<p>This dissertation examines Haiti's crucial role in the re-making of the Atlantic World in the early 19th century. The point of departure for this work is Haiti's Declaration of Independence in 1804 and my research explores how events in Haiti raised profound questions about revolutionary legitimacy and national sovereignty. The emergence of Haiti as an independent nation fueled unprecedented international debates about racial hierarchy, the connections between freedom and sovereignty, and the intertwining of ideological and political relationships among nations and empires. While these debates came to be resolved in part during the next two centuries, they remain alive today both for specific nations and for the international community.</p> / Dissertation

Accounting regulators are concerned about the potential threat of long-term auditor-client relationships on auditor independence, leading to lower audit quality. The main objective of this study is to examine the association between auditor tenure and an important feature of accounting, namely conservatism. Following Basu (1997) and Ball, Kothari and Robin (2000), I define conservatism as the quicker recognition in earnings of bad news about expected future cash flows. I investigate whether long-term auditor-client relationships are associated with less timely recognition of earnings to bad news, and a lower rate of reversal of negative earnings changes. The overall results strongly show that conservatism decreases as auditor tenure lengthens. The results are robust across various measures of conservatism and a series of sensitivity tests. However, auditors¡¯ litigation exposure appears to be able to mitigate the adverse impact of auditor tenure. In additional tests, I find that the reduced conservatism is not driven by the larger clients that auditors have incentives to retain. Moreover, I find that even industry specialists could not avoid the negative impact of longer auditor-client relationships on conservatism. The study provides some support to the regulators who are concerned about the potential negative impact of auditor tenure on audit quality and the rule of mandatory audit firm rotation.

In this study, a liquid crystal Fresnel lens based on the cholesteric blue phase liquid crystals is proposed. Blue phases are liquid-crystalline phases that appear in a very small temperature range between a cholesteric phase and an isotropic phase. There are three types of blue phases; BP¢¹,BP¢º and BP¢». The BP¢¹ and BP¢º are characterized by a spatially periodic director field with lattice constants comparable to the wavelength of visible light. Because of the structural symmetry, blue phases are optically isotropic. In this study, the electro-optical properties of the BP¢º under different applied voltages are investigated. The results reveal that the Bragg reflection of the BPII has a red shift by increasing the applied voltage and a phase transition from BPII to cholesteric phase occurs at the high voltage regime (>100V). Based on the results, an electrically controlled blue phase Fresnel lens with polarization independence and high diffraction efficiency is demonstrated.

This article will verify whether the central banks create political business cycles or not. To refer to the Opportunistic Model operated by Leetouwer and Maier (2002), this research will expand the acquisition time of data till the fourth season of 2008, and added Korea¡BMalaysia and Taiwan into the model. In this article, the independent variables will be the rates announced by central banks of these ten countries. The dependent variables will be the date of president/parliamentary elections and the independence of central bank to verify before the elections whether will the central banks create political business cycles through setting lower rate in monetary policy are pressured by rules or not. The empirical results show that: 1.The assumption of Central banks will use interest rates to create a political business cycle does not hold. This complements with Leetouwer and Maier¡¦s results studied in 2002, the interest rate cannot be used as a tool to create political business cycle. 2. The higher independence of central bank, the interest rate introduced by central bank will be lower, and as well as the inflation rate.

This paper deploy the logit approach model and collect annual data from 1974 to 2004 in 22 OECD countries. It can examine that the option of exchange rate regime may cause the replacements of the governor of central banks during his tenure of office. According to prior empirical studies shows that the rightist parties favor low inflation, they may choose fixed exchange rate regime for holding monetary stability; otherwise, the leftist parties prefer low unemployment and high production, they may adopt the flexible exchange rate regime to maintain independent monetary policy and to achieve their macroeconomic objectives. Due to diverse political preferences, Does the choice of exchange rate regime disobeyed the political ideology of ruling party will cause that the central bank governors lose their job? Our results manifest that these chairmen of central banks can independently insist and defend their exchange rate regimes in OECD countries.

Abstract The medicine industry due to needing the timing of the recovery long, investment the expenses is high. So is the industry of the medicine of the tradition in spite of also or the broad sense medicine industry gets to turn the technology must face the deficiency of the long-term. Often make many doing not go to" earning" in small scaled cook of the company, announce the collapse or was combined by other large company to buy namely. According to this, the development of the industry of the medicine in Taiwan, have to rely on the help of the government. The history and the construction of the geography of Taiwan and use the background of the medicine special, It develops ¡§Chinese-West¡¨ matches the environment of the medicine of the wall, To Taiwanese the industry of the medicine of the tradition also or the resource and space that biotechnology certainly will educate the more developing. Drugs relate to the health of people, From the research development, clinical studies, manufacturing, produce-sale, all processes need to limited by ordinance, Be placed in the counting on or its the operation on the market of the independence in spite of nation therefore, Endurable can hardly get away from ¡§ few occupy¡¨ or the market of ¡§monopolize¡¨. So on basic structure of the research, this text adopts the path of the analysis of the construction of the history of the Cardoso as the structure of the analysis of the thesis, Develop the industry of the medicine the principal axis of related the timing of the history of the politics and economics, Go together with to change along with major development of the politics and economics of the nation of each period, Be classified into its three big and main the period of the stage of the histories: ¡§First stage:Holland,Ming Dynasty Cheng¡¦s period and Manchu Dynasty is period. Second stage: The Japanese occupied Dynasty. The third stage: R.O.C. (national government) comes to set up to now¡¨. The word of the key: national independence, the industry of the medicine develops, monopolize the market, nation role.

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In this study, we examine the impact of political factors in corporate governance on the performance of firm. The major difference between this study and other corporate governance studies is use of three stage least square method, which can estimate the cause and effect between endogenous variable. Our sample consists of 100 firms listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange. We find that the political directors harm the performance of firm.

<p>Abstract</p><p>University of Växjö, School of Social Sciences</p><p>Course: PO 5363, Political Science</p><p>Title: Kosovo & Montenegro – Why Different Outcomes?</p><p>Author: Mimoza Ardolic</p><p>Supervisor: Lennart Bergfeldt</p><p>Date: 2008-01-15</p><p>The purpose of this study has been to assess why the pursuit for independence turned out to be a matter of such difficulty in the case of Kosovo and not in Montenegro, seeing as they are two apparent similar cases.</p><p>The research questions are:</p><p> How can it be that two analogous situations where two regions (Kosovo and Montenegro), quite similar in several aspects, want independence from the same country (Serbia) result in so different outcomes?</p><p> Why has Kosovo’s attempt to achieve self-government been such a difficulty?</p><p> Why did Montenegro manage to achieve autonomy without (great) difficulties?</p><p>The findings are that despite the similarity between these two cases, they have ample differing characteristics as well. The factors detected are that whilst the Kosovo conflict is characterized by: a troublesome history, no common ground, an existing deep hatred, Russian opposition and the nationalist Milošević; the Montenegrin case is set apart by: an intertwining, rather peaceful history, friendly relations, Russian cordiality and the nationalist Djukanović.</p><p>The interpretation of these elements according to the nationalist theory is as follows: Milošević and Djukanović (and their ideology: nationalism) are the real causes. The other elements are mere means to their ambition for nation building. The difference between these two men and the elements (their means) explains the different outcomes in the two cases.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-147).