Persekiojimas dėl lyties pastaruoju metu yra vienas iš problematiškiausių pabėgėlių teisės aspektų, kadangi persekiojimo dėl lyties pagrindas 1951 m. Ženevos konvencijoje tiesiogiai nėra įtvirtintas, o pastaruoju metu ypač pagausėjo prieglobsčio prašymų pagrįstų persekiojimu dėl lyties, tačiau vieningos nuomonės šiuo klausimu vis dar nėra, o gausėjanti persekiojimo dėl lyties teisminė praktika reikalauja tam tikrų standartų suformulavimo. Atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad nors teoriškai persekiojimas dėl lyties apima tiek vyrų, tiek moterų persekiojimą, tačiau šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje susiklostė praktika, kad didžioji dauguma persekiojimo dėl lyties aukų yra moterys ir mergaitės, kurios susiduria su persekiojimu dėl jų lyties ir su specifiniais persekiojimo būdais, todėl šiame darbe persekiojimas dėl lyties iš esmės aptariamas kaip moterų persekiojimas pabėgėlių teisėje. Pažymėtina, jog šiame darbe analizuojami tarptautiniai teisės aktai ir dokumentai, įtvirtinantys persekiojimą dėl lyties, teisinė doktrina bei nacionalinių teisminių institucijų sprendimai persekiojimo dėl lyties klausimais, kadangi šiuose šaltiniuose geriausiai atskleidžiama persekiojimo dėl lyties samprata bei atsispindi realus tarptautinės apsaugos suteikimas persekiojimo dėl lyties atvejais. Taigi šio darbo atitinkamose dalys aptariami daugiausiai diskusijų tarptautinėje bendruomenėje keliantiems klausimai, tai yra: persekiojimas dėl lyties kaip persekiojimas dėl 1951 m. Ženevos konvencijoje įtvirtintų pagrindų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / GENDER-BASED PERSECUTION IN REFUGEE LAW Gender-based persecution is one of the most problematic aspects in Refugee Law, because gender-based persecution was not included as a separate ground of persecution in the 1951 m. Geneva Convention. Recently the number of application based on the gender-based persecution has greatly increased. However, unanimous opinion on gender-based persecution is still not found, thought particular standards are highly required. Furthermore, despite gender–based persecution could be related to persecution either suffered by women or men, almost in all the cases gender-based persecution is related to persecution suffered by women or girls, who most often face gender-specific forms of persecution. That is why gender-based persecution is analysed as persecution suffered by women in this paper. It should be noted that basically international acts and documents, legal doctrine and national jurisprudence are analysed in this paper, because in these sources the conception of gender-based persecution are best revealed. Therefore, this paper is divided in the parts, where the most problematic questions of gender-based persecution are discussed: gender-based persecution as persecution based on conventional grounds, that is, gender-based persecution as persecution because of membership of a particular social group, political opinion or religion; well-founded fear of gender-based persecution; acts considered as gender-based persecution; discrimination against... [to full text]

Marine scientific research has not lost any of its significance for the world of today and might become even more important for the future as the knowledge in this area will be crucial for management decisions in most areas of human life. Lithuania being the coastal state should be strongly motivated to create favourable conditions for carrying out MSR. The provisions of Part XIII, 1982 UNCLOS, set out specific rights and obligations for coastal and researching States and provide guidelines on how these rights and obligations should be implemented through negotiated access by foreign research vessels into the maritime zones under coastal State sovereign rights and jurisdiction. However, there is no evidence of successful UNCLOS implementation into national law of the Republic of Lithuania. The MSR regime remains nominal for lack of practical implementation. Though the UNCLOS is considered to represent the predominant international MSR regime, there are still provisions requiring a liberal interpretation, which could be enabled both by States enacting appropriate formulations and procedures in their national legislation and by commissions and international organizations developing guidelines and standardized procedures. The study has been structured in three parts which are further outlined in chapters representing the most relevant issues of the topic under discussion. Part 1 explores the historical development of marine science regulation indicating the origin and... [to full text]