The master thesis mainly focuses on gender-sensitive and gender-inclusive interpretation of refugee definition within the Geneva Convention 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol. The analysis of the most frequent forms of gender-related persecution are presented as well as the interpretation of Convention grounds that are most commonly used in asylum claims to base the gender-related claims. The theses emphasize the main problems that are met while interpreting the Convention refugee definition in gender-sensitive way. The first part shortly presents the development of gender-related persecution within the refugee definition in the international field. The second part analyses the most frequently found forms of gender-related persecution in the case law while interpreting the Geneva Convention in different States and examines the persecution by non-state agents. It also examines, if gender-specific persecution has been recognized in legislation or case law as constituting a violation of human rights or serious harm that amounts to persecution. The third part analyses the interpretation of gender-related and gender-specific claims within the light of Convention grounds that are most commonly used to base gender-related claims: religion, political opinion and membership of a particular social group. The interpretation of the Geneva Convention has to be further developed and unified. It can be reached through some concrete changes in international, national law and case-law.

Prokuratūros vieta valstybės institucijų sistemoje Šis darbas – mėginimas susivokti Lietuvos prokuratūros konstitucinio-teisinio statuso vystimosi peripetijose. Dabartiniame etape ne bus per drąsi išvada, kad valstybinio mechanizmo teisėtumo užtikrinimo srityje prokuratūros vieta nėra nustatyta pakankamai tiksliai. Be abejo, nėra pagrindo abejoti, kad pamatiniai principai egzistuoja, ir konceptualiuose klausimuose prokuratūros pozicijos yra tvirtos. Magisrto darbo naujumas pasireškia tuo kad, nagrinėjant prokuratūros vietos valstybės institucijų nustatymo problematiką, apžvelgiama ne tik Lietuvoje šiuo metu veikiančią prokuratūros sistemą, bet ir kiek įmanoma platesnį šio klausimo istorinį ir erdvinį kontekstą. Toks mokslinės analizės metodas pasirinktas neatsitiktinai, o pagrįstai manant, kad tai leidžia suvokti ir analizuoti prokuratūros institucijos paskirtį ir vieta valstybiniame mechanizme ne tik per Lietuvos Respublikos Prokuratūros įstatyme, Lietuvos Respublikos Baudžiamojo Proceso kodekse, kituose Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktuose įtvirtintų nuostatų, prizmę. Darbe analizuojami ir lyginami atskirų prokuratūros institutų formavimavimąsis, kaitą, šiuolaikinio reguliavimo specifiką, atsiveria platesnes veiklos ir organizavimo principų suvokimo, tam tikrų nuomonių susiformavimo ir jų pagrindimo galimybės tiek teoriniu aspektu, tiek ir konkrečioje praktinėje veikloje. Nagrinėjant prokuratūros konstitucinio teisinio statuso specifiką lengviau atskleisti ir suvokti jį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Public Prosecutor’s Office in the State Institutional System A disussion concerning the legal constutional status of the Public Prosecutor’s Office in still continuing. The major issues under discussion are related to the organization and functions of Public Prosecutor’s Office. The unsolved points of discussion concern the effectiveness of the system and structure of the principles, the limits of the power of Public Prosecutor’s Office at its present stage; its position in the system of national institutions; the relation between the safeguarding of the enforcement of the legal powers of the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the independence of the legal organs of government; the experience of analogous institutions of other countries and the extent to which it should be taken into account. To better understand the specific chracteriscs of the constitutional legal status of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, they are contrasted with the constitutional regulations concerning the institution of the Public Prosecutor’s Office of other countries. The metods scholarly-literary, historical and comparative-legal analysis are applied. The Public Prosecutor’s Office system of Lithuania is contrasted with that operating in other European countries, such as Italy, Spain, Belgium, Malta, Cyprus and Poland. Suggestions are made as to which principles functioning in the above mentioned countries could be applied to Lithuania’s model of the Public Prosecutor’s Office. Certain different... [to full text]

SUMMARY Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal. As between nations, extradition is regulated by treaties. As between states or other political subdivisions on a domestic level, extradition is more accurately known as rendition. The master thesis is a research of the concept of extradition in historical perspective, trying to overlook deeper the basics of this legal norm. The research of the concept of extradition in historical perspective, trying to overlook deeper the basics of this legal norm. The research is made by comparing the institute of extradition and institute of fugitives in the context of international law, other legal acts. Fundamental legal acts of extradition are thoroughly discussed in the master thesis. The author presents the analysis of conventions, bilateral, agreements, national laws of extradition, principle of reciprocity and moral human rights. The author presents opinions of various contemporary Lithuanian scientists such as V. Vadapalas, A. Nevera, A. Čepas, J. Žilinskas, G. Goda, M. Kazlauskas, P. Kuconis, G. Švedas, L. Visockienė. Also were used fundamental works about extradition by M. Akehurst, S. Bedi, G. Gilbert, H. Lauterpacht, I. A. Shearer, A. Boicov, R. Valejev, J. Vasiljev, B. Velčev, L. Galenskaja etc. International agreements, national criminal laws and laws of criminal procedure are also analyzed in the study... [to full text]

Persekiojimas dėl lyties pastaruoju metu yra vienas iš problematiškiausių pabėgėlių teisės aspektų, kadangi persekiojimo dėl lyties pagrindas 1951 m. Ženevos konvencijoje tiesiogiai nėra įtvirtintas, o pastaruoju metu ypač pagausėjo prieglobsčio prašymų pagrįstų persekiojimu dėl lyties, tačiau vieningos nuomonės šiuo klausimu vis dar nėra, o gausėjanti persekiojimo dėl lyties teisminė praktika reikalauja tam tikrų standartų suformulavimo. Atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad nors teoriškai persekiojimas dėl lyties apima tiek vyrų, tiek moterų persekiojimą, tačiau šiuolaikinėje visuomenėje susiklostė praktika, kad didžioji dauguma persekiojimo dėl lyties aukų yra moterys ir mergaitės, kurios susiduria su persekiojimu dėl jų lyties ir su specifiniais persekiojimo būdais, todėl šiame darbe persekiojimas dėl lyties iš esmės aptariamas kaip moterų persekiojimas pabėgėlių teisėje. Pažymėtina, jog šiame darbe analizuojami tarptautiniai teisės aktai ir dokumentai, įtvirtinantys persekiojimą dėl lyties, teisinė doktrina bei nacionalinių teisminių institucijų sprendimai persekiojimo dėl lyties klausimais, kadangi šiuose šaltiniuose geriausiai atskleidžiama persekiojimo dėl lyties samprata bei atsispindi realus tarptautinės apsaugos suteikimas persekiojimo dėl lyties atvejais. Taigi šio darbo atitinkamose dalys aptariami daugiausiai diskusijų tarptautinėje bendruomenėje keliantiems klausimai, tai yra: persekiojimas dėl lyties kaip persekiojimas dėl 1951 m. Ženevos konvencijoje įtvirtintų pagrindų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / GENDER-BASED PERSECUTION IN REFUGEE LAW Gender-based persecution is one of the most problematic aspects in Refugee Law, because gender-based persecution was not included as a separate ground of persecution in the 1951 m. Geneva Convention. Recently the number of application based on the gender-based persecution has greatly increased. However, unanimous opinion on gender-based persecution is still not found, thought particular standards are highly required. Furthermore, despite gender–based persecution could be related to persecution either suffered by women or men, almost in all the cases gender-based persecution is related to persecution suffered by women or girls, who most often face gender-specific forms of persecution. That is why gender-based persecution is analysed as persecution suffered by women in this paper. It should be noted that basically international acts and documents, legal doctrine and national jurisprudence are analysed in this paper, because in these sources the conception of gender-based persecution are best revealed. Therefore, this paper is divided in the parts, where the most problematic questions of gender-based persecution are discussed: gender-based persecution as persecution based on conventional grounds, that is, gender-based persecution as persecution because of membership of a particular social group, political opinion or religion; well-founded fear of gender-based persecution; acts considered as gender-based persecution; discrimination against... [to full text]