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The title of this diploma thesis is as follows: CMNI in theory and its practical implementation in the Danube region. CMNI stands for "Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway." This convention was adopted in a diplomatic conference in 2000. It entered into force in the year 2005. So far, it has been ratified by 15 European countries. All countries with connection to the Danube River, except Austria and the Ukraine, have ratified the CMNI until January 2011. The goal of this convention is to set up unified regulations for the carriage of goods by inland waterways. After a short introduction of some terms concerning inland navigation, the thesis gives a summary of the convention's content. After these theoretical chapters the thesis analyzes and evaluates the effect of the CMNI on the market situation of inland navigation companies which are operating in the Danube region. The results of the empirical analysis of 16 transportation companies, with place of business in the EU and operating on the Danube river, show that the CMNI is a convention with a more symbolic than practical or financial value. However, the CMNI has been past-due for decades. Thus the CMNI is seen as a seed towards a more unified law on carriage of goods by inland navigation. As a result of the researched findings, the thesis favors the ratification of the CMNI by Austria. Nevertheless, it is suggested that the convention can only be fruitful in combination with numerous measures, such as the modernization of harbors along the Danube, the elimination of nautical bottlenecks, an increase of subsidies and improved public relation work by the market participants. (author's abstract) / Series: Schriftenreihe des Instituts für Transportwirtschaft und Logistik - Verkehr

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Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich zunächst mit den Entwicklungen des Lauterkeitsrechts auf europäischer Ebene. Einführend werden zunächst das lauterkeitsrechtlich relevante Primärrecht und Sekundärrecht dargestellt. Im Folgenden geht die Verfasserin anhand signifikanter Beispiele auf die zu beobachtende Liberalisierungsentwicklung im „europäischen Lauterkeitsrecht“ ein, um im Anschluss daran die zentrale Frage zu beantworten, ob und inwiefern sich durch europarechtliche Vorgaben – vor allem durch die Richtlinie über unlautere Geschäftspraktiken (RL 2005/29/EG) – Restriktionen für den Wettbewerb ergeben. / The thesis deals with the development of European unfair competition law. First there is given a summary of the relevant primary and secondary law. Subsequently the author describes the ascertainable liberalizing progress in this regard whereby the statements are based on some significant examples. After this the author works on the main question of the thesis whether and to what extend the European guidelines - especially the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive - induce restrictions for competition. Finally and overall this question is denied.

Von der breiteren Öffentlichkeit kaum bemerkt, bahnt sich in der Zivilrechtspflege möglicherweise eine „kleine“ Revolution an. Ausgelöst wird diese durch die Richtlinie über die alternative Streitbeilegung in Verbraucherangelegenheiten (ADR-Richtlinie), die eigentlich bereits zum Sommer 2015 hätte umgesetzt werden sollen. Die Richtlinie verpflichtet die Mitgliedstaaten, ein flächendeckendes Netz von Streitbeilegungsstellen für Verbraucher einzurichten. Damit könnte die ADR-Richtlinie die Art und Weise, wie Konflikte zwischen Verbrauchern und Unternehmern beigelegt werden, grundlegend verändern. Die traditionelle Form der verbraucherrechtlichen Streitbeilegung ist bislang der Zivilprozess. Vor- wie Nachteile der justizförmigen Konfliktbeilegung sind hinlänglich bekannt. So zählen zu ihren Vorzügen die hohe Kompetenz und die Unparteilichkeit der Entscheider, denen als Nachteile die lange Dauer der zivilgerichtlichen Verfahren sowie unverhältnismäßig hohen Kosten für die Rechtsverfolgung gegenüberstehen. Diese traditionelle justizförmige Konfliktbewältigung soll nunmehr durch die Einrichtung von ADR-Stellen ergänzt werden, die einen für die Parteien unverbindlichen und für den Verbraucher kostenfreien Lösungsvorschlag erarbeiten, der in nicht wenigen Fällen eine zivilprozessuale Auseinandersetzung überflüssig machen dürfte. Die ADR-Richtlinie wird in Deutschland durch ein Verbraucherstreitbeilegungsgesetz (VSGB) umgesetzt, das im Wesentlichen im April 2016 in Kraft tritt. Die Arbeit erläutert die Rechtsgrundlagen der ADR-Richtlinie und des VSBG. Die zentralen Regelungen werden vorgestellt und kritisch analysiert. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei darauf, wie das Instrument in Bezug auf den allgemeinen Justizgewährleistungsanspruch und vor allem auch rechtspolitisch zu bewerten ist. Es wird damit eine hochaktuelle Fragestellung behandelt und auch ein Grundstein für weitere aufkommende rechtliche sowie rechtspolitische Problemstellungen gelegt. / Almost unnoticed by the general public, a “small“ revolution might be in the making concerning the civil justice system. This is caused by the Directive on alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes (Directive on consumer ADR), which the member states were actually supposed to transpose by summer 2015. The Directive obliges member states to establish an EU-wide network of dispute resolution entities for consumers. Thus, the Directive on consumer ADR could fundamentally change the way conflicts between consumers and traders are settled. To date, the traditional model of consumer dispute resolution has been civil litigation. Advantages and disadvantages of judicial conflict resolution are adequately familiar. Some of its advantages are the high level of competence and impartiality of the decision-makers, whereas the length of civil procedures and disproportionate costs arising from the assertion of rights are disadvantages. The plan is to supplement this traditional method of judicial conflict resolution with the establishment of ADR entities, which develop a non-binding proposed solution free of charge for the consumer that will make civil procedure unnecessary in numerous cases. The Directive on consumer ADR is transposed into German legislation by means of the Verbraucherstreitbeilegungsgesetz (Law on Dispute Reso-lution for Consumers, VSBG), which will essentially come into force in April 2016. The present study explains the legal bases of the Directive on consumer ADR and the VSBG. The essential regulations are presented and analyzed critically. A focal point is the evaluation of the instrument with regard to legal policy, as well as the general right of access to justice. Therefore, it addresses a highly topical issue and lays a foundation stone for other arising legal and legal policy problems.

