição de TEs na evolução de sequências codificadoras nas espécies C. reinhardtii e V. carteri, corroborando a hipótese de que os TEs podem contribuir na evolução da arquitetura dos genes, apesar do efeito disruptivo inerente à integração dos mesmos em regiões gênicas. / Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences able to transpose in the host genome. The aim of this study resides in the investigation of TEs contributions in the algae C. reinhardtii and V. carteri genomes, more specifically in the architecture of orthologous genes in these species. In this context, large scale in silico analysis were performed to identify associations between TEs and orthologous genes. The results indicated that genes in the C. reinhardtii specie tend to accumulate more TEs copies than orthologous genes in V. carteri. C. reinhardtii showed higher density of TEs copies in the 5´ flanking, 3´ flanking and intronic regions when compared to V. carteri; the opposite was observed in coding regions. Investigation of the elements distribution in the intergenic and intragenic regions was performed, in which the observed TE frequency was compared to expected TE frequency from the simulated random distribution of the elements in the genome. It was verified regions where TE frequency was significantly lower than expected, as in gene boundaries adjacencies, probably reflecting a negative selection of the TE integration events in these delimitations due to deleterious effects associated with disruption of gene regulatory structures. In general terms, it was observed an increasing standardized frequency in the 5´ and 3´ flanking regions as the distance from gene start and gene end, respectively, increases. TEs underrepresentation was also verified in the intragenic regions. The study of TEs distribution in the introns of orthologous genes revealed the preservation of these structures in relation to TEs fixation, with a stronger underrepresentation near exon, which minimizes the chance of gene splicing pattern disruption. In the coding sequences, the TEs scarcity - expected due the likely deleterious effects to gene function - was verified in the orthologous of both species. However, in rare instances, innovations mediated by TEs integration in the coding regions can lead to positive evolutionary effects. In the species analyzed two instances of particular interest were observed, in which the domain of peptide sequence is located in the region derived from TE. The first one refers to the Cre06.g262800 gene, in the C. reinhardtii specie, which has a PHD-finger domain associated with Gypsy-5-LTR_CR element. The second one refers to the Vocar20001092m.g gene, in V. carteri, in which the zinc knuckle was recognized in region derived from Gypsy3-LTR_VC element. These genes are examples of TEs contributions in the evolution of coding sequences in the C. reinhardtii and V. carteri species, corroborating the hypothesis that TEs can contribute to the evolution of gene architecture, despite the inherent disruptive effect in their integration in the gene regions.
239

Estudo de incorporações de impurezas doadoras em estruturas semicondutoras III-V crescidas por epitaxia por feixes moleculares. / Study of incorporations of donor impurities in III-V semiconductor structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy.

Notari, Airton Carlos 29 April 1993 (has links)
Amostras de Semicondutores III-V foram crescidas usando a técnica de Epitaxia por feixes Moleculares. As propriedades elétricas das estruturas de GaAs com dopagem planar com Silício foram investigadas, e também a saturação e a difusão do Silício nestas amostras. As propriedades ópticas e elétricas das estruturas dopadas planarmente com Selênio foram analisadas, usando as técnicas de Capacitância-voltagem e a de Tunelamento resonante. As propriedades elétricas dos poços quânticos a base de InGaAs/GaAs foram investigadas, em função da posição da impureza planarmente dopada com Silício. / III-V semiconductor samples were grown using the Molecular beam epitaxy technique, the electrical properties of the GaAs structures planar doped with silicon were investigated as well as the Silicon saturation and diffusion in these samles. The optcal and electrical properties of structures planar doped with Selenium were analyzed using the Capacitance Voltage and resonant Tunneling techniques. The electrical properties of InGaAs/ GaAs based quantum wells were investigated as a function of the planar doped with Silicon impurity position.
240

Intégration de matériaux III-V à base d’arséniures et d’antimoniures pour la réalisation de transistors TriGate et NW à haute mobilité / Integration of III-V materials with arsenides and antimonides for the production of TriGate transistors and high mobility NWFET

Cerba, Tiphaine 24 October 2018 (has links)
La miniaturisation des transistors a progressé par noeud technologique avec l’introduction successive de nouveaux matériaux (high k) et de nouvelles architectures (FinFET, NWFET). Pour les noeuds technologiques avancés, une nouvelle rupture en matériau est envisagée pour remplacer le Silicium du canal de conduction par des matériaux à forte mobilité (2D, III-V). Les matériaux III-V sont de bons candidats pour répondre à cette problématique grâce à leur forte mobilité de type n (InGaAs, InAs, InSb) ou de type p (GaSb). Au cours de cette thèse, un intérêt particulier a été porté au couple de matériaux InAs/GaSb, qui offre un avantagesupplémentaire de par son accord de paramètre de maille permettant d’accéder dans une même structure à des couches de mobilités n et p. La croissance de matériau III-V directement sur substrat (001)-Si 300mm est aujourd’hui un challenge d’intérêt majeur pour proposer des procédés compatibles avec les plateformes industriels CMOS. Ces croissances restent complexes à cause de la formation de défauts : parois d’antiphase, dislocations, fissures ; générées respectivement par la différence depolarité, de paramètre de maille et de coefficient d’expansion thermique, entre le Silicium et les matériaux III-V. Dans cette thèse nous présentons une première démonstration de croissance par MOVPE de GaSb directement sur substrat (001)-Si nominal 300mm compatible avec les plateformes industrielles CMOS. Les couches de GaSb présentent une rugosité de surface sub-1nm, et une qualité cristalline au niveau de l’état de l’art en MBE. La croissance d’une couche d’InAs a ensuite permis la réalisation d’un démonstrateur FinFET à canaux multiples d’InAs. Ce derniera été élaboré via une technique lithographique alternative à haute résolution basée sur l’utilisation de copolymère à bloc. Ce procédé simple pour réaliser des canaux de conduction permet d’accéder à une forte densité de fils, de faibles dimensions, et en seulement cinq étapes de fabrication. / The transistors’s miniaturization evolved through technological nodes with the successive introduction of new materials (high k) and new architectures (FinFET, NWFET). For the advanced technological nodes, a new break in material is considered to replace the silicon of the conduction channel with high mobility materials (2D, III-V). III-V materials are good candidates to address a solution to this problem thanks to their n-type (InGaAs, InAs, InSb)or p-type (GaSb) high mobility. During this PhD, a particular interest has been given to the InAs/GaSb pair of materials, which offers an additional advantage by its lattice parameter agreement making it possible to access n-type and p-type high mobility layers in the same structure.Nowadays, the growth of III-V materials directly on (001) -Si 300mm substrates is a challenge of major interest to develop industrial platforms compatible processes. These growths remain complex because of defects formation: antiphase boundaries, dislocations, cracks; generated respectively by the difference in polarity, lattice mismatch and difference in thermal expansion coefficient, between the silicon and III-V materials. In this PhD, we present a first demonstration of GaSb growth by MOVPE directly on nominal (001) -Si 300mm substrate compatible with industrial platforms. The GaSb layers have a sub-1nm surface roughness, and an equal to MBE state of the art crystalline quality. The growth of a InAs layer then allowed the realization of an InAs FinFET multi-channel demonstrator. The latter was developed via a high resolution alternative lithographic technique based on the use of block copolymer. This simple method for producing conduction channels makes it possible to access a high density of wires, of small dimensions, and in only five manufacturingsteps.

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