Dvořák, A. Determination of impact of tax evasion on economy and public budgets of Czech Republic. Diploma thesis. Mendel university Brno, 2019. This diploma thesis deals with the impact of tax leaks into tax havens on the economy and public budgets of Czech Republic. The first part summarizes the theoretical knowledge of this issue. In the second part is conducted analysis of companies with connection to tax havens and is created an estimation of tax gap created by these elaborated companies. The second part consist also from analysis of differences between different tax havens groups.

In 2016, the ICIJ independent organization released the leaks of the Panama Papers. Using the data presented, this thesis aims to evaluate and examine the models developed for the quantification of money laundering, analyze the variables that define the appeal of certain tax havens, and develop extensions to the Walker-Unger model. The proportion of illicit funds flowing from a source country to a host country was calculated using the Walker-Unger model as a reference while considering 35 source and 10 host countries. The variables were adjusted for statistical analyses input through multiple fractional probit regressions, and the outcome was compared to the original Walker-Unger estimates. At a 5% significance level, the research found significance between the account proportion and the independent variables. Furthermore, the evidence showcased more significant values obtained with the regression model, implying that the Walker-Unger model has become irrelevant in this modern era. Due to the following reasons, this study provides a perspective into improving the model through several recommendations.

Money laundering and terrorist financing present major social problems that can negatively impact economic growth of both, the state and the households. The ever-increasing globalization and the trend of removing barriers to the free market make it harder for the authorities to detect and investigate abovementioned crimes. That is why, in recent years, efforts have been made to cooperate in the fight against money laundering, both globally and at European Union level. The European Union keeps constantly improving the AML/CTF legislation. Thanks to that, the Czech Republic can keep up with the rapidly evolving techniques the offenders come up with. This thesis present one of the new legal institutes in the Czech law - beneficial ownership. The idea of beneficial ownership came from the Directive 2015/849 that was implemented into the AML/CFT Act n. 253/2008. Under the Directive, corporates and other legal entities such as trusts will be required to maintain accurate and current information on their beneficial ownership. Beneficial owner is an entity that enjoys the possession and/or benefits of ownership (such as receipt of income). The first part of the thesis concerns the general anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism problematics. It also tackles the concept of ownership...

All companies, municipalities, governments and private individuals are in need of a functioning banking system. Research shows that for the long-term survival of banks, sustainability is important. However, there are several reasons why the banks are working with sustainability. The purpose of this study is to contribute to a deeper understanding of the sustainability work of banks operating in Sweden and to see how sustainability work differs between banks. The purpose is also to contribute to a deeper understanding of why the banks work with sustainability. The study has examined the banks Nordea, Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Swedbank, SEB and Ekobanken. The study has a deductive approach and uses mixed methods. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted, sustainability reports have been reviewed, the number of customers and customer satisfaction have been taken into account. The study consists of interviews with Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Ekobanken, Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority and Fair Finance Guide. A thematic analysis has been made based on the collected data. The study has come to the conclusion that the banks are working with sustainability to meet the expectations of their stakeholders, reduce risks, achieve trust, marketing goals and profitability. The banks work with both long-term social measures and short-term financial targets. The banks, Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority and Fair Finance Guide believe that the climate is a current issue. It is also through the indirect impact they have the greatest opportunity to influence the world towards a more sustainable society. Sustainability is constantly changing as society norms and expectations change. There is also a gap between the banks' policies and what they do in practice regarding their work with sustainability. / Alla företag, kommuner, stater och privatpersoner är i behov av ett fungerande banksystem. Forskning menar att för bankernas långsiktiga överlevnad är hållbarhetsarbetet viktigt, dock finns flera olika anledningar till att bankerna arbetar med hållbarhet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att bidra till en djupare förståelse för hållbarhetsarbetet inom bankerna med verksamhet i Sverige samt att se hur hållbarhetsarbetet skiljer sig mellan olika banker. Syftet är även att bidra till en djupare förståelse för varför bankerna arbetar med hållbarhet. Studien har undersökt bankerna Nordea, Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Swedbank, SEB och Ekobanken. Studien har en deduktiv ansats och använder sig av metodtriangulering. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts, hållbarhetsrapporter har granskats, antalet kunder och kundnöjdhet har tagits i beaktande. De som har intervjuats är Handelsbanken, Danske Bank, Ekobanken, Finansinspektionen och Fair Finance Guide. En tematisk analys har gjorts med utgångspunkt i den insamlade datan. Studien har kommit fram till att bankerna arbetar med hållbarhet för att leva upp till sina intressenters förväntningar, minska risker, uppnå förtroende, marknadsföringssyfte och för lönsamheten. Bankerna arbetar både långsiktigt med sociala mått och kortsiktigt med finansiella mått. Bankerna, Finansinspektionen och Fair Finance Guide anser att klimatfrågan är väldigt viktig just nu. Det är även genom den indirekta påverkan de har störst möjlighet att påverka världen mot ett mer hållbart samhälle. Hållbarhetsarbetet förändras hela tiden i takt med att samhällets normer och förväntningar förändras. Det finns dessutom ett gap mellan bankernas policy och vad de gör i praktiken när det kommer till deras hållbarhetsarbete.