Das vorliegende Handbuch bietet vertiefende Informationen zur Individualbeschwerde nach dem Fakultativprotokoll zum Internationalen Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte. Das Handbuch richtet sich in erster Linie an Praktiker/innen, die in ihrer Arbeit mit Menschenrechtsverletzungen konfrontiert sind, insbesondere Rechtsanwälte und Rechtsanwältinnen sowie Menschenrechtsorganisationen. In umfassender, aber komprimierter Form gibt es zuverlässige Hilfestellung bei der Einlegung einer Beschwerde. Darüber hinaus ist das Handbuch auch für Mitarbeitende in Ministerien, Universitäten und sonstigen Einrichtungen geeignet, die sich mit der Materie vertraut machen wollen. (Autorenreferat)

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo buscar uma rede polissêmica para a preposição alemã über. Esta dissertação insere-se nos estudos de semântica cognitiva, mais precisamente nas pesquisas de polissemia. Para a semântica cognitiva, há polissemia quando um mesmo item lexical tem diferentes significados que são necessariamente relacionados e formam um continuum. O modelo utilizado para a análise da rede semântica é o método de Polissemia Sistemática que os pesquisadores Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans (2003) desenvolveram para o estudo das preposições de língua inglesa. Neste estudo os autores definem critérios para encontrar o sentido primário de uma preposição a partir do qual são gerados os demais sentidos. Por meio desses critérios, o modelo de Tyler e Evans pôde ser adaptado para estabelecer a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã über. A fim de determinar quais sentidos fazem parte da rede semântica de über, foi feito um levantamento de suas acepções em gramáticas e dicionários de língua alemã. Após este levantamento, utilizamos os critérios propostos por Tyler e Evans para montar a rede semântica de über. Por fim, foi constituído um corpus formado por textos de jornais alemães, para atestar se esses sentidos são realmente correntes e observar se há novos usos da preposição über que ainda não foram incorporados aos dicionários. / The aim of the present research is to find a polysemous network for the German preposition über. This work pertains in the studies of Cognitive Semantics, more precisely in the research of polysemy. For the cognitive semantics, polysemy is when the same lexical item has different meanings which are necessarily related and form a continuum. The model used for the analysis of the semantic network is the method of Principled Polysemy that researchers Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2003) developed for the study of prepositions in English. In this study the authors define criteria for finding the primary sense of a preposition from which the other senses are generated. By means of these criteria, the model of Tyler and Evans could be adapted to establish the polysemous network of the German preposition über. In order to determine which senses are part of the semantic network of über, a survey was made of its meanings in grammars and dictionaries of the German language. After this survey, we used the criteria proposed by Tyler and Evans to build the semantic network of über. Finally, it was constituted a corpus composed of texts from German newspapers, to attest that these meanings are really current and observe whether there are new uses of the preposition über not yet incorporated into the dictionaries.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo buscar uma rede polissêmica para a preposição alemã über. Esta dissertação insere-se nos estudos de semântica cognitiva, mais precisamente nas pesquisas de polissemia. Para a semântica cognitiva, há polissemia quando um mesmo item lexical tem diferentes significados que são necessariamente relacionados e formam um continuum. O modelo utilizado para a análise da rede semântica é o método de Polissemia Sistemática que os pesquisadores Andrea Tyler e Vyvyan Evans (2003) desenvolveram para o estudo das preposições de língua inglesa. Neste estudo os autores definem critérios para encontrar o sentido primário de uma preposição a partir do qual são gerados os demais sentidos. Por meio desses critérios, o modelo de Tyler e Evans pôde ser adaptado para estabelecer a rede polissêmica da preposição alemã über. A fim de determinar quais sentidos fazem parte da rede semântica de über, foi feito um levantamento de suas acepções em gramáticas e dicionários de língua alemã. Após este levantamento, utilizamos os critérios propostos por Tyler e Evans para montar a rede semântica de über. Por fim, foi constituído um corpus formado por textos de jornais alemães, para atestar se esses sentidos são realmente correntes e observar se há novos usos da preposição über que ainda não foram incorporados aos dicionários. / The aim of the present research is to find a polysemous network for the German preposition über. This work pertains in the studies of Cognitive Semantics, more precisely in the research of polysemy. For the cognitive semantics, polysemy is when the same lexical item has different meanings which are necessarily related and form a continuum. The model used for the analysis of the semantic network is the method of Principled Polysemy that researchers Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans (2003) developed for the study of prepositions in English. In this study the authors define criteria for finding the primary sense of a preposition from which the other senses are generated. By means of these criteria, the model of Tyler and Evans could be adapted to establish the polysemous network of the German preposition über. In order to determine which senses are part of the semantic network of über, a survey was made of its meanings in grammars and dictionaries of the German language. After this survey, we used the criteria proposed by Tyler and Evans to build the semantic network of über. Finally, it was constituted a corpus composed of texts from German newspapers, to attest that these meanings are really current and observe whether there are new uses of the preposition über not yet incorporated into the dictionaries.

This study examines what Busoni meant by "formal deficiencies" when he described his 1884 version of Chopin Variations, and reveals that changes made to the 1884 version during its process of revision in 1922 correct the "formal deficiencies" and show a fundamental change in Busoni's compositional style and perception of musical motion. Including a detailed analysis of the modifications, omissions, and additions made to the 1922 version (including an examination of the Chopin Prelude in C minor, op. 28, No. 20 as a theme to reveal aspects of its construction used in the variation process), which shows how these changes affect the work's compositional structure.

Die Dissertation behandelt den Regelungsbedarf des deutschen Gesetzgebers zur Anpassung des deutschen Aktienrechts im Hinblick auf den Vorstand vor dem Hintergrund der am 08. Oktober 2001 verabschiedeten und am 10. November desselben Jahres im Amtsblatt der EG veröffentlichten Verordnung (EG) Nr. 2157/2001 über das Statut der Europäischen Gesellschaft (SE). Die Arbeit betrachtet zunächst die genannte Verordnung im System des Europäischen sowie des deutschen Rechts und stellt anschließend die allgemeinen Grundlagen des Regelungsbedürfnisses des deutschen Gesetzgebers dar, so insbesondere Grundsätzliches zur Verweisungstechnik und zu den einzelnen Verweisungsarten. Nach Darlegung der Beschränkungen und der zu beachtenden Grundsätze im Rahmen der Anpassungen des nationalen Rechts werden die zu regelnden Bereiche und der konkrete Regelungsbedarf des deutschen Gesetzgebers in einem SE-Ausführungsgesetz dargestellt. Dabei werden sowohl das dualistische wie auch das im deutschen Aktienrecht bisher unbekannte monistische Verwaltungsmodell untersucht und verschiedene Änderungen und Ergänzungen des bestehenden deutschen Rechts erörtert. / The thesis looks at the demand for regulation for the German legislator to adjust the German stock companies law regarding the board of management to the EC-Regulation No. 2157/2001 on the Societas Europaea. The thesis first deals with the mentioned EC Regulation and, then, describes the basic demands for adjustment, fundamental techniques and ways of reference. After explaining the limits and principles which have to be considered adjusting German national law, the scope and demands for regulation in a German SE-Execution Act is described, in particular the so far in German stock companies law unknown monistic model of administration as well as other necessary alterations and additions to German law.