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ABSTRACT " Once it was said that the law followed the flag. Now, international law is everywhere. Its influence increases. " Sovereignty is no longer an intra-national concept within International Law. It now involves a greater consideration of issues concerning the global community. This thesis develops a practical methodology for the determination of sovereignty over maritime natural resources. Customary international law regarding the use of resources within the maritime zones of islands on the high seas is rapidly developing. Traditional tests, such as the discovery and occupation of islands, are no longer the primary focus of the determination of sovereignty. The methodology expressed in this thesis is an application and adaptation of the current state of the international laws regarding islands within the high seas. This argument has its foundation in the new international treaties, recent decisions of the International Court of Justice, the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. It unifies the latest determinations and theoretical legal perspectives of these bodies to produce a single methodology. This work provides an original and substantial contribution to the knowledge and understanding of sovereignty issues within International Law. The Chapters of this thesis and their sub-headings progressively illuminate the individual elements of a distinctive formula for determining the sovereignty of islands within the high seas. The Chapters form a template for this methodology, which is applied to the Falkland Islands. Thus, each chapter is a step towards the determination of sovereignty. This modus operandi can be applied to new disputes in this realm, such as those filed with the International Court of Justice. Since 1982, the definitive ownership of the Falkland Islands proper has been determined, if not by International Law, then by warfare. However, conflict over the use of natural resources in the maritime zones continues.

Didėjantis tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas jūros aplinkos apsaugos srityje skatina intensyvesnį duomenų apie jūros aplinką rinkimą bei palankesnių sąlygų sudarymą MJT vykdymui. Šiame darbe siekta išanalizuoti MJT reguliavimą atskirose jūros erdvėse bei įvertinti Baltijos jūros šalių praktiką ir reglamentavimo trūkumus. Buvo išanalizuota 1982 m. Jungtinių Tautų jūrų teisės konvencija, ypač nuostatos susijusios su MJT, Helsinkio komisijos rekomendacijos, papildančios MJT teisinį režimą, apžvelgti Baltijos jūros valstybių, įskaitant Lietuvos, norminiai aktai. Darbe išanalizuotos MJT charakteristikos, Jūrų teisės konvencijoje naudojamos tyrimų sąvokos, pagrindiniai MJT reguliavimo principai, MJT praktika Baltijos jūros šalyse bei MJT ir jų teisinio reguliavimo svarba ES mastu. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad Baltijos šalyse vis dėlto egzistuoja nemažai trūkumų MJT reglamentavime, ypač leidimų išdavimo procedūrose. / Growing international cooperation in marine protection field intensifies marine data collection and creation of more favourable conditions for marine scientific research activities. This scientific work analyses MSR regulation in separate maritime zones and assesses Baltic States practice and gaps in regulation. UNCLOS, especially provisions related to MSR, recommendation of HELCOM that complements legal regulation of MSR, Baltic States’ and Lithuanian national legal instruments were taken into account. Work presents MSR characteristics, research definitions which are used in Convention, the main MSR regulation principles, Baltic States practice regarding MSR and interest by EU on importance of legal regulation. Results of analysis have showed the existing gaps in MSR regulation in Baltic States, especially within permits issuing procedures.

Marine scientific research has not lost any of its significance for the world of today and might become even more important for the future as the knowledge in this area will be crucial for management decisions in most areas of human life. Lithuania being the coastal state should be strongly motivated to create favourable conditions for carrying out MSR. The provisions of Part XIII, 1982 UNCLOS, set out specific rights and obligations for coastal and researching States and provide guidelines on how these rights and obligations should be implemented through negotiated access by foreign research vessels into the maritime zones under coastal State sovereign rights and jurisdiction. However, there is no evidence of successful UNCLOS implementation into national law of the Republic of Lithuania. The MSR regime remains nominal for lack of practical implementation. Though the UNCLOS is considered to represent the predominant international MSR regime, there are still provisions requiring a liberal interpretation, which could be enabled both by States enacting appropriate formulations and procedures in their national legislation and by commissions and international organizations developing guidelines and standardized procedures. The study has been structured in three parts which are further outlined in chapters representing the most relevant issues of the topic under discussion. Part 1 explores the historical development of marine science regulation indicating the origin and... [to full text]

Onze espèces de mammifères marins vivent toute l’année en Arctique et dépendent de ce milieu marin si particulier. Ces espèces endémiques et uniques au monde se déplacent à grande échelle en traversant plusieurs zones maritimes des huit États côtiers et la haute mer. Toutefois, leurs conditions de vie sont menacées par les effets des changements climatiques et l’accroissement des activités humaines dans la région. Bien qu’il existe des règles juridiques de protection au niveau national, le phénomène de « déplacement » affaiblit leur efficacité. En effet, les mammifères marins ne connaissent pas les délimitations maritimes et sont donc assujettis à des protections variables et potentiellement incohérentes. Il est ainsi nécessaire de trouver une stratégie pour harmoniser les règles nationales et développer de nouvelles normes pour leur protection. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de découvrir si le droit international assure une protection adéquate aux mammifères marins qui se déplacent en Arctique. Cette étude identifie et analyse les forces et les faiblesses de plusieurs instruments juridiquement contraignants et de soft law au contenu général et spécifique. Bien qu’il n’existe aucun texte qui traite des mammifères marins en Arctique purement et simplement, ces instruments juridiques protègent certaines espèces de mammifères marins et certaines parties de la région Arctique. Pourtant, les onze mammifères marins connaissent les mêmes enjeux et forment un tout interdépendant. Les conclusions indiquent d’adopter une approche intégrée et d’opter pour une meilleure collaboration entre les États côtiers qui sont les mieux placés pour protéger ces espèces qui se déplacent en Arctique. / Eleven species of marine mammals live year-around in the Arctic and are dependent on its distinctive marine environment. These unique endemic species, which travel long distances, traverse the different maritime zones of the eight coastal States and cross into the high seas. However, their living conditions and habitats are under threat because of climate change and the expansion of human activity in the region. Although the coastal States have all adopted national legislation and regulations for the protection of marine mammals, the fact of their large scale “movement” weakens the efficacy of those laws. Indeed, marine mammals are the subject of various and potentially inconsistent domestic protections. For this reason, it is necessary to develop strategies to harmonise national measures and to devise new norms of protection. The objective of this thesis is to discover whether international law offers adequate protection to marine mammals that roam across the Arctic region. This study identifies and analyses the strengths and the weaknesses of a number of legally binding and soft law instruments of both a general and specialised nature. Many of the legal instruments target specific Arctic marine mammals or distinct areas of the Arctic region for protection. Yet, the eleven species at the heart of this enquiry are all experiencing the same difficulties and constitute an interconnected whole. The findings herein indicate the need for an integrative approach and for increased cooperation among the Arctic coastal States who are in a unique position to protect these species that roam throughout the Arctic.