This study examines annual and sustainability reports from Swedish banks in the pursuit of legitimacy strategies. The study applies content analysis on the annual and sustainability reports from four banks from the period 2013-2018. Keywords for the study were extracted from an anti-corruption report. After which an interpretive analysis is done to classify the banks different legitimacy strategies for the period. The study found that there was an increase in anti-corruption related CSR in line with earlier studies in the banks SEB, Swedbank, Handelsbanken and Nordea. Several different legitimacy strategies were detected and the shift between them could be identified. / Denna studie granskar års och hållbarhetsrapporter i sökandet efter legitimeringsstrategier hos svenska banker. Studien använder sig av innehållsanalyser på fyra bankers års- och hållbarhetsrapporter för perioden 2013–2018. Studiens nyckelord är sammanställda utifrån en rapport om anti-korruptionsarbete. Varvid tolkande analys utförts för att identifiera bankernas olika legitimeringsstrategier under perioden. Studien fann en ökning av anti-korruptionsrelaterad CSR i linje med tidigare forskninghos bankerna SEB, Swedbank, Handelsbanken och Nordea. Dessutom kunde olika legitimeringsstrategier skönjas och övergångar dem emellan identifieras.

Les ‘Panama papers’ (2016) représentent une fuite de 11,2 millions de documents issus de la firme panaméenne Mossack Fonseca. Les révélations exposent des conduites fiscales compromettantes relevant de la finance offshore, soulignant par le fait même l’implication d’acteurs sociaux, parmi lesquels des banques, politiciens, chefs d’entreprises, responsables politiques et économiques, fortunes familiales, etc. D’une envergure internationale, les ‘Panama papers’ ont marqué l’univers médiatique de façon importante, toutefois en référence au jeu d’interprétation entourant les conduites exposées, il est possible de souligner le pluralisme des réactions sociales. S’intéressant particulièrement aux figures politiques et économiques listées, le mémoire se présente sous la forme de trois études de cas : Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, premier ministre de l’Islande (de 2013 à 2016), David Cameron, premier ministre du Royaume-Uni (de 2010 à 2016) et Malcom Turnbull, premier ministre de l’Australie (de 2015 à 2018). Le mémoire vise à dégager deux niveaux d’analyse. D’une part, détailler la couverture médiatique respective des cas, cela dans le but de saisir les réactions sociales suscitées, en particulier lors de la production et l’évolution des discours publics. D’autre part, il s’agit d’objectiver et discerner les prises de positions et de défenses à l’utilisation de comptes offshores, ce mémoire s’inscrivant dans le prolongement des études portant sur la résistance au stigmate. Afin de mener à terme la recherche, un corpus incluant treize références de la presse écrite a été constitué, représentant une analyse approfondie du contenu de plus de 671 documents écrits parus entre le 3 avril et le 30 septembre 2016. En s’appuyant sur les prémisses théoriques de la sociologie du scandale, la recherche illustre, dans les cas présents, différentes finalités possibles à l’épisode des ‘Panama papers’ : scandale, affaire ou non-scandale. / The Panama Papers (2016) represent a leak of 11,2 million documents from the Panamanian firm Mossack Fonseca. The revelations exposed compromising tax practices relating to offshore finance, and highlights by the same token, the involvement of the players : banks, politicians, business leaders, political and economic leaders, family fortunes, etc. Of an international scope, the 'Panama papers' have marked the media world in an important way. In reference to the interpretation game surrounding the exposed behaviors, it is possible to emphasize the pluralism of social reactions. Focusing on the listed political and economic figures, the document is presented in the form of three case studies : Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, Iceland’ prime minister (2013-2016), David Cameron, UK’ prime minister (2010-2016) and Malcom Turnbull, Australia’ prime minister (2015-2018). The thesis aims to identify two levels of analysis. The first level of analysis details the respective media coverage of the cases. The goal is to collect the social reactions, the production and the evolution of the discourse. The second level of analysis objectifies and discerns positions and defenses used with offshore accounts, whereas the writings of the dissertation are an extension of studies on the resistance of the stigma. In order to complete the research, a corpus including thirteen references of the written press was gathered, representing a thorough analysis of the contents of more than 671 written documents published between April 3 and September 30, 2016. Based on the theoretical premises of the sociology of scandal, the research illustrates, in the present cases, different possible outcomes to the episode of the 'Panama papers' : scandal, affair, or non-scandal.