This work deals with the quality of product, be specific quality of door balancer for Škoda Yeti car. This product is produced by company Edscha Bohemia s.r.o. First of all we describe the company and the product itself, arter that we present actual sitution of development and production of door balancer in this company and finally we present innovations of quality processes used by production of the door balancer.

<p dir="ltr">Batteries have become essential for a wide range of applications in the field of energy storage and electrification, from portable gadgets to electric cars and renewable energy systems. But effectiveness, performance, and lifespan of a battery pack are closely related to each of the individual cells of which it is composed. The phenomenon of cell voltage imbalance, which can result in a variety of problems ranging from decreased capacity and efficiency to safety concerns and premature failure, poses a significant challenge in managing battery systems.</p><p dir="ltr">Therefore, battery cell balancing plays a crucial role in improving the overall performance of battery packs. To guarantee uniform charge and discharge characteristics, balancing is the process of equalizing the charge of individual cells inside a battery pack. Battery cell balancing seeks to prolong the operational life of packs, improve the efficiency of its energy use, and ensure the safety of the overall system.</p><p dir="ltr">The methods used for battery cell balancing encompass a wide range of approaches, from passive methods that release extra energy as heat, to active methods that move energy across cells. The particular battery chemistry, application requirements, and required level of balancing precision are only a few examples of the variables that influence the choice of balancing technique.</p><p dir="ltr">Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) rechargeable batteries are widely used by electric utility companies in battery storage applications. Battery cells are combined to form a battery module. Each module is constantly monitored with sensors and controlled by a Battery Management System (BMS). The BMS performs balancing of the cells. Each cell in the battery stack is monitored to maintain a healthy battery state of charge (SoC). The motivation for this work is to develop an active balancing system to replace a passive system currently being performed manually on an existing battery storage system consisting of LiFePO4 cells. An active cell balancer was designed using the LT8584 active cell balancer, which is based on a flyback DC-DC converter design. An LTspice simulation of the design was created for a single cell. It demonstrates critical parameters of the flyback converter cycle time. A PCB board, designed using KiCAD, was implemented. It is anticipated that the proposed design could be used to restore the health of SoC of faulty modules in lieu of removing and replacing them with a new module, resulting in potential cost savings. The proposed design is scalable in that it could be used for <i>n</i> number of cells in a battery module consisting of LiFePO4 battery cells.</p>

Submitted by Nara Lays Domingues Viana Oliveira (naradv) on 2015-07-15T14:37:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTO.pdf: 6262020 bytes, checksum: 76c7611d1d91674b302b17af7b02b0e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T14:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROBERTO.pdf: 6262020 bytes, checksum: 76c7611d1d91674b302b17af7b02b0e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A migração de processos é uma técnica utilizada no remapeamento de um processo para um processador mais rápido ou para aproximá-lo de outros processos com os quais se comunica frequentemente. Esta dissertação descreve o MigBSP++, um modelo de reescalonamento de processos que utiliza a técnica de migração para realizar o balanceamento de carga em sistemas paralelos. Direcionado às aplicações do tipo Bulk-Synchronous Parallel (BSP), o modelo apresentado redistribui os processos com o intuito de reduzir o tempo de cada super-passo. De modo similar ao MigBSP, o MigBSP++ combina múltiplas métricas a fim de decidir as migrações necessárias para que o sistema entre em equilíbrio sem a intervenção do usuário. As métricas utilizadas são: computação, comunicação e sobrecusto de migração. Através de sua função de decisão, chamada Potencial de Migração (PM), essas métricas são utilizadas para eleger os processos mais propícios a trazer o equilíbrio ao sistema. O MigBSP++ responde as questões necessárias para a política de migração de processos: quando realizar a migração de processos; quais processos são candidatos à migração e; para onde migrar os processos selecionados. Como contribuição científica, o MigBSP++ introduz as soluções para duas questões que estão em aberto no MigBSP: (a) a detecção de desbalanceamento de carga quando há mais processos do que processadores e; (b) a definição de quantos processos irão migrar de fato. Para a questão (a), propõe-se alteração do modo de detecção de desbalanceamento utilizada, observando o tempo total de computação de cada processador. Para a questão (b) é apresentado um algoritmo chamado de Algoritmo de Predição BSP (APBSP). Os dados de entrada do APBSP são os processos eleitos pela técnica de PM e a saída é uma lista de processos que irão, de fato, migrar proporcionando a redução do tempo do próximo super-passo. Para demonstrar os resultados da aplicação deste modelo, foram desenvolvidas duas aplicações BSP com o auxílio da biblioteca Adaptive Message Passing Interface (AMPI). Essa ferramenta oferece um arcabouço uniforme que, através da migração de processos, permite o balanceamento de carga de forma transparente ao usuário. Foram desenvolvidas as estratégias de balanceamento de carga, baseadas no MigBSP e no MigBSP++, para a realização da comparação entre elas e com as estratégias já existentes no sistema. Os resultados apontam que, nos casos onde a granularidade da tarefa é maior, os ganhos em tempo de execução são mais evidentes, podendo ser de até 46% em relação à aplicação sem balanceamento e de até 37% em relação às estratégias nativas do AMPI. Esses números sugerem que o modelo MigBSP++ tem aplicação prática e pode produzir resultados satisfatórios. / Process migration is a technique used in the remapping of a process to a faster processor or in the approaching from the processes which already have some communication among themselves. This essay describes the MigBSP++, a rescheduling process model that uses the technique of migration to perform load balancing in parallel systems. Directed to the BulkSynchronous Parallel (BSP) applications, the model redistributes the processes with the purpose of reducing the time of each super-step. Similar to MigBSP way, MigBSP++ combines multiple metrics to decide which migrations should be chosen in order to balance the entire system without the user intervention. The metrics used by the model are: computing, communication and extra costs of migration. Through its decision function, called Potential Migration (PM), these metrics are used to choose the most appropriate processes that will balance the system. MigBSP++ answers the questions about the policy process migration issues: when to perform the migration process, which processes are candidates for migration and where to migrate the selected processes. As scientific contribution, MigBSP++ introduces the solutions to two issues that were missing at MigBSP: (a) the detection of imbalance load when there are more processes than processors, and (b) the definition of how many processes will migrate indeed. On the question (a), a change of the mode of detection of imbalance is proposed, noting the total computation time for each processor. On the second question (b) an algorithm called the Prediction Algorithm BSP (PABSP) is presented. The input data of PABSP are elected process by the PM technique and the output is a list of processes that will, indeed, migrate providing a time reduction of the next super-step. To demonstrate the results of applying this model, two BSP applications have been developed with the assistance of Adaptive Message Passing Interface (AMPI) library. This tool provides a uniform framework that, through the migration process, allows a transparent load balancing to the user. Based on MigBSP and MigBSP++, load balancing strategies have been developed for the performance and comparison among new strategies and among the ones which were already in the system.The results indicate that, in cases where the granularity of the task, the gains in runtime are more evident, reaching up to 46% compared to the application without balancing, and 37% when compared to native strategies AMPI. These numbers suggest that the model MigBSP++ has practical application and can produce satisfactory results.

防火牆是現今網路中的重要設備，負責區隔內部網路和公共網路，維護內部網路安全。然而防火牆也存在幾個重要的問題，首先，防火牆的規則是由網管人員設定，近年來隨著網路科技蓬勃發展、虛擬技術大量應用，此項工作已帶給網管人員龐大的負擔。其次，防火牆雖可隔離外部網路，阻擋有害流量，但對內部網路的防範卻毫無用武之地。目前市面上普遍使用入侵偵測系統(IDS)進行偵測，但僅能在發現攻擊行為後發出警告訊息，無法即時處理。最後，企業在連外網路部分，通常採用多條線路進行備援，並倚賴多路頻寬負載平衡器(Multi-WAN load balancer)增加頻寬的使用率，但在線路數量上卻受限於廠商所制定之規格，無法彈性調整。而在負載平衡演算法方面，也只能基於網路特徵(IP位置)、權重比例(weight)或是輪詢機制(round robin)，無法依據目前網路狀況做出更好判斷。 為改善上述問題，本論文在軟體定義網路(SDN)環境下，使用交換機取代傳統防火牆設備，透過封包分析與信任觀測區間達到規則學習，並整合Snort入侵偵測系統，透過特徵比對，找出危害網路環境之封包，即時阻擋該危險流量。本論文也提出基於隨需(on demand)概念，動態調整防火牆規則，降低管理人員負擔。最後利用交換機擁有多個實體通訊埠的概念 ，依需求可自由調整對外及對內線路數量，不再受限於廠商規格，取代傳統多路寬頻負載平衡器，建構更彈性的架構。並透過收集交換機上的實體埠與資料流表中的資訊，即時評估網路狀況，加強負載平衡。為驗證本論文所提出之⽅法的有效性，我們使用Linux伺服器架設KVM、OpenvSwitch以及POX控制器實際建構SDN網路環境，透過發送封包對防火牆提出請求，以驗證實驗方法的正確性。 根據實驗結果顯示，本論文所提出之概念均能正確運作，有效降低調整防火牆所需之人工作業。在多路寬頻負載平衡器部分，本研究所提出之負載平衡方法，與round robin負載平衡方法相較之下，在最佳情況下，能有效提升約25%平均頻寬使用率，並降低約17.5%封包遺失率。 / Firewall is an important device that is responsible for securing internal network by separating Internet from Intranet, but here are several existing issues about the firewall. First, the firewall rules are set by the network admistrator manually. Along with the vigorous development of Internet technologies and great amount of applications of virtual technology in recent years. This work burdens the network adminstrator with a heavy workload. Second, the firewall is able to isolate the external network from harmful traffic, however, it can do nothing to the internal network. The common situation is to use IDS to detect the harmful packet, but it can only send an alert message to the adminstrater, no more actions can be done. Finally, most companies use several ISP connections to assure fault tolerance and use Multi-WAN load balancer to integrate those connections to enhance bandwidth utilization. But the number of WAN/LAN ports is set by the manufacturer, and the load balance algorithm is also limited by the manufacturer. It offers only a few algorithms (network-based features, round-robin, etc.), and there is no other way to provide more efficient algorithms. In order to resolve the mentioned problems, we propose an automatic firewall based Software Defined Network (SDN). We use Openflow switches to replace traditional firewalls, the system is able to learn the rules automaticlly by packet analysis during an observation interval. We aslo integrate Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to localize the dangerous packets and block them immediately. Next, we propose an on-demand based dynamic firewall rules adjustment mechanism which is able to reduce management workload. Finally, we implement a Multi-WAN load balancer architecture and provide a more efficient load balance algorithm by collecting port usage and firewall rule information. In order to verify the proposed methods, we implement a SDN environment by using Linux Ubuntu servers with KVM, Open vSwitch and POX controller. According to the experiment result, it proves that the proposed method is able to reduce the firewall configuration effectively. In the Multi-WAN load balancer, experiment results show that our method outperforms round-robin argrithom in terms of average bandwidth utilization and packet loss rate by 25% and 17.5%, respectively.

Research has shown that three-phase balancing alone can improve the operation of secondary distribution networks and that the addition of energy storage to the phase balancing power electronics further helps to alleviate the negative effects of phase unbalances. However, less attention has been paid to the economic potential of said technologies and particularly for loadside implementation. It appears that the deployment of phase balancers, with or without energy storage, is indeed hampered by uncertainty related to its economic feasibility, despite both technologies being commercially available. This thesis therefore aims to assess and compare the economic feasibility of the two configurations for peak shaving purposes in the context of residential property loads in Sweden. The assessment was performed using a specially developed deterministic techno-economic model taking into consideration historical load data from three Swedish real estate, cost estimations for a range of alternatives used when sizing the systems, applicable tariffs and fees for electricity and its distribution as well as technical parameters such as the capacities and efficiencies of the involved components. A novel approach was taken by linearly extrapolating the three load profiles into three sets of 91 synthesized load profiles to enable a larger dataset for analysis. The net present values generated for each set were then graphed and analyzed per original real estate. The results showed that both configurations can be economically feasible, but only under certain conditions. A phase balancer alone was found to be feasible for real estate whose peak currents are distinctly unbalanced and exceed 50 A, with the best expected rate of return for profiles exceeding 63 A since they enable a tariff switch. The combined system was found to be even more contingent on the tariff switch and therefore only feasible for peaks above 63 A. A substantial difference in the initial investment further makes the single phase balancer the preferred choice, unless the discount rate is as low as 2 % or less. On this basis, potential investors need to assess the state of unbalance of their loads and perform their own calculation based their load profile, cost of capital and applicable tariffs. / Tidigare forskning har visat att fasbalansering enskilt kan förbättra driften hos lokala distributionsnät och att ett batterisystem i tillägg till fasbalanserarens kraftelektronik ytterligare kan minska de negativa effekterna av fasobalanser. Däremot har mindre uppmärksamhet riktats mot den ekonomiska genomförbarheten hos dessa teknologier och i synnerhet för implementation på lastens sida av elmätaren. Det tycks vara så att spridningen av fasbalanserare, med eller utan energilagring, hindras av osäkerheten kring dess ekonomiska potential trots att båda teknologierna är kommersiellt tillgängliga. Detta arbete ämnar därför att värdera och jämföra den ekonomiska nyttan hos de två konfigurationerna vid toppreducering av fastighetselen i svenska bostadsfastigheter. Värderingen utfördes med hjälp av en särskilt utvecklad deterministisk tekno-ekonomisk modell som beaktade historiska lastdata från tre svenska fastigheter, kostnadsuppskattningar för en uppsättning av konfigurationer som användes vid dimensionering av systemen, applicerbara tariffer och avgifter för elektricitet och dess distribution samt tekniska parametrar såsom kapaciteter och verkningsgrader för de olika komponenterna. Ett annorlunda tillvägagångssätt tillämpades vidare för att utöka datamängden genom linjär extrapolation av lastprofilerna, vilket resulterade i tre uppsättningar av 91 syntetiserade lastprofiler. Nettonuvärdet beräknades följaktligen för varje profil och investeringsalternativ för att sedan plottas och analyseras per ursprunglig fastighet. Resultaten visade att båda konfigurationerna kan uppvisa lönsamhet, men endast under särskilda förutsättningar. Den enskilda fasbalanseraren bedömdes som lönsam för fastigheter vars strömtoppar är påtagligt obalanserade och som överstiger 50 A, med största möjliga lönsamhet för profiler som överstiger 63 A då dessa möjliggör ett tariffbyte. Det kombinerade systemets lönsamhet bedömdes vara ännu mer beroende av tariffbytet och därför endast lönsamt för strömtoppar över 63 A. En betydligt större grundinvestering för det kombinerade systemet gör vidare att den enskilda fasbalanseraren i regel är att föredra, såvida inte kalkylräntan är så låg som 2 % eller mindre. Baserat på detta uppmanas potentiella investerare att undersöka balanstillståndet hos deras laster och att utföra en egen kalkyl baserat på deras specifika last, kapitalkostnad och nätföretag.

Orientador: Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira / Resumo: Nesta tese, utiliza-se um otimizador analógico não derivativo proposto por Teixeira & Żak em 1999 como principal ferramenta para os sistemas de controle dos projetos desenvolvidos. Tal otimizador é composto por blocos não lineares e pode ser classificado como um sistema neural artificial. Sistemas chaveados têm grande aplicação prática na otimização de sistemas e são caracterizados por possuírem subsistemas e uma lei de chaveamento que seleciona cada subsistema a cada momento. Deve-se definir condições para que seja possível projetar uma lei de chaveamento que atenda requisitos de projeto. O estudo de técnicas de controle extremal na solução de problemas de busca pelo rastreamento do máximo ponto de potência (do inglês: Maximum Power Point Tracking - MPPT), vem apresentando resultados interessantes na literatura e um tipo de sistema à qual essa técnica pode ser aplicada, é na geração fotovoltaica. Aplica-se o otimizador analógico citado na busca do MPPT de uma célula fotovoltaica, com o objetivo de observar o controle extremal atuando em um processo de otimização, estendendo o controle para quando existem variações de irradiação solar (cenário de uma possível passagem de nuvens). Também observa-se o comportamento do sistema quanto a manter seu correto funcionamento e estabilidade ultimate bounded. A contribuição principal desta tese foi uma nova proposta de utilização conjunta do otimizador de Teixeira & Żak no projeto de controladores ˙ chaveados baseados na minimização da d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: On this thesis, a non-derivative analog optimizer, proposed by Teixeira & Żak in 1999, was used as the main tool for the proposed control system. Such optimizer is structured by nonlinear blocks and can be classified as an artificial neural system. Switched systems have great theoretical and practical application in systems optimization and are characterized by having subsystems, and a switching law that selects each subsystem at each moment. It is necessary to define conditions so that it is possible to design a switching law for the desired performance of the controlled system. The study of Extremum Seeking Control techniques in the solution of problems of Maximum Power Point Tracking has presented interesting results, and one type of system which this technique can be applied is in the photovoltaic generation. The analog optimizer is applied in the Maximum Power Point Tracking of a photovoltaic cell, with the objective of observing the actuation of the extremal seeking control in an optimization process, extending the control when there are solar irradiation variations (a possible clouds passage scenario). And also observe the behavior of the system and how to maintain its correct functioning and ultimate bounded stability. The main contribution of this thesis was a new procedure for using the mentioned analog optimizer in the design of switched controllers based on the minimization of the derivative of a Lyapunov function. This method allows the relaxed design of controll... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor