Infant apnea is a widespread condition in which infants fail to effectively breathe, and can lead to death. Clinical solutions exist for continuous monitoring of respirations in a hospital setting and requiring constant skin contact. This thesis investigates the construction of a proof of concept device that performs in-home monitoring without skin contact and with commonly available off-the-shelf components. The device constructed used a directional microphone to detect breathing sounds, an omnidirectional microphone to detect ambient noise as a baseline to help isolate the breathing sounds, and LabVIEW software deployed on an inexpensive laptop computer to quantify incidents of apparent lapses in breathing meeting the clinical definition of apnea. Testing results indicate that these components are effective in capturing these events in pre-term infants as well as adults, which provides promising evidence that a low-cost system could be manufactured for home detection to assist in infant monitoring.

Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) are among the deepest diving pinnipeds (i.e., seals, sea lions, and walrus) and one of the best studied marine mammals in the world; as such, these seals are considered a model species for the study of diving physiology and behavior. Adult Weddell seal dive physiology is rather comprehensively understood, yet previous research has excluded an examination of pups’ initial independent diving attempts, beginning instead with the diving capabilities of near-weaning individuals at four to five weeks of age. This is beyond the point many pups have attempted their first independent dives; pups begin to enter the water at 8-10 days after birth, with some observed in the water earlier. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of diving capabilities and fine-scale behaviors of Weddell seal pups beginning at one week of age throughout their dependence period. Pups were sampled longitudinally at 1, 3, 5, and 7 weeks of age. Total body oxygen stores (TBO2, mL O2) were calculated as the sum of blood, muscle, and lung oxygen stores for each seal at all time points. Blood samples were collected under sedation, muscle oxygen parameters were interpolated, and lung oxygen content was extrapolated from adult values. Flipper-mounted time-depth recorders were used to collect concurrent dive behavior data. In chapter 1, I hypothesized that diving capability (TBO2) would be more strongly correlated with dive experience than calendar age; to examine this, age, mass, and diving parameters were correlated with oxygen stores. I instead found mass and age were most significantly correlated with individual tissue oxygen stores and TBO2. I predicted diving experience would be an important driver of oxygen storage development due to hypoxia exposure, but pups spent the majority of their time in the water at the surface and had little to no exposure to hypoxia during dependence. Increases in mass may enable early advances in diving ability, and with increased diving capabilities, pups will be able to become successful independent foragers. Later exposure to hypoxia may be the key to the subsequent increases in TBO2 observed in yearlings and juveniles. In chapter 2, I used TDR data to predict when pups would be in the water based on developmental, temporal, and environmental factors including age, weaning status, time of day, and weather parameters. Pups spent the most time in the water and made their deepest, longest, and most frequent dives during the late night and early morning hours. These data indicate pups are following the diving patterns of their mothers, which follow the diurnal vertical migration of their prey. The data also suggest Weddell seal pups most likely prioritize learning to swim and navigate as opposed to practicing foraging while still dependent. It is critical for pups to develop their swimming, navigational, and diving abilities while they are still with their moms to ensure their survival. This study is the first to describe the complete trajectory of the development of diving physiology and behavior in Weddell seal pups throughout dependence. It is important to understand how the internal diving physiology of Weddell seal pups develops because this directly determines their diving capabilities and their ability to forage successfully, which in turn directly correlates with their survival. Pup survival is an indicator of population growth rates, so the development of diving physiology in pups can lend insights into larger population-level trends.

The rise in large-scale cancer genomics data collection initiatives has paved the way for extensive research aimed at understanding the biology of human cancer. While the majority of this research is motivated by clinical applications aimed at advancing targeted therapy, cancer prevention initiatives are less emphasized. Many cancers are not attributable to known heritable genetic factors, making environmental exposure a main suspect in driving cancer risk. A major aspect of cancer prevention involves the identification of chemical carcinogens, substances linked to increased cancer susceptibility. Traditional methods for chemical carcinogens testing, including epidemiological studies and rodent bioassays, are expensive to conduct, not scalable to a large number of chemicals, and not capable of detecting specific mechanisms of actions of carcinogenicity. Thus, there exists a dire need for improvement in data generation and computational method development for chemical carcinogenicity testing. Here, we coin the term "carcinogenome" to denote the complete cancer genomic landscape encompassing both its repertoire of environmental chemical exposures, as well as its germ-line and somatic mutations and epi-genetic regulators. To study the carcinogenome, we analyze both the genomic behavior of real human tumors as well as profiles of the exposome, that is, data derived from chemical exposures in human, animal or cell line models. My thesis consists of two distinct projects that, through the generation and innovative analysis of multi-omics data, aim at advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cancer initiation and progression, and of the role environmental exposure plays in these processes. First, I detail our effort at data generation and method development for characterizing environmental contributions to carcinogenesis using transcriptional profiles of chemical perturbations. Second, I present the tool iEDGE (Integration of Epi-DNA and Gene Expression) and its applications to the integrative analysis of multi-level cancer genomics data from human primary tumors of multiple cancer types. These projects collectively further our understanding of the carcinogenome and will hopefully foster both cancer prevention, through the identification of environmental chemical carcinogens, and cancer therapy, through the discovery of novel cancer gene drivers and therapeutic targets.

This study sought to connect two bodies of knowledge--integrative complexity and attribution theory. Integrative complexity is a term that indicates the simplicity vs. complexity of a person's mental frame and perceptual skill. A person who perceives nuance and subtle differences typically scores higher on an integrative complexity measure. Attribution theories are concerned with how individuals perceive causation for various events. The limited research into the linkages between perceived causation for an event and how complexly a person thinks about the domain of that event, coupled with the dearth of attribution research in the natural resource management literature, inspired this research. Florida Keys coral reef users were sent a mail questionnaire between July 2009 and March 2010. Integrative complexity level was determined using an index that was developed for this research. Based on attributional and cognitive complexity literature, it was hypothesized that people who score lower in integrative complexity would exhibit an "external" attribution pattern. Integrative complexity was also proposed to influence: attitude and value extremity; number of perceived problem causes; and use of mediated communication. Finally, it was hypothesized that individuals will assign more blame to other groups than to their own. Six of the study's seven null hypotheses were rejected: 1) a significant relationship was found between integrative complexity level and the number of causes that respondents recorded for the decline of the Florida Keys reef ecosystem, 2) significant differences were observed in attitude extremity according to integrative complexity, 3) significant differences were observed in value orientation according to integrative complexity, 4) significant differences were observed in value extremity according to integrative complexity level, 5) significant differences were observed in mediated communication according to integrative complexity level, and 6) significant differences were observed in blame pattern according to group affiliation. Only one null hypothesis was not rejected: no support was found for a connection between integrative complexity and attribution style. These results indicate support for the integrative complexity index, though work to refine the measure seems in order. Additional recommendations for future research include investigating new approaches to examining the relationship between integrative complexity and attribution style.

Amphibians suffer from large-scale population declines globally, and emerging infectious diseases contribute heavily to these declines. Amphibian Perkinsea (hereafter Pr) is a worldwide anuran pathogen associated with mortality events, yet little is known about its overall impact on amphibian populations and species. Thus, we sought to determine the epidemiological patterns of Pr across individual hosts, populations, communities, and the overall landscape. To accomplish this, we conducted two field-based and one experimentally-based study to identify specific factors that contribute to pathogen prevalence, infection intensity, and overall disease outcomes for Pr in individuals and populations. We collected 1973 total anurans across the two field chapters of this dissertation with 32% of individuals infected with Pr in more "natural" habitats while 8.8% of individuals were infected with Pr in the urban Xenopus tropicalis invasion range. We identified that co-variates including co-infection status, host species, host life stage, sampling month, and sampling site explained much of the variability of infection status within individuals and sites. In the experimental infection studies, we identified that host susceptibility to Pr varied significantly by species, but sub-lethal impacts may still occur in tolerant species. This study is the first to establish epidemiological patterns of Pr across space, time, and host species and fills knowledge gaps in our understanding of how invasive species alter pathogen dynamics. Ultimately, this work highlights the need for ongoing monitoring, experimental studies, and mitigation efforts to address the challenges pathogens pose to amphibian biodiversity.

The world of education is constantly changing. As our culture and society evolves and grows, our educational practices must follow suit to reach the minds of tomorrow in a meaningful way. Arts integration is the teaching practice of using the arts as a lens through which students can view and articulate other subject matter. Integration of dance, music and visual arts promotes creativity and interest but also nurtures a meaningful educational experience. This confluence of educational disciplines will engage our students and excite them about learning. It is important to recognize that " culture populated by a people whose imagination is impoverished has a static future n such a culture there will be little change because there will be little sense of possibility" (Eisner, 2002, p. 5). Integrating the arts into the core curriculum empowers our students to believe in possibility and provides them a future of potential. The purpose of this study is to examine the process of arts integration within an urban middle school setting. The school chosen will be observed because it is established as an arts magnet school, serving the community as an Academy for the Visual and Performing arts. An arts magnet middle school embraces the principles of seeing artfully and uses the arts to illuminate and give dimension to the other core subject matter. The structure for the model of curriculum integration adapted by the arts magnet school faculty will be determined by analyzing interview transcripts, field notes, and faculty meeting notes. Classroom observations will also serve to provide evidence of implementation of the arts integrative process into the curriculum. The results will show how arts integration acts as learning "through" and "with" the arts as a result of a curricular process and collaborative engagement.

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"Supermice" (TRrGH mice) contain multiple copies of rat growth hormone genes incorporated into a single chromosome. This results in double normal growth rates reaching adult body sizes twice that of normal mice. To determine how exposure to constant light (LL) affects various physiological processes, reproduction, feeding, and behaviour were examined in LL-reared TRrGH mice. Fertility, organ allometries, feeding rates, behavioural time budgets, and circadian feeding and sleep rhythms were compared for both LL and standard 12h dark: 12h light (LD). Both TRrGH and normal females exhibited a significant decrease in fertility in LL. On a mass-specific basis, TRrGH females showed increased combined ovary mass and a reduction in thymus and heart size in LL. TRrGH males demonstrated increased testes mass in LL. When adrenal size was compared between males and females, both TRrGH and normal females exhibited larger adrenals than their male counterparts in both light treatments. The fertility decrease observed in LL may have been associated with reduced food intake. LL-reared TRrGH females ate less than those in LD, although significantly more than TRrGH males in both LL and LD. When compared to normal mice, both sexes of TRrGH mice ate less in both photoperiods. The feeding rates of transgenic GLUT -4 mice were also examined. GLUT -4 mice contain double the amount of insulin responsive GLUT -4 glucose transporters which results in an increased blood glucose clearance rate. These mice, like TRrGH mice, ate less than normals, although a different age-related feeding pattern was observed. TRrGH mice in LL are behaviourally more lethargic than those reared in LD, and spend less time feeding and drinking. Circadian feeding and sleep patterns were shifted in LL by approximately 12 hours, and exhibited reduced peak amplitudes. Ultradian patterns appeared to survive the breakdown of circadian organization. TRrGH mice demonstrate a hormonal imbalance due to the excess allocation of energy into growth. It appears that, in LL, hormonal systems are further altered resulting in an increase in reproductive impairment associated with reduced feeding. One of these altered hormones may be estrogen. Hormones involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (stress axis) are also implicated. It is concluded that photoperiod is important in regulating physiological processes, and TRrGH mice are more susceptible to environmental alterations due to their altered endocrinological state. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

In this thesis I examine the debate surrounding Therapeutic Touch, a controversial energetic healing modality being practiced by registered nurses in biomedical institutions across North America. The debate surrounding the therapy takes place within medical journals, popular media articles, and on the internet. Within the debate, definitions of illness etiology, appropriate treatment, patient management, and alternative therapy use are contested by Therapeutic Touch proponents and critics. Through discursive analysis, interviews with local participants in the debate, and participant observation within the TT community, I present an analysis of the issues being contested and of the discursive strategies used by proponents and critics within the debate. The debate is contextualized in two ways: first, as an instance of medical heresy, in which an alternative healing group arises within the orthodox medical community and struggles to maintain itself within biomedical discourse and institutions; second, I contextualize the debate as an example of the wider trend towards integrative medicine in North America. Integrative medicine sees alternative therapies being increasingly used within health care delivery systems, either by alternative practitioners, or by biomedical practitioners who have co-opted alternative techniques. I argue that Therapeutic Touch proponents have utilized several discursive strategies in presenting and arguing for their alternative healing model. These strategies surround the issues of professional legitimacy, scientific validity, and TT’s perception as religious or spiritual. Therapeutic Touch proponents manage their discourse by conforming it to orthodox biomedical discourse and by pursuing a strategy of professionalization. Through this management process, they have been able to maintain a marginal presence within biomedicine. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)