Skolverket (2019) always underlines the importance of implementing democratic values onto the students. But is this always easy to apply in the classroom? The purpose of this work is to examine how you can work with literature in different ways in the Swedish subject, with the focus of a multicultural and LGBTQ+ perspective. This work is for teachers and teacher students to create a bigger understanding around the possibilities of using literature. Our framing question is the following: “How can teachers work with literature texts from a multicultural and LGBTQ+ perspective, and how are the students affected?”. The method that has been used to produce this work has been by using databases to find information. Hence, there have been different selection methods to determine the usefulness and relevance of the different sources. The result showed that there are many different ways to use literature in the classroom, some with a better outcome than others. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge on how to work with or find multicultural and LGBTQ+ literature became visible. Nevertheless, it was noticed that both literature education from a multicultural and LGBTQ+ perspective is needed to create democratic values, since it develops the students critical thinking, their default natural setting, compassion and more. Through challenging students' default natural setting, the democratic society can be developed.

Contexte : En France, le Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) est en charge d’appliquer les recommandations visant à diminutions les quantités de sel, de sucre et de matières grasses dans les aliments. Cependant, l’effet de ces réductions sur les préférences et les consommations est mal connu. Objectifs : Ce travail vise à comprendre l'impact des variations de sel, de sucre et de matières graisses dans les aliments, sur les préférences et les consommations alimentaires des enfants.Méthodes : Des études ont été menées dans l’environnement habituel du repas des enfants (crèche ou cantine scolaire), aux heures normalement prévue pour le déjeuner et / ou le goûter.Résultats : Concernant le saccharose, l'ajout d'une faible quantité paraît suffisant pour induire un prise alimentaire; ainsi, le saccharose peut être réduit sans affecter les préférences ni les consommations alimentaires. Dans la mesure où le gras est concerné, la suppression ou l’ajout de beurre n'a pas eu un impact immédiat sur la consommation des haricots verts ou celle des pâtes. Quant aux produits allégés en matière grasse, ils semblent être bien acceptés par les enfants et les adultes. Concernant le sel, sa réduction semble plus délicate et devrait donc être considérée avec prudence. Par ailleurs, nos résultats mettent en évidence la dissociation entre l'effet positif et directe du sel sur les préférences et les consommations d’un côté, et son rôle sur l'apprentissage de l’autre.Conclusions : Les qualités sensorielles des aliments sont importantes pour le comportement alimentaire. Cependant, alors qu’il semblerait que des réductions de sucre et de gras sont possibles, contribuant ainsi à réduire l'apport énergétique, celles concernant le sel doivent être considérées avec prudence. / Background: In France, the National Nutrition and Health Programme (“Programme National Nutrition Santé” or “PNNS”) is in charge of implementing the recommendations aiming at reducing salt, sugar and fat quantities in foods. However, the extent to which this might impact children’s food preferences and intake is limited. Objective: The present work aimed at understanding the impact of varying salt, sugar and fat variations in foods, on toddlers and children’s food preferences and intake. Methods: Studies were conducted in toddlers’ and children’s natural eating environment (nursery and school canteen), at their usually scheduled lunch and/or snack times. Results: Concerning sucrose, the addition of a low amount seems enough to trigger intake; thus, sucrose can be reduced without affecting food preferences and intake. As far as fat is concerned, suppressing or adding butter did not have an immediate impact on toddlers’ green beans or pasta intake. Besides, low-fat products seem to be well accepted by toddlers and adults. Concerning salt, its reduction seems more puzzling and should be considered cautiously. Our results highlighted dissociation between the direct positive effect of salt on food preferences and intake, and its role on learning. Conclusions: Food sensory qualities are important for eating behaviour. Although it seems that reductions of sugar and fat in foods are possible, thus helping to reduce energy intake, those concerning salt should be considered cautiously.

The importance, and the role, of peripheral vision amongst pedestrians, is an area which for a long time has remained unexplored. Previous studies regarding peripheral vision and pedestrians have mostly studied the characteristics of peripheral vision, the general visual behaviours amongst pedestrians and whether people affected by a natural loss of peripheral vision fixate on different objects compared to those with normal vision. To examine the role of peripheral vision amongst pedestrians, an experiment consisting of 20 participants was conducted. The experiment took place in a car park, where head movements (i.e. how many times each participant moved their head) and head directions (i.e. in which direction the participants’ moved their heads) of the participants were recorded using three action cameras. Two of the cameras were mounted on a helmet which the participants used during the experiment. The third camera was in the hands of the experimenter, recording the participants from behind. The experiment consisted of four different conditions. Two conditions where the participants’ peripheral vision was blocked to different extents, one with no manipulation of the visual field and one where the participants were told to watch a video on a cell phone during the walk. The results demonstrated a significant difference in the number of head movements between all four conditions. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated a significant difference in the relative frequency of downwards head directions between the first three conditions. After the experiment, the participants answered a short survey which included questions related to each condition. The answers from the survey showcased, amongst other things, that the participants thought that the condition where their peripheral vision was blocked to the largest extent was the most difficult one. A thematic analysis was conducted based on the recordings of a think-aloud-protocol which the participants were told to conduct during the experiment. The thematic analysis demonstrated, amongst other things, that the participants thought that the condition performed with no manipulation of the visual field was easy, that they felt insecure when their peripheral vision was blocked and therefore had to increase the number of head movements, and that they sometimes felt the need to redirect their gaze away from the cell phone during that condition. The conclusion which can be drawn based on the results is that the peripheral vision is widely used amongst pedestrians in natural settings, which in part is based on the fact that the participants increased their number of head movements when their peripheral vision was limited and by their own expressed thoughts regarding the different conditions. However, the results are not able to explain exactly how the peripheral vision is used amongst pedestrians. / Det perifera seendets betydelse och roll bland gångtrafikanter i naturlig miljö är ett område som till stora delar stått outforskat. Tidigare studier har främst fokuserat på uppmätning av periferins egenskaper, gångtrafikanters allmänna visuella beteenden samt studerandet av personer drabbade av naturligt synfältsbortfall. I syfte att undersöka det perifera seendets betydelse bland gångtrafikanter genomfördes ett experiment med 20 deltagare på en parkeringsplats, där huvudrörelser (d.v.s. hur många gånger varje deltagare rörde på huvudet) samt huvudriktningar (d.v.s. i vilken riktning deltagarna rörde huvudet) uppmättes med hjälp av två actionkameror fästa på en hjälm, samt en i handen på försöksledaren som filmade deltagarna bakifrån. Experimentet bestod av fyra olika betingelser, där två av dem blockerade det perifera synfältet olika mycket, en under normala synförhållanden samt en där deltagarna fäste blicken på en mobiltelefon under gången. Resultatet visade en signifikant skillnad i antalet huvudrörelser mellan samtliga betingelser. Utöver detta visades en signifikant skillnad i frekvensen av huvudrörelser nedåt vid en jämförelse mellan de tre förstnämnda betingelserna. Efter utfört experiment fick deltagarna dessutom svara på en enkät, vilken bland annat visade att deltagarna själva skattade att betingelsen där deras perifera seende blockerades som mest var svårast att genomföra. En tematisk analys genomfördes även baserat på data från ett tänka-högt-protokoll som deltagarna var uppmanade att föra under experimentets gång. Detta visade bland annat att deltagarna kände att det var enkelt att gå vid normala synförhållanden, att det fanns osäkerhetskänslor och behov av huvudrörelser vid betingelserna där periferin blockerades, samt att många kände ett behov av att lyfta på blicken vid mobiltelefonbetingelsen. Slutsatsen som kan dras baserat på resultaten är att det perifera seendet används mycket bland gångtrafikanter i naturlig miljö, vilket dels grundar sig i att deltagarna rörde som mest på huvudet när deras perifera seende blockerades, samt deras egna yttrade tankar. Det som inte kunnat besvaras är exakt hur det perifera seendet används bland gångtrafikanter